开关电器电弧形成及相关参数的研究
|
摘要
在开关电器的设计和研究中,电弧理论的研究是一项十分重要的课题。电弧是气体放电的一种形式,由气体击穿至形成电弧是一个非常复杂的物理过程。研究电弧的形成过程,可以更深刻地理解电弧产生和熄灭的本质,对断路器设计及其开断性能的研究具有重要的理论和实际意义。
本文在电器电弧理论和气体放电理论的基础上,以平板和针板两种典型电极结构为例进行了探索和研究。对间隙击穿过程的仿真研究表明,平板电极间隙中的放电通道呈主、次放电通道并存模式,针板电极间隙中的放电通道呈电树枝模式。
根据放电通道的特点,本文提出一种气体击穿动态发展模型,给出了有、无分枝两种放电通道中,宏观和微观各参数之间的变化和联系,实现了由气体击穿通道向电弧演变和发展的动态模拟。通过仿真研究,得到了不同结构间隙中,不同放电阶段,放电通道的形貌特征,对比了两种模式放电通道发展过程的异同点,并分析了电场分布、电压、电流以及表征微观电离、复合、扩散现象的综合系数对放电演变过程的影响规律。
将气体击穿动态发展模型应用于真空灭弧室结构的研究中,得到了真空间隙击穿形成初始放电通道及其发展演变规律,并得到了击穿通道中电子、正离子数密度的变化规律,以及电子温度分布和通道半径的变化规律。通过对不同外加电流条件下放电演变过程的研究,证明了,随着外加电流的增大,真空电弧有由扩散型向集聚型发展的趋势,为深入解析真空电弧的变化规律奠定了基础,同时也证明了本文所提出的放电发展模型的正确性。
The theories of arc play a very important role in the design and investigation of circuit breakers. Arc is a type of gas discharge, and the physical process from gas breakdown to arc is quite complicated. The studies of arc formation can provide a profounder understanding of the generation and extinguishment of arc, and have theoretical and practical significances for better design and improving the interruption performance of circuit breakers.
Based on the theories of electric arc and gas discharge, research and exploration are carried out by taking the example of two typical electrode structures, flat-plate and pin-plate. The investigation and simulation on the breakdown of gap show that the discharge channel shape within the flat-plate electrode gap is the pattern of main and secondary discharge channels existing synchronously, while the discharge channel shape within the pin-plate electrode gap is the pattern of electrical trees.
A dynamic evolution model of gas breakdown is proposed according to the characteristics of discharge channels. The varieties and relations of macroscopic and microcosmic parameters in the discharge channels with and without branches are described, and the simulation of dynamic evolution from gas discharge channel to arc is carried out. Moreover, the characteristics of discharge channel shapes in different electrode gap during each discharge stage are obtained. The similarities and differences of the development of the two pattern discharge channel are contrasted, and the influences of the relevant parameters including the distribution of electrical field, voltage , current and the integrated coefficient which is used to describe the microcosmic phenomena of ionization, recombination and diffusion during the process of the discharge channel development are analyzed.
The dynamic evolution model is applied to the study of vacuum circuit breaker. The shapes and evolution roles of initial discharge channel formed in the breakdown of vacuum gap are obtained, and the variety roles of electron and the positive ion in the discharge channel are acquired. Moreover, the variety roles of the channel radiuses and the distributions of the electron temperature are also obtained. Through the investigation of discharge evolution under different applied current, the tendency that the shapes of vacuum arc change from diffused mode to constrictive mode with the increasing of the applied current is testified, establishing a foundation to the deep analysis of vacuum arc variety roles, and the correctness of the discharge model proposed in this thesis is proved.
