高速钢锻（轧）后的余热退火工艺及余热利用方法
摘要
高速钢锻造(轧制)后需要进行退火,退火的目的是调整上道工序产生的不当组织和不良内应力,为下道工序做好组织准备和避免裂纹的产生。为实现这一目的锻造(轧制)后的钢坯需要进行再次或多次加热(退火加热),消耗大量的能量和时间。
高速钢锻造(轧制)终锻温度大于900℃,高于A1点,所以,不当组织和有害应力产生在终锻后的冷却过程之中。控制冷却过程可以避免有害组织的产生和减少有害应力的幅值,如果冷却后的组织和应力达到了下道工序的质量要求,就可以取消退火工序,大幅度减少工艺时间,还借用了锻造(轧制)工序的余热,部分节约甚至全部节约退火工序能耗。这就是高速钢锻造(轧制)后余热退火的指导思想。
本文论述高速钢余热退火的组织转变和内应力分布规律,以此指导余热退火工艺参数的调整;细分高速钢锻造(轧制)工序的余热,根据不同余热的特点,研究了几种实用的余热利用方法,保障高速钢锻造(轧制)后余热退火工艺的实现,使高速钢锻造(轧制)后的余热得到经济、合理、方便、高效的利用。
高速钢余热退火工艺的实现可以压缩工艺流程,大幅度减少工艺时间,节约能源消耗和减少污染物排放,具有很好的经济效益和环境效益,符合构建和谐社会和走可持续发展道路的指导方针。
The anneal process is needed after High-Speed Steel’s billet has been forged (or rolled) aiming at regulating unsuitable structure and bad inner stress. It makes fine structure for next working procedure and avoids producing cracks. For this purpose the billet is heated again and it costs a vast amount of energy and time.
The end forged temperature of High-Speed Steel is higher than 900℃and higher than A1 line. So the unsuitable structure and bad inner stress may be produced in the cooling process after end forging. Controlling cooling process can avoid producing unsuitable structure and reduce the amplitude of bad inner stress. If the structure and the stress after cooling satisfies the quality of the next working procedure, the anneal working can be canceled, and a large amount of time can be saved, and the residual heat of hot press processing can be used. So a part of even whole of the energy consumed by annealing will be saved. This is our directional idea that the residual heat is used in High-Speed Steel anneal.
In this paper the structure transformation and the rule of inner stress distribution in High-Speed Steel have been discussed, and applied to regulate the process parameters of anneal using residual heat. The kinds of residual heat of hot press were discussed in the paper. The ways to use of residual heat were explored based on the characteristic of the residual heat. It makes it possible that the residual heat in High-Speed Steel during hot press is used in anneal techniques. The application of the residual heat is economic, convenient, advantageous and efficient.
The application of the residual heat in anneals procedure of High-Speed Steel makes the techniques flow compressed, the process time shortened, the energy saved, and the contamination reduced. The tests indicated that used the residual heat in the anneal of High-Speed Steel is accord with the guideline of building harmonious society and durable development economics.
高速钢锻造(轧制)终锻温度大于900℃,高于A1点,所以,不当组织和有害应力产生在终锻后的冷却过程之中。控制冷却过程可以避免有害组织的产生和减少有害应力的幅值,如果冷却后的组织和应力达到了下道工序的质量要求,就可以取消退火工序,大幅度减少工艺时间,还借用了锻造(轧制)工序的余热,部分节约甚至全部节约退火工序能耗。这就是高速钢锻造(轧制)后余热退火的指导思想。
本文论述高速钢余热退火的组织转变和内应力分布规律,以此指导余热退火工艺参数的调整;细分高速钢锻造(轧制)工序的余热,根据不同余热的特点,研究了几种实用的余热利用方法,保障高速钢锻造(轧制)后余热退火工艺的实现,使高速钢锻造(轧制)后的余热得到经济、合理、方便、高效的利用。
高速钢余热退火工艺的实现可以压缩工艺流程,大幅度减少工艺时间,节约能源消耗和减少污染物排放,具有很好的经济效益和环境效益,符合构建和谐社会和走可持续发展道路的指导方针。
The anneal process is needed after High-Speed Steel’s billet has been forged (or rolled) aiming at regulating unsuitable structure and bad inner stress. It makes fine structure for next working procedure and avoids producing cracks. For this purpose the billet is heated again and it costs a vast amount of energy and time.
