中文熟语认知中的整体加工与成分加工研究
|
摘要
研究主要使用中文中的熟语为研究材料,探讨了在熟语这种由两个或者两个以上的词构成的、比词大的特殊的语言单位中的整体加工和成分加工过程。研究使用的熟语材料中包括了四字成语和三字惯用语两种。两者具有一般熟语的共同特征：同时具有能够表达整体的比喻意义和能够表达成分的字面意义。两者也存在一定差异：成语的结构更加凝固,成分之间的限制性更强；惯用语在材料的匹配上具有更大的优势。研究一采用四字成语为实验材料,研究二采用三字惯用语为实验材料,共同探讨两个主要问题：第一,在熟语中是否都存在整体加工和成分加工；第二,熟语中的整体加工和成分加工是否受到熟语结构紧密程度的调节。
实验1探讨了在命名任务中的成语的整体加工和成分加工。实验分别对四字成语和与其尾字相同的一般短语的尾字进行重复启动和无关启动。实验结果中显示了显著的启动效应,对成语命名的时间比对短语命名的时间短。成语条件下的启动量和一般短语条件下的启动量之间具有显著的差异,成语条件下的启动量大于短语条件下的启动量。
实验2探讨了句子阅读中的成语整体加工和成分加工。实验采用了三种不同的启动方式对置于句子中的成语进行了启动,包括对成语整体比喻意义的启动,对成语尾字字面意义的启动和无关启动。实验结果显示,在成语区域的分析上,两个与意义有关的启动条件都促进了成语的加工,表现在总阅读时间指标上对意义相关启动条件下的成语的注视时间短于无关条件启动下的对成语的注视时间。
实验1和实验2的结果显示了不同任务下(命名任务和句子阅读任务),对成语尾字重复启动和意义相关启动条件下成语的优势加工。这说明,在对成语的认知加工中存在成分加工。在实验1的结果中,成语的命名时间短于一般短语,并且成语条件下的启动量大于一般短语,这说明在成语的认知中也存在整体加工。这一点在实验2的对成语整体比喻义的启动使得对成语的注视时间变短这一结果上也有所体现。实验1和实验2的结果更符合熟语加工理论中的混合加工理论。
实验3探讨了成语的语义透明度对成语整体和成分加工的影响。实验材料采用了语义透明度高和语义透明度低的词对,放置于句子当中。对成语以及成语后一个词的区域进行了分析。两个区域上的实验结果没有提示任何指标下的成语的语义透明度效应。这说明,成语的语义透明度并不影响成语的加工。这和混合加工理论的假设是不一致的。
研究二中考察了在三字惯用语和三字匹配短语中的词N+2预视效应,对惯用语中的整体加工和成分加工进行探讨。实验4试图重复以往研究中的词N+2预视效应：即词N+2的预视效应只出现在词N+1为高频词的情况下；当词N+1为低频词时,没有观察到词N+2的预视效应。实验采用了Yang等人(2009,2012)实验中的部分材料。实验结果得到重复,但是,在N+1为低频词时,存在对词N+1和词N+2联合区域凝视时间上的词N+2的预视效应。
实验5采用了和实验4的材料进行严格匹配的短语和惯用语(如,词N+1的频率、笔画,词N+2的频率等)为实验材料。考察了三字惯用语和匹配的短语中的词N+2的预视效应。实验结果发现,词N+2预视效应在联合区域(整个惯用语或短语)的所有注视时间上都产生,在词N+2区域的单一注视时间和凝视时间上也出现。这显示了在预视这一早期效应上的惯用语和短语的加工类似,存在对惯用语成分的加工。但在联合区域的凝视时间和回视路径阅读指标上,惯用语的注视时间呈现出比短语的注视时间短的趋势,这仍在一定程度上说明了惯用语中的整体加工优势。
综上所述,不论是在四字成语还是在三字惯用语中都是既存在整体加工,又存在成分加工。比起与熟语语义相关的因素,如语义透明度,熟语中的整体加工或成分加工方式或程度更加受到熟语结构紧密性的调节。实验的结果部分支持了熟语加工中的混合加工理论和建构理论。
The main purpose of this study is to explore the whole-word processing and component processing in Chinese idioms by using idioms as main stimuli in the study. Idiom is a specific linguistic unit that normally contains more than two words. The idioms used in the study include two different types, which were4-character idioms and3-character idioms. The two different types of idioms share the general property of idioms, which is, having the figurative meaning, which can express the meaning of the whole-idiom, and the literal meaning, which can express the meaning of the component of the idiom at the same time. There are also differences between these two types of idiom, the most important characteristic of which is, the linguistic structure of the4-character idioms is more compacted. Whist, the3-character idioms are more suitable for the psycholinguistic experiments due to its property of better control (for example, comparing with normal phrases).4-character idioms were used in the first study, and then3-character idioms were used in the second study. Two main questions were answered in the study:First of all, are there both whole-word processing and component processing in the idioms? Second, whether the compactness of the linguistic structure of the idiom will influence the whole-word and component processing in the idioms?
Experiment1investigated these two questions by using the naming task. The repeated and unrelated priming of the final character were applied into both four-character idiom and compared normal phrases. The result showed that, idioms were named faster than normal phrases; naming reaction time was also faster in the repeated priming condition than the unrelated condition. Prime effect was larger in the idioms than in the phrases.
Experiment2investigated the same questions by embedding the idioms in the sentences. Three different types of prime were used in this experiment, which were, semantic prime that related to the figurative meaning of the idiom, semantic prime which related to the literal meaning of the final character in the idiom, unrelated prime. Results showed that both semantic primes primed the idioms, caused shorter go path time in the fixations of whole-idioms.