本文在电器电弧理论和气体放电理论的基础上,以平板和针板两种典型电极结构为例进行了探索和研究。对间隙击穿过程的仿真研究表明,平板电极间隙中的放电通道呈主、次放电通道并存模式,针板电极间隙中的放电通道呈电树枝模式。
根据放电通道的特点,本文提出一种气体击穿动态发展模型,给出了有、无分枝两种放电通道中,宏观和微观各参数之间的变化和联系,实现了由气体击穿通道向电弧演变和发展的动态模拟。通过仿真研究,得到了不同结构间隙中,不同放电阶段,放电通道的形貌特征,对比了两种模式放电通道发展过程的异同点,并分析了电场分布、电压、电流以及表征微观电离、复合、扩散现象的综合系数对放电演变过程的影响规律。
将气体击穿动态发展模型应用于真空灭弧室结构的研究中,得到了真空间隙击穿形成初始放电通道及其发展演变规律,并得到了击穿通道中电子、正离子数密度的变化规律,以及电子温度分布和通道半径的变化规律。通过对不同外加电流条件下放电演变过程的研究,证明了,随着外加电流的增大,真空电弧有由扩散型向集聚型发展的趋势,为深入解析真空电弧的变化规律奠定了基础,同时也证明了本文所提出的放电发展模型的正确性。
The theories of arc play a very important role in the design and investigation of circuit breakers. Arc is a type of gas discharge, and the physical process from gas breakdown to arc is quite complicated. The studies of arc formation can provide a profounder understanding of the generation and extinguishment of arc, and have theoretical and practical significances for better design and improving the interruption performance of circuit breakers.
Based on the theories of electric arc and gas discharge, research and exploration are carried out by taking the example of two typical electrode structures, flat-plate and pin-plate. The investigation and simulation on the breakdown of gap show that the discharge channel shape within the flat-plate electrode gap is the pattern of main and secondary discharge channels existing synchronously, while the discharge channel shape within the pin-plate electrode gap is the pattern of electrical trees.
A dynamic evolution model of gas breakdown is proposed according to the characteristics of discharge channels. The varieties and relations of macroscopic and microcosmic parameters in the discharge channels with and without branches are described, and the simulation of dynamic evolution from gas discharge channel to arc is carried out. Moreover, the characteristics of discharge channel shapes in different electrode gap during each discharge stage are obtained. The similarities and differences of the development of the two pattern discharge channel are contrasted, and the influences of the relevant parameters including the distribution of electrical field, voltage , current and the integrated coefficient which is used to describe the microcosmic phenomena of ionization, recombination and diffusion during the process of the discharge channel development are analyzed.
The dynamic evolution model is applied to the study of vacuum circuit breaker. The shapes and evolution roles of initial discharge channel formed in the breakdown of vacuum gap are obtained, and the variety roles of electron and the positive ion in the discharge channel are acquired. Moreover, the variety roles of the channel radiuses and the distributions of the electron temperature are also obtained. Through the investigation of discharge evolution under different applied current, the tendency that the shapes of vacuum arc change from diffused mode to constrictive mode with the increasing of the applied current is testified, establishing a foundation to the deep analysis of vacuum arc variety roles, and the correctness of the discharge model proposed in this thesis is proved.
引文
[1]刘晓明.高压SF_6断路器电弧动态数学模型及喷口结构优化设计(博士学位论文).沈阳:沈阳工业大学,2003.
[2]彭国贤.气体放电上海:知识出版社,1988.
[3]成都电讯工程学院.气体放电及离子管.北京:人民教育出版社,1961.
[4]廖敏夫.基于光控模块的多断口真空开关研究(博士学位论文).大连:大连理工大学,2004.
[5]苑舜.真空断路器操动机构的设计与优化.北京:中国电力出版社,1997.
[6]邹积岩,丛吉远,董恩源.真空开关的电子操动与同步开关技术.电工技术杂志,2001,(4):30-33.
[7]王季梅.真空开关的现状与发展趋势.电力设备,2005,(2):1-5.
[8]王季梅.论开发750kV超高电压真空断路器的必要性.电力设备,2004,5(9):1-5.