The end forged temperature of High-Speed Steel is higher than 900℃and higher than A1 line. So the unsuitable structure and bad inner stress may be produced in the cooling process after end forging. Controlling cooling process can avoid producing unsuitable structure and reduce the amplitude of bad inner stress. If the structure and the stress after cooling satisfies the quality of the next working procedure, the anneal working can be canceled, and a large amount of time can be saved, and the residual heat of hot press processing can be used. So a part of even whole of the energy consumed by annealing will be saved. This is our directional idea that the residual heat is used in High-Speed Steel anneal.
In this paper the structure transformation and the rule of inner stress distribution in High-Speed Steel have been discussed, and applied to regulate the process parameters of anneal using residual heat. The kinds of residual heat of hot press were discussed in the paper. The ways to use of residual heat were explored based on the characteristic of the residual heat. It makes it possible that the residual heat in High-Speed Steel during hot press is used in anneal techniques. The application of the residual heat is economic, convenient, advantageous and efficient.
The application of the residual heat in anneals procedure of High-Speed Steel makes the techniques flow compressed, the process time shortened, the energy saved, and the contamination reduced. The tests indicated that used the residual heat in the anneal of High-Speed Steel is accord with the guideline of building harmonious society and durable development economics.
引文
[1] Yang Shuhui.Reseaches on Impact By Corrosion on mechanical Properties of Steel Bars,form Collected Papers for Academic Degrees of ZhengZhou University,Instructors:Xu Youlin,Liu lixin,Guan Pingwu,2002
[2] 雍歧龙,钢铁材料中的第二相课程讲义,2006.9.4
[3] 郭可信,金相学史话﹙4﹚:合金钢的早期发展史,材料科学与工程,第 19 卷 第 3 期,2001:4
[4] 李正邦,张和生,郭培民,林功文,中国高速钢和模具钢的发展建议,中国钨业,第 14 卷 第 5~6期,1999.11:35
[5] E.Kerr.High seed steel works roll at Dofasco, Iron and Steel Maker, 2000,(1):27~30
[6] 伊东照雄,金山信行,增田义行等.ハイスロ—ルの适用率扩大,材料とづロセ,1996,(5):946～967
[7] 寒光.高速钢轧辊的研究现状及展望,钢铁.2000(5):67～73
[8] F.M.Osborn,The Story of the Mushets,1952
[9] C.S.Smith,A History of Metallography, Univ.of Chingaco Press,1960
[10] 崔昆,钢铁材料及有色金属材料,机械工出版社出版 1981.8 重庆第一版:171,149
[11] YB12-77
[12] 王荣滨,高速钢碳化物形貌对热加工及工具寿命的影响,工具技术,2000 年第 34 卷:20
[13] 黄添喜,高速钢的锻造工艺研究,锻压技术,1998.第 6 期:6
[14] 钢铁厂工业炉参考资料(上册),1979.5:48
[15] 热处理手册,第 2 卷,2005.1:310,311
[16] 田旭,贾非,白彦斌,高速钢热轧圆钢表面裂纹属性分析,河北省冶金研究院优秀论文集,第二集,1997:12
[17] 王容斌.高速钢节能快速软化退火法.机械制造.1997 年,第 4 期:23
