小间隙真空电弧的数值仿真与实验研究
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摘要
随我国电网电压等级和系统容量的不断提升,人们对电力系统控制和保护的核心设备一高压断路器的工作性能、可靠性和智能化都提出了更高的要求。采用多断口技术和相控技术相结合的真空开关因能承受很高的暂态恢复电压和具有很大的开断能力,且对环境友好,可替代目前占主导地位的、使用温室气体的SF6断路器,从根本上提高开关的工作性能和可靠性,是超高压、大容量开关的发展方向。小间隙真空电弧物理过程研究涉及多断口技术和相控技术的核心理论,也是目前制约这种新型真空开关发展的瓶颈问题。为此,本文采用数值仿真技术与实验研究相结合,对小间隙真空电弧燃弧过程中等离子体参数分布、形态演变及对阳极热物理过程的影响展开研究,为智能高压真空开关的研发扫除理论障碍。
首先根据质量守恒、动量守恒和能量守恒等流体动力学方程,结合麦克斯韦电磁方程,推导了适用于全电离气体的双温磁流体动力学(MHD)方程组,进一步考虑电弧实际流动状态,增加适用于超音速电弧的标准k-ε湍流方程,发展成真空电弧MHD模型。并在上述基础上,引入小间隙真空电弧边界条件,采用CFD工具COMSOL对大电流超音速和亚音速电弧进行了数值仿真。得到了超音速和亚音速电弧的流场、温度场分布和电磁物理特性,深入讨论了电弧电流、触头半径、触头开距和纵向磁场等燃弧参数变化对电弧等离子体流动和阳极边纵向电流密度正以及阳极表面能流密度s等重要特性参数的影响。研究结果表明超音速和亚音速电弧的流动存在显著差异,从阴极到阳极,超音速电弧压力逐渐增大,速度却逐渐减小；而亚音速电弧则相反。电弧电流的增大和触头半径的缩小,均使j-和s显著增大且向中心区域收缩加剧；触头开距增加,也加剧了j-和s向弧心收缩,但在边缘区域有所降低。增大纵向磁场能有效抑制电弧收缩,使j-和s的径向分布更加均匀,减轻了对阳极局部区域的烧蚀,是电弧调控、提高开关开断能力的重要手段。此外,计算得到的s还可作为阳极热过程模拟的热流边界条件。
采用CMOS高速摄像机对触头分离“拉弧”以及高压脉冲触发“引弧”产生的电弧宏观形态的演变过程进行了较深入的对比研究,验证了提高触头初始分闸速度和施加纵向磁场等调控手段,可加快电弧由集聚型向扩散型转变。数值计算了实验条件下的电弧光强变化、电弧直径变化和电弧伏安特性,进一步从微观参数层面分析电弧宏观特性,计算结果与实验结果是一致的,验证了数值模型的有效性。
为定量分析极间等离子体对阳极的加热作用,建立了考虑阳极熔化和相变、电流焦耳加热、热传导和热辐射等作用的2D阳极热物理模型,利用电弧数值仿真结果s作为阳极表面的热流边界条件,对阳极热物理过程进行数值模拟。分析阳极温度和熔池深度随燃弧时间和峰值电流的变化表明阳极峰值温度出现时刻相对于峰值电流时刻滞后2-3ms。深入讨论了触头半径、触头开距、触头片厚度和纵向磁场等燃弧参数变化对阳极热过程的影响。依据电流过零时阳极温度和状态,推导出开关极限开断能力与燃弧参数之间的关系。
通过本文的数值仿真与实验研究,得到了电弧等离子体参数极间分布、宏观形态演变及对阳极热过程的作用,推导出开关极限开断电流与燃弧参数的关系；提出了抑制电弧收缩,加快电弧由集聚型向扩散型转变,从而提高开关开断能力的调控策略。论文的研究工作可为研发高性能多断口真空开关和相控真空开关提供理论指导和借鉴,推进其在高电压、大容量领域的应用,具有重要的理论价值和实际意义。
The rapid raise of the voltage level and system capacity requires the high voltage interrupters, which are the most important apparatus used to control and protect the power delivery system, have better operation performance and higher reliability. The vacuum circuit breakers (VCBs) adapting the multi-break technology combined with the phasing switching technology can withstand high transient recovery voltage (TRV) and interrupt high current upto200kA, moreover, they are environmentally friendly, so they have the potential to replace the SF6interrupters, though which still play a great role in the high voltage area, use the greenhouse gas SF6, to essentially impove the operation performance and reliability of interrupters. Therefore, they are the development trend of extra high voltage and high capacity switchgears. The investigation of the physical process of vacuum arc in short gaps is related to the essential theories of the multi-break and the phasing switching technologies, and is also the key problem which seriously restricts the development of the new type of VCBs. In order to discreate the theorical impediment for the reasearch and development of high voltage and intelligent VCBs, this dissertation used the numerical simulation method combined with the experimental research to investigate the distributions of plasma parameters, the variations of arc appearance and their influence on the anode thermal process during the arcing period.