[9]Wang J H,Wang J M.Review of theoretical research in vacuum arc and their applications in China.Proceedings 19th international symposium on discharges and electrical insulation in vacuum,Xi'an China.2000:139-149.
[10]侯平印.我国高压开关市场现状及发展前景.电力设备,2007,8(3):101-103.
[11]李建基.高中压开关实用技术.北京:机械工业出版社,2001.
[12]陈大立,尹朝.550kV单断口断路器顺利通过KEMA型式试验.电气时代,2005(2):54.
[13]Boxman R L.Magnetic constriction effects in high-current vacuum arcs prior to the release of anode vapor[J].J.App.Phys.,1977,48(6):2338-2345.
[14]Beilis I I,Keidar M,Boxman R L,et al.Theoretical study of plasma expansion in a magnetic field in a disk anode vacuum arc[J].J.Appl.Phy.,1998.83(2):709-717.
[15]Schade E,Shmelev D L.Numerical simulation of high-current vacuum arcs with an external axial magnetic field[J].IEEE Trans.on Plasma Sci.,2003,31(5):,890-901.
[16]尚文凯,王季梅.大电流真空电弧收缩现象的研究[J].中国电机工程学报,1989,9(2):32-41.
[17]贾申利,王季梅,付军等.一种高开断能力两级纵向磁场电极结构的真空灭弧室[J].中国电机工程学报,1997,17(5):330-335.
[18]刘志远,王季梅,王政等.铁心式两极纵磁真空灭弧室铁心中涡流分析[J].中国电机工程学报,2001,21(6):72-79.
[19]廖敏夫,段雄英,邹积岩等.基于JPCG算法的真空灭弧室三维电场有限元计算[J].中国电机工程学报,2004,24(4):108-111.
[20]赵智忠,邹积岩,文化宾等.高压真空灭弧室的电场设计的新方法[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,25(6):109-112.
[21]王立军,贾申利,史宗谦等.大电流真空电弧磁流体动力学模型与仿真.中国电机工程学报,2006,26(22):174-180.
[22]王立军,贾申利,史宗谦等.电弧电流以及纵向磁场对小电流真空电弧特性影响的数值仿真.电上技术学报,2007,22(1):54-61.
[23]Lowke J J,Ludwig H C.A simple model for high current arc stabilized by forced convection.J.Appl.Phys.,1975,46:3325-3329.
[24]Cowley M D.Integral method of arc analysis,J.Appl.Phys.,1974,7:2218-2222.
[25]Okamoto M,Ishikawa M,Suzuki K,et al.Computer simulation of phenomena associated with hot gas in puffer-type gas circuit breaker.IEEE Trans.on Power Delivery,1991,6(2):12-18
[26]Trepanier J Y,Reggio M,Lauze Y,et al.Analysis of the dielectric strength of an SF_6 circuit breaker.IEEE Trans.on Power Delivery,1991,6(2):1413-1418
[27]王其平,胡万平,刘亚芳.SF_6与其混合气体中电弧动态特性和应用.西安:西安交通大学出版社,1996.
[28]徐建源,王其平.喷口电弧二维动态数学模型及其应用.电工技术学报,1993,(2):50-55.
[29]佟立柱,王其平,王尔智.SF_6断路器无载开断过程中气流特性的计算机模拟.电工技术学报,1996,11(3):16-20.
[30]杨涌,王其平.SF_6断路器喷口电弧熄灭过程的数字模拟.中国电机工程学报,2000,20(5):9-13.
[31]徐黎明,陈晓宁,马志瀛.六氟化硫断路器无载介质恢复特性的计算.中国电机工程学报,1998,18(5):315-318.
[32]徐黎明.压气式SF_6高压断路器开断性能仿真分析和智能操作(博士学位论文).西安:西安交通大学,1998.
[33]王尔智,林莘.压气式气吹灭弧室的气动计算.电工技术学报,1994,(1):40-43.