[18] 扬仁山.退火对高速钢性能的影响.工具技术.1993 年,第 27 卷 ,№7:35
[19] 扬仁山.高速钢快速退火工艺.金属热处理,1995 年,第 2 期:26
[20] 雷仲眉.关于高速钢若干问题的回顾与讨论.材料热处理学报,第 22 卷,第 1 期:39~40
[21] 邱以清.加热温度对高速钢铸轧薄带中共晶碳化物形态的影响.东北大学学报,2002 年,第 22 卷,第 9期:185
[22] 立彦军.变质 M2 高速钢中共晶碳化物加热球团化的动力学.东北大学学报.2002,2:208
[23] 刘风竹.高速钢二次淬火前快速退火防止萘状断口的研究.锦州工学院学报.1991,12,第 10 卷,第 4期:14
[24] M. Hillert, Decomposition of Austenite by Diffusional Processes, 1962 197 New York, Interscience
[25] S. Kinoshita,《Iron & Steel Institute of Japan.》, Vol. 14, 1974,p411
[26] S. Matsuda, etal, 《Iron & Steel Institute of Japan.》, Vol. 14, 1974,p363
[27] R. Homma,《Iron & Steel Institute of Japan.》, Vol. 14, 1974,p434
[28] S. Watanabe, etal,《New Aspects of Martensitic Transformation》,JIMIS-1,1976
[29] John. D. Verhoeven, Fundamentals of Physical Metallurgy, New York, 1975:436
[30] 渡边征一.铁と钢,1975,61,№1:p57~68
[31] B. Bain.《Allying Elements in Steel》,1961
[32] 楚耘.对 W18Cr4V,W6Mo5Cr4V2 高速钢多次退火的研究.吉林冶金,1996 年,第 1 期:37
[33] 王泾文.高速钢高温形变动态析出分析.热加工工艺,1998 年 4 期:12
[34] 黄添喜.高速钢的锻造工艺研究.锻压技术,1998 年,第 6 期:8
[35] 张宏康等.高速钢真空淬火中产生的晶粒异常长大现象及其防止方法[A].中国热处理学会第四届 年会论文集[C],中国机械工程学会热处理学会,1987.109
[36] 刘海峰等,合金元素对高碳高速钢中碳化物形成及形态的影响,铸造,Vol.49 No.5 May 2000:260
[37] 刘佐仁,淬火温度对高速钢力学性能的影响,钢铁,第 36 卷,第 7 期:54
[38] 汤爱涛等,合金元素影响高速钢中 MC 碳化物析出温度的热力学计算,钢铁研究学报,Vol.10. No3jun.1998:45
[39] 唐开明,高速钢丝生产中缩短盘条退火时间的研究,大连特殊钢,1998,第 4 期:7
[40] 周杰等,高速钢扁锭锻造方坯端面裂纹产生的原因研究,锻压技术,1997,第 4 期:3
[41] 王泾文.高速钢晶粒碎化方式动态再结晶,热加工工艺,1997.6:12
[42] 王泾文.高速钢高温形变动态析出分析.热加工工艺,1998 年 4 期:12
[43] 王荣滨,高速钢碳化物形貌对热加工及工具寿命的影响,工具技术,2000 年第 34 卷:20
[44] S.matsuda,etal. Iron & Steei Institute of Japan, 1974, Vol.14,№5:p363
[45] 上海交通大学主编.金属学,1981
[46] 合金钢手册,上册,第二分册.冶金工业出版社,1974
[47] T.Grad,ROY AL SOCIETY OF IONDON PRODEEDINGS SERIESA,1966,Vol.294:p298
[48] M.w.Swift,Met.Trans,1974,№3:p841
[49] S.Watanabe,etal.New Aspect of Martensitic Transformation,JMIS-1,1076:p369
[50] 王泾文.高速钢晶粒碎化方式动态再结晶,热加工工艺,1997.6:12
[51] 热处理手册,第 4 卷,2005.1:623
[52] Р. И .Эитин, Превшения аустенита в стали ,Металлургиэдат,(1960)
[53] Р.И .Эитин ,МиОМ ,(1956)№9,3,№10,20
[54] М. Е. Блатер, Фазовие преврашения при термической обработке стали, Мета ллургиэпат
[55] М. Е .Влантер ,МиОМ,(1955)№4,1
[56] g.ckEHL,Trans.ASM,48(1956) :234
[57] 扬世铭.传热学基础.2003 年 12 月第 2 版.北京:高等教育出版社,2003 年 12 月.4~164
[2] 雍歧龙,钢铁材料中的第二相课程讲义,2006.9.4
[3] 郭可信,金相学史话﹙4﹚:合金钢的早期发展史,材料科学与工程,第 19 卷 第 3 期,2001:4
[4] 李正邦,张和生,郭培民,林功文,中国高速钢和模具钢的发展建议,中国钨业,第 14 卷 第 5~6期,1999.11:35
[5] E.Kerr.High seed steel works roll at Dofasco, Iron and Steel Maker, 2000,(1):27~30
[6] 伊东照雄,金山信行,增田义行等.ハイスロ—ルの适用率扩大,材料とづロセ,1996,(5):946～967
[7] 寒光.高速钢轧辊的研究现状及展望,钢铁.2000(5):67～73
[8] F.M.Osborn,The Story of the Mushets,1952