According to the basic fluid dynamics equations consisting of mass conservation, momentum conservation and energy conservation, combined with the Maxwell equations, a two-temperature Magneto Hydro Dynamic (MHD) model related to the fully ionized gas was establised firstly. Then, a vacuum arc MHD model was developped based on the two-temperature MHD model. The new model took the actual flowing status of arc into account and added in the standard k-ε turbuence equations which is suitable for the supersonic arc. After loading the boundary conditions and initial conditions, the supersonic arc and subsonic arc were numerically simulated using the CFD software—COMSOL. The flow field, temperature field and electromagnetic physical characteristics of the two types of arc were calculated and analyzed. Calculation results shown that the flow of supersonic arc is significant different with that of subsonic arc. From the cathode to the anode, for the supersonic arc, the plasma pressure increase gradually, but the velocity decrease gradually; the variations of these paramters of subsonic arc are in contrast with those of supersonic arc. The influence of arcing parameters, such as arc current, contact radius, gap length and axial magnetic field (AMF), on the flow of plasma and the radial distributions of axial current density jz at the anode side and energy flux density s on the anode surface were further discussed in detail. Both of the increasing of arc current and the decreasing of contact radius make the jz and s increase significiately and intensify their constrictions toward the center of arc column. The extension of gap length also aggravates the constrictions of jz and s in the central region of arc, but reduces them in the radial edge of arc. The enhancement of AMF restricts the constriction of arc obviously and makes the radial distributions of the jz and s more homogeneous, thus subdues the erosion of anode efficiently. Therefore, it is an importance method to control vacuum arc and improve the interruption capacity of VCBs. In addition, the simulation result s could be used as a boundary condition of the anode thermal process model.
Utilizing the CMOS high-speed camera, the appearance variations of arc which were generated by the separation of contacts and the ignition of high voltage pulse discharge were contrasted and analyzed in detail. It is valided that the raise of initial opening speed of contacts and the application of AMF could accelerate the transition from constricted arc to diffuse arc. The variations of arc light intensity, the diffusion of arc diameter, and the voltage-current characteristic of arc were calculated with the same conditions of experiments, thus it is possible to analyze the macroscopical appearance variation of arc from the microcosmic level of plasma parameters. The comparative analysis illustrated that the calculation results are in reasonable agreement with those of experiments.Thus the vacuum arc MHD model is feasible.
In order to quantificationally investigate the influence of inter-electrode plasma on the thermal process of anode, a two-dimension anode thermal model was built. The model taken into account the molten and phase change of anode, the effection of Joule heating, the thermal conduction and the heat radiation. Using the arc simulation result s of chapter3as the heat flux density boundary condition on the anode surface, calculation of the variations of anode temperature distribution and the molted pool depth during the arcing period were then conducted. The calculation results indicated that the time of peak anode temperature has about2-3ms delay relative to that of peak current. Next, the impact of arcing parameters including the thickness of anode on the anode thermal process was further discussed. According to the temperature and the status of anode at current zero, the dependence of the arcing parameters on the maxium interruption capacity of VCB was derived.