[34]王尔智,赵中原,曹云东.SF_6断路器灭弧室内粘性流场求解的一种新方法.中国电机工程学报,2000,20(9):9-12.
[35]Cao Y D,Liu X M,Wang E Z.Combined application of finite element method-charge simulation method for analyzing the electric field of SF6 circuit breaker.4th International Conference on Electromagnetic Field Problems and Applications -ICEF',2000.
[36]曹云东.高压SF_6断路器介质恢复特性的计算与分析(博士学位论文).沈阳:沈阳工业大学,2001.
[37]张文海.电晕放电及其危害.大众科技,2005,6:35-36.
[38]Kuffel E.High voltage engineering-fundementals.New York:Pergamon press,1982.
[39]李尔宁,刘延冰,李正瀛.气体放电理论几个问题的探讨.高电压技术,1997,23(2):95-96.
[40]林家齐,雷宇,雷清泉.电介质中放电图形的计算机模拟.电工技术学报,1997,12(2):53-56.
[41]谷琛.基于分形理论的绝缘介质中放电仿真研究(硕士学位论文).北京:中国科学院电工研究所,2005.
[42]邱德红,李晓峰,李正瀛.火花放电路径发展过程的分形生长模型.华中理工大学学报,1999,27(5):44-45.
[43]Franklin R N,Snell J.Fluid model of the collisional positive column in electronegative gases:transition from detachment dominated to recombination dominated[J].Journal of Physics D:Appl.Phy.,2000,33(16):2019-2024.
[44]李旭光,肖登明,陈陈.电负性气体电子崩发展的四参数模型.上海交通大学学报,2002,36(7):1008-1011.
[45]周克定,张肃文.电磁场与电磁波[M],北京:机械工业出版社,2000.
[46]方志,邱毓昌,王辉.介质阻挡放电的放电过程仿真研究.高电压技术,2006,32(8):62-65.
[47]王艳辉,王德真.介质阻挡均匀大气压辉光放电数值模拟研究.物理学报,2003,52(7):1694-1699.
[48]翁明,徐伟军,郑华等.介质阻挡放电过程的计算.西安交通大学学报,2001,35(8):799-803.
[49]张冠生.电器理论基础.北京:机械工业出版社,1989.
[50]杨津基.气体放电.北京:科学出版社,1983.
[51]刘华伟.气体绝缘短间隙电子崩过程计算机仿真及放电信号采集(硕士学位论文).哈尔滨:哈尔滨理工大学,2004.
[52]马腾才,胡希伟,陈银华.等离子体物理原理.合肥:中国科技大学出版社,1988.
[53]过增元,赵文华.电弧与热等离子体.北京:科学出版社,1986.
[54]Gross G,Gryca B,Miklossy K.等离子体技术.译:过增元,傅维标.北京:科学出版社,1980.
[55]Hulsmann H.G,Mentel J.The helical magnetic instability of arcs in an axial magnetic field treated by a linear time dependent perturbation theory.The Physics of Fluids,1987,30(7):2266-2273.
[56]曹云东,刘晓明,王尔智.能量流电弧模型及SF_6断路器在短路开断下的应用研究.中国电机工程学报,2005,25(2):93-97.
[57]Frost L S,Liebermann R W.Composition and transport properties of SF_6 and their use in a simplified enthalpy flow arc model[J].Proceedings of the IEEE,1971,59(4):474-485.
[58]Tong L Z,Nanbu K.Particle modeling of radiofrequency discharges of SF_6.J.Plasma Physics.2006,72(6):933-966.
[2]彭国贤.气体放电上海:知识出版社,1988.
[3]成都电讯工程学院.气体放电及离子管.北京:人民教育出版社,1961.
[4]廖敏夫.基于光控模块的多断口真空开关研究(博士学位论文).大连:大连理工大学,2004.
[5]苑舜.真空断路器操动机构的设计与优化.北京:中国电力出版社,1997.