[9] C.S.Smith,A History of Metallography, Univ.of Chingaco Press,1960
[10] 崔昆,钢铁材料及有色金属材料,机械工出版社出版 1981.8 重庆第一版:171,149
[11] YB12-77
[12] 王荣滨,高速钢碳化物形貌对热加工及工具寿命的影响,工具技术,2000 年第 34 卷:20
[13] 黄添喜,高速钢的锻造工艺研究,锻压技术,1998.第 6 期:6
[14] 钢铁厂工业炉参考资料(上册),1979.5:48
[15] 热处理手册,第 2 卷,2005.1:310,311
[16] 田旭,贾非,白彦斌,高速钢热轧圆钢表面裂纹属性分析,河北省冶金研究院优秀论文集,第二集,1997:12
[17] 王容斌.高速钢节能快速软化退火法.机械制造.1997 年,第 4 期:23
[18] 扬仁山.退火对高速钢性能的影响.工具技术.1993 年,第 27 卷 ,№7:35
[19] 扬仁山.高速钢快速退火工艺.金属热处理,1995 年,第 2 期:26
[20] 雷仲眉.关于高速钢若干问题的回顾与讨论.材料热处理学报,第 22 卷,第 1 期:39~40
[21] 邱以清.加热温度对高速钢铸轧薄带中共晶碳化物形态的影响.东北大学学报,2002 年,第 22 卷,第 9期:185
[22] 立彦军.变质 M2 高速钢中共晶碳化物加热球团化的动力学.东北大学学报.2002,2:208
[23] 刘风竹.高速钢二次淬火前快速退火防止萘状断口的研究.锦州工学院学报.1991,12,第 10 卷,第 4期:14
[24] M. Hillert, Decomposition of Austenite by Diffusional Processes, 1962 197 New York, Interscience
[25] S. Kinoshita,《Iron & Steel Institute of Japan.》, Vol. 14, 1974,p411
[26] S. Matsuda, etal, 《Iron & Steel Institute of Japan.》, Vol. 14, 1974,p363
[27] R. Homma,《Iron & Steel Institute of Japan.》, Vol. 14, 1974,p434
[28] S. Watanabe, etal,《New Aspects of Martensitic Transformation》,JIMIS-1,1976
[29] John. D. Verhoeven, Fundamentals of Physical Metallurgy, New York, 1975:436
[30] 渡边征一.铁と钢,1975,61,№1:p57~68
[31] B. Bain.《Allying Elements in Steel》,1961
[32] 楚耘.对 W18Cr4V,W6Mo5Cr4V2 高速钢多次退火的研究.吉林冶金,1996 年,第 1 期:37
[33] 王泾文.高速钢高温形变动态析出分析.热加工工艺,1998 年 4 期:12
[34] 黄添喜.高速钢的锻造工艺研究.锻压技术,1998 年,第 6 期:8
[35] 张宏康等.高速钢真空淬火中产生的晶粒异常长大现象及其防止方法[A].中国热处理学会第四届 年会论文集[C],中国机械工程学会热处理学会,1987.109
[36] 刘海峰等,合金元素对高碳高速钢中碳化物形成及形态的影响,铸造,Vol.49 No.5 May 2000:260
[37] 刘佐仁,淬火温度对高速钢力学性能的影响,钢铁,第 36 卷,第 7 期:54
[38] 汤爱涛等,合金元素影响高速钢中 MC 碳化物析出温度的热力学计算,钢铁研究学报,Vol.10. No3jun.1998:45
[39] 唐开明,高速钢丝生产中缩短盘条退火时间的研究,大连特殊钢,1998,第 4 期:7
[40] 周杰等,高速钢扁锭锻造方坯端面裂纹产生的原因研究,锻压技术,1997,第 4 期:3
[41] 王泾文.高速钢晶粒碎化方式动态再结晶,热加工工艺,1997.6:12
[42] 王泾文.高速钢高温形变动态析出分析.热加工工艺,1998 年 4 期:12
[43] 王荣滨,高速钢碳化物形貌对热加工及工具寿命的影响,工具技术,2000 年第 34 卷:20
[44] S.matsuda,etal. Iron & Steei Institute of Japan, 1974, Vol.14,№5:p363
[45] 上海交通大学主编.金属学,1981
[46] 合金钢手册,上册,第二分册.冶金工业出版社,1974
[47] T.Grad,ROY AL SOCIETY OF IONDON PRODEEDINGS SERIESA,1966,Vol.294:p298
[48] M.w.Swift,Met.Trans,1974,№3:p841
[49] S.Watanabe,etal.New Aspect of Martensitic Transformation,JMIS-1,1076:p369
[50] 王泾文.高速钢晶粒碎化方式动态再结晶,热加工工艺,1997.6:12
[51] 热处理手册,第 4 卷,2005.1:623
[52] Р. И .Эитин, Превшения аустенита в стали ,Металлургиэдат,(1960)
[53] Р.И .Эитин ,МиОМ ,(1956)№9,3,№10,20
[54] М. Е. Блатер, Фазовие преврашения при термической обработке стали, Мета ллургиэпат
[55] М. Е .Влантер ,МиОМ,(1955)№4,1
[56] g.ckEHL,Trans.ASM,48(1956) :234
[57] 扬世铭.传热学基础.2003 年 12 月第 2 版.北京:高等教育出版社,2003 年 12 月.4~164