All in all. in this dissertation, the spatial distributions of inter-electrode plasma parameters, the variations of arc appearance, and their influence on the anode thermal process were further investigated, the arc controlling methods about the restraining of arc constriction, the fast transition of arc mode, and the improvement of the interruption capacity of VCB were then proposed. The research work contributes to supply the theoretical support for the optimization designs of multi-break VCBs and phasing switching VCBs, and to promote the application of them in the supervoltage and high capacity field, thus it has an important theoretical value and practical signification.
首先根据质量守恒、动量守恒和能量守恒等流体动力学方程,结合麦克斯韦电磁方程,推导了适用于全电离气体的双温磁流体动力学(MHD)方程组,进一步考虑电弧实际流动状态,增加适用于超音速电弧的标准k-ε湍流方程,发展成真空电弧MHD模型。并在上述基础上,引入小间隙真空电弧边界条件,采用CFD工具COMSOL对大电流超音速和亚音速电弧进行了数值仿真。得到了超音速和亚音速电弧的流场、温度场分布和电磁物理特性,深入讨论了电弧电流、触头半径、触头开距和纵向磁场等燃弧参数变化对电弧等离子体流动和阳极边纵向电流密度正以及阳极表面能流密度s等重要特性参数的影响。研究结果表明超音速和亚音速电弧的流动存在显著差异,从阴极到阳极,超音速电弧压力逐渐增大,速度却逐渐减小；而亚音速电弧则相反。电弧电流的增大和触头半径的缩小,均使j-和s显著增大且向中心区域收缩加剧；触头开距增加,也加剧了j-和s向弧心收缩,但在边缘区域有所降低。增大纵向磁场能有效抑制电弧收缩,使j-和s的径向分布更加均匀,减轻了对阳极局部区域的烧蚀,是电弧调控、提高开关开断能力的重要手段。此外,计算得到的s还可作为阳极热过程模拟的热流边界条件。
采用CMOS高速摄像机对触头分离“拉弧”以及高压脉冲触发“引弧”产生的电弧宏观形态的演变过程进行了较深入的对比研究,验证了提高触头初始分闸速度和施加纵向磁场等调控手段,可加快电弧由集聚型向扩散型转变。数值计算了实验条件下的电弧光强变化、电弧直径变化和电弧伏安特性,进一步从微观参数层面分析电弧宏观特性,计算结果与实验结果是一致的,验证了数值模型的有效性。
为定量分析极间等离子体对阳极的加热作用,建立了考虑阳极熔化和相变、电流焦耳加热、热传导和热辐射等作用的2D阳极热物理模型,利用电弧数值仿真结果s作为阳极表面的热流边界条件,对阳极热物理过程进行数值模拟。分析阳极温度和熔池深度随燃弧时间和峰值电流的变化表明阳极峰值温度出现时刻相对于峰值电流时刻滞后2-3ms。深入讨论了触头半径、触头开距、触头片厚度和纵向磁场等燃弧参数变化对阳极热过程的影响。依据电流过零时阳极温度和状态,推导出开关极限开断能力与燃弧参数之间的关系。
通过本文的数值仿真与实验研究,得到了电弧等离子体参数极间分布、宏观形态演变及对阳极热过程的作用,推导出开关极限开断电流与燃弧参数的关系；提出了抑制电弧收缩,加快电弧由集聚型向扩散型转变,从而提高开关开断能力的调控策略。论文的研究工作可为研发高性能多断口真空开关和相控真空开关提供理论指导和借鉴,推进其在高电压、大容量领域的应用,具有重要的理论价值和实际意义。
The rapid raise of the voltage level and system capacity requires the high voltage interrupters, which are the most important apparatus used to control and protect the power delivery system, have better operation performance and higher reliability. The vacuum circuit breakers (VCBs) adapting the multi-break technology combined with the phasing switching technology can withstand high transient recovery voltage (TRV) and interrupt high current upto200kA, moreover, they are environmentally friendly, so they have the potential to replace the SF6interrupters, though which still play a great role in the high voltage area, use the greenhouse gas SF6, to essentially impove the operation performance and reliability of interrupters. Therefore, they are the development trend of extra high voltage and high capacity switchgears. The investigation of the physical process of vacuum arc in short gaps is related to the essential theories of the multi-break and the phasing switching technologies, and is also the key problem which seriously restricts the development of the new type of VCBs. In order to discreate the theorical impediment for the reasearch and development of high voltage and intelligent VCBs, this dissertation used the numerical simulation method combined with the experimental research to investigate the distributions of plasma parameters, the variations of arc appearance and their influence on the anode thermal process during the arcing period.