[6]邹积岩,丛吉远,董恩源.真空开关的电子操动与同步开关技术.电工技术杂志,2001,(4):30-33.
[7]王季梅.真空开关的现状与发展趋势.电力设备,2005,(2):1-5.
[8]王季梅.论开发750kV超高电压真空断路器的必要性.电力设备,2004,5(9):1-5.
[9]Wang J H,Wang J M.Review of theoretical research in vacuum arc and their applications in China.Proceedings 19th international symposium on discharges and electrical insulation in vacuum,Xi'an China.2000:139-149.
[10]侯平印.我国高压开关市场现状及发展前景.电力设备,2007,8(3):101-103.
[11]李建基.高中压开关实用技术.北京:机械工业出版社,2001.
[12]陈大立,尹朝.550kV单断口断路器顺利通过KEMA型式试验.电气时代,2005(2):54.
[13]Boxman R L.Magnetic constriction effects in high-current vacuum arcs prior to the release of anode vapor[J].J.App.Phys.,1977,48(6):2338-2345.
[14]Beilis I I,Keidar M,Boxman R L,et al.Theoretical study of plasma expansion in a magnetic field in a disk anode vacuum arc[J].J.Appl.Phy.,1998.83(2):709-717.
[15]Schade E,Shmelev D L.Numerical simulation of high-current vacuum arcs with an external axial magnetic field[J].IEEE Trans.on Plasma Sci.,2003,31(5):,890-901.
[16]尚文凯,王季梅.大电流真空电弧收缩现象的研究[J].中国电机工程学报,1989,9(2):32-41.
[17]贾申利,王季梅,付军等.一种高开断能力两级纵向磁场电极结构的真空灭弧室[J].中国电机工程学报,1997,17(5):330-335.
[18]刘志远,王季梅,王政等.铁心式两极纵磁真空灭弧室铁心中涡流分析[J].中国电机工程学报,2001,21(6):72-79.
[19]廖敏夫,段雄英,邹积岩等.基于JPCG算法的真空灭弧室三维电场有限元计算[J].中国电机工程学报,2004,24(4):108-111.
[20]赵智忠,邹积岩,文化宾等.高压真空灭弧室的电场设计的新方法[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,25(6):109-112.
[21]王立军,贾申利,史宗谦等.大电流真空电弧磁流体动力学模型与仿真.中国电机工程学报,2006,26(22):174-180.
[22]王立军,贾申利,史宗谦等.电弧电流以及纵向磁场对小电流真空电弧特性影响的数值仿真.电上技术学报,2007,22(1):54-61.
[23]Lowke J J,Ludwig H C.A simple model for high current arc stabilized by forced convection.J.Appl.Phys.,1975,46:3325-3329.
[24]Cowley M D.Integral method of arc analysis,J.Appl.Phys.,1974,7:2218-2222.
[25]Okamoto M,Ishikawa M,Suzuki K,et al.Computer simulation of phenomena associated with hot gas in puffer-type gas circuit breaker.IEEE Trans.on Power Delivery,1991,6(2):12-18
[26]Trepanier J Y,Reggio M,Lauze Y,et al.Analysis of the dielectric strength of an SF_6 circuit breaker.IEEE Trans.on Power Delivery,1991,6(2):1413-1418
[27]王其平,胡万平,刘亚芳.SF_6与其混合气体中电弧动态特性和应用.西安:西安交通大学出版社,1996.
[28]徐建源,王其平.喷口电弧二维动态数学模型及其应用.电工技术学报,1993,(2):50-55.
[29]佟立柱,王其平,王尔智.SF_6断路器无载开断过程中气流特性的计算机模拟.电工技术学报,1996,11(3):16-20.
[30]杨涌,王其平.SF_6断路器喷口电弧熄灭过程的数字模拟.中国电机工程学报,2000,20(5):9-13.
[31]徐黎明,陈晓宁,马志瀛.六氟化硫断路器无载介质恢复特性的计算.中国电机工程学报,1998,18(5):315-318.
[32]徐黎明.压气式SF_6高压断路器开断性能仿真分析和智能操作(博士学位论文).西安:西安交通大学,1998.
[33]王尔智,林莘.压气式气吹灭弧室的气动计算.电工技术学报,1994,(1):40-43.
[34]王尔智,赵中原,曹云东.SF_6断路器灭弧室内粘性流场求解的一种新方法.中国电机工程学报,2000,20(9):9-12.
[35]Cao Y D,Liu X M,Wang E Z.Combined application of finite element method-charge simulation method for analyzing the electric field of SF6 circuit breaker.4th International Conference on Electromagnetic Field Problems and Applications -ICEF',2000.
[36]曹云东.高压SF_6断路器介质恢复特性的计算与分析(博士学位论文).沈阳:沈阳工业大学,2001.
[37]张文海.电晕放电及其危害.大众科技,2005,6:35-36.
[38]Kuffel E.High voltage engineering-fundementals.New York:Pergamon press,1982.
[39]李尔宁,刘延冰,李正瀛.气体放电理论几个问题的探讨.高电压技术,1997,23(2):95-96.
[40]林家齐,雷宇,雷清泉.电介质中放电图形的计算机模拟.电工技术学报,1997,12(2):53-56.
[41]谷琛.基于分形理论的绝缘介质中放电仿真研究(硕士学位论文).北京:中国科学院电工研究所,2005.
[42]邱德红,李晓峰,李正瀛.火花放电路径发展过程的分形生长模型.华中理工大学学报,1999,27(5):44-45.
[43]Franklin R N,Snell J.Fluid model of the collisional positive column in electronegative gases:transition from detachment dominated to recombination dominated[J].Journal of Physics D:Appl.Phy.,2000,33(16):2019-2024.
[44]李旭光,肖登明,陈陈.电负性气体电子崩发展的四参数模型.上海交通大学学报,2002,36(7):1008-1011.
[45]周克定,张肃文.电磁场与电磁波[M],北京:机械工业出版社,2000.
[46]方志,邱毓昌,王辉.介质阻挡放电的放电过程仿真研究.高电压技术,2006,32(8):62-65.
[47]王艳辉,王德真.介质阻挡均匀大气压辉光放电数值模拟研究.物理学报,2003,52(7):1694-1699.
[48]翁明,徐伟军,郑华等.介质阻挡放电过程的计算.西安交通大学学报,2001,35(8):799-803.
[49]张冠生.电器理论基础.北京:机械工业出版社,1989.
[50]杨津基.气体放电.北京:科学出版社,1983.
[51]刘华伟.气体绝缘短间隙电子崩过程计算机仿真及放电信号采集(硕士学位论文).哈尔滨:哈尔滨理工大学,2004.
[52]马腾才,胡希伟,陈银华.等离子体物理原理.合肥:中国科技大学出版社,1988.
[53]过增元,赵文华.电弧与热等离子体.北京:科学出版社,1986.
[54]Gross G,Gryca B,Miklossy K.等离子体技术.译:过增元,傅维标.北京:科学出版社,1980.
[55]Hulsmann H.G,Mentel J.The helical magnetic instability of arcs in an axial magnetic field treated by a linear time dependent perturbation theory.The Physics of Fluids,1987,30(7):2266-2273.
[56]曹云东,刘晓明,王尔智.能量流电弧模型及SF_6断路器在短路开断下的应用研究.中国电机工程学报,2005,25(2):93-97.
[57]Frost L S,Liebermann R W.Composition and transport properties of SF_6 and their use in a simplified enthalpy flow arc model[J].Proceedings of the IEEE,1971,59(4):474-485.
[58]Tong L Z,Nanbu K.Particle modeling of radiofrequency discharges of SF_6.J.Plasma Physics.2006,72(6):933-966.