According to the basic fluid dynamics equations consisting of mass conservation, momentum conservation and energy conservation, combined with the Maxwell equations, a two-temperature Magneto Hydro Dynamic (MHD) model related to the fully ionized gas was establised firstly. Then, a vacuum arc MHD model was developped based on the two-temperature MHD model. The new model took the actual flowing status of arc into account and added in the standard k-ε turbuence equations which is suitable for the supersonic arc. After loading the boundary conditions and initial conditions, the supersonic arc and subsonic arc were numerically simulated using the CFD software—COMSOL. The flow field, temperature field and electromagnetic physical characteristics of the two types of arc were calculated and analyzed. Calculation results shown that the flow of supersonic arc is significant different with that of subsonic arc. From the cathode to the anode, for the supersonic arc, the plasma pressure increase gradually, but the velocity decrease gradually; the variations of these paramters of subsonic arc are in contrast with those of supersonic arc. The influence of arcing parameters, such as arc current, contact radius, gap length and axial magnetic field (AMF), on the flow of plasma and the radial distributions of axial current density jz at the anode side and energy flux density s on the anode surface were further discussed in detail. Both of the increasing of arc current and the decreasing of contact radius make the jz and s increase significiately and intensify their constrictions toward the center of arc column. The extension of gap length also aggravates the constrictions of jz and s in the central region of arc, but reduces them in the radial edge of arc. The enhancement of AMF restricts the constriction of arc obviously and makes the radial distributions of the jz and s more homogeneous, thus subdues the erosion of anode efficiently. Therefore, it is an importance method to control vacuum arc and improve the interruption capacity of VCBs. In addition, the simulation result s could be used as a boundary condition of the anode thermal process model.
Utilizing the CMOS high-speed camera, the appearance variations of arc which were generated by the separation of contacts and the ignition of high voltage pulse discharge were contrasted and analyzed in detail. It is valided that the raise of initial opening speed of contacts and the application of AMF could accelerate the transition from constricted arc to diffuse arc. The variations of arc light intensity, the diffusion of arc diameter, and the voltage-current characteristic of arc were calculated with the same conditions of experiments, thus it is possible to analyze the macroscopical appearance variation of arc from the microcosmic level of plasma parameters. The comparative analysis illustrated that the calculation results are in reasonable agreement with those of experiments.Thus the vacuum arc MHD model is feasible.
In order to quantificationally investigate the influence of inter-electrode plasma on the thermal process of anode, a two-dimension anode thermal model was built. The model taken into account the molten and phase change of anode, the effection of Joule heating, the thermal conduction and the heat radiation. Using the arc simulation result s of chapter3as the heat flux density boundary condition on the anode surface, calculation of the variations of anode temperature distribution and the molted pool depth during the arcing period were then conducted. The calculation results indicated that the time of peak anode temperature has about2-3ms delay relative to that of peak current. Next, the impact of arcing parameters including the thickness of anode on the anode thermal process was further discussed. According to the temperature and the status of anode at current zero, the dependence of the arcing parameters on the maxium interruption capacity of VCB was derived.
All in all. in this dissertation, the spatial distributions of inter-electrode plasma parameters, the variations of arc appearance, and their influence on the anode thermal process were further investigated, the arc controlling methods about the restraining of arc constriction, the fast transition of arc mode, and the improvement of the interruption capacity of VCB were then proposed. The research work contributes to supply the theoretical support for the optimization designs of multi-break VCBs and phasing switching VCBs, and to promote the application of them in the supervoltage and high capacity field, thus it has an important theoretical value and practical signification.
引文
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