The component processing in the idioms was showed in Experiment1and2by priming the last character in the idiom, as well as the whole-word processing, indicated by the more efficient processing in idioms comparing to phrases (Experiment1), and the figurative meaning priming (Experiment2). Results of the first two experiments indicated the fitness of the hybrid hypothesis in idiom processing.
The influence of transparency on the processing of idioms was tested in Experiment3. The paired transparent and opaque idioms were embedded in the same fragments of sentences. Results showed null effect of transparency, which was against to the assumptions of hybrid hypothesis.
To answer the question of whether there are whole-word processing and component processing in3-character idiom, the Study2observed the word n+2effect in both3-character idioms and matched phrases.
The observation of word n+2preview benefit in Chinese has some constraints, which are word n+2preview benefit only showed when word n+1was a high frequency character, so that when word n+1was a low frequency character, there would be no effect for the preview of word n+2. By using the selected version of stimuli from Yang et al.'s study (2009,2012), the result was replicated except in the analysis of the combined region of word n+1and word n+2, which showed a word n+2preview effect in gaze duration, even when word n+1was a low frequency character.
Experiment5investigated the whole-word and component processing in3-character idioms by observing the n+2preview benefit in both3-character idioms and well-matched phrases, when word n+1was a low-frequency character. The valid n+2preview benefit from both idioms and phrases were showed in all fixation measures in the combined region, also on single fixation duration and gaze duration in region of word n+2, which indicating a similar processing of3-character idioms to normal phrases. However, idioms were marginally processed faster than idioms on gaze duration and go past time in combine region.
To summarize, there are whole-word processing and component processing in both types of idioms. Comparing to the semantic related factors (i.e. semantic transparency), the compactness of the structure of idioms is more influencial on processing in idioms. The results from the study were partly support the assumptions of hybrid hypothesis and configurative hypothesis in idiom processing.
实验1探讨了在命名任务中的成语的整体加工和成分加工。实验分别对四字成语和与其尾字相同的一般短语的尾字进行重复启动和无关启动。实验结果中显示了显著的启动效应,对成语命名的时间比对短语命名的时间短。成语条件下的启动量和一般短语条件下的启动量之间具有显著的差异,成语条件下的启动量大于短语条件下的启动量。
实验2探讨了句子阅读中的成语整体加工和成分加工。实验采用了三种不同的启动方式对置于句子中的成语进行了启动,包括对成语整体比喻意义的启动,对成语尾字字面意义的启动和无关启动。实验结果显示,在成语区域的分析上,两个与意义有关的启动条件都促进了成语的加工,表现在总阅读时间指标上对意义相关启动条件下的成语的注视时间短于无关条件启动下的对成语的注视时间。
实验1和实验2的结果显示了不同任务下(命名任务和句子阅读任务),对成语尾字重复启动和意义相关启动条件下成语的优势加工。这说明,在对成语的认知加工中存在成分加工。在实验1的结果中,成语的命名时间短于一般短语,并且成语条件下的启动量大于一般短语,这说明在成语的认知中也存在整体加工。这一点在实验2的对成语整体比喻义的启动使得对成语的注视时间变短这一结果上也有所体现。实验1和实验2的结果更符合熟语加工理论中的混合加工理论。
实验3探讨了成语的语义透明度对成语整体和成分加工的影响。实验材料采用了语义透明度高和语义透明度低的词对,放置于句子当中。对成语以及成语后一个词的区域进行了分析。两个区域上的实验结果没有提示任何指标下的成语的语义透明度效应。这说明,成语的语义透明度并不影响成语的加工。这和混合加工理论的假设是不一致的。
研究二中考察了在三字惯用语和三字匹配短语中的词N+2预视效应,对惯用语中的整体加工和成分加工进行探讨。实验4试图重复以往研究中的词N+2预视效应：即词N+2的预视效应只出现在词N+1为高频词的情况下；当词N+1为低频词时,没有观察到词N+2的预视效应。实验采用了Yang等人(2009,2012)实验中的部分材料。实验结果得到重复,但是,在N+1为低频词时,存在对词N+1和词N+2联合区域凝视时间上的词N+2的预视效应。
实验5采用了和实验4的材料进行严格匹配的短语和惯用语(如,词N+1的频率、笔画,词N+2的频率等)为实验材料。考察了三字惯用语和匹配的短语中的词N+2的预视效应。实验结果发现,词N+2预视效应在联合区域(整个惯用语或短语)的所有注视时间上都产生,在词N+2区域的单一注视时间和凝视时间上也出现。这显示了在预视这一早期效应上的惯用语和短语的加工类似,存在对惯用语成分的加工。但在联合区域的凝视时间和回视路径阅读指标上,惯用语的注视时间呈现出比短语的注视时间短的趋势,这仍在一定程度上说明了惯用语中的整体加工优势。
综上所述,不论是在四字成语还是在三字惯用语中都是既存在整体加工,又存在成分加工。比起与熟语语义相关的因素,如语义透明度,熟语中的整体加工或成分加工方式或程度更加受到熟语结构紧密性的调节。实验的结果部分支持了熟语加工中的混合加工理论和建构理论。
The main purpose of this study is to explore the whole-word processing and component processing in Chinese idioms by using idioms as main stimuli in the study. Idiom is a specific linguistic unit that normally contains more than two words. The idioms used in the study include two different types, which were4-character idioms and3-character idioms. The two different types of idioms share the general property of idioms, which is, having the figurative meaning, which can express the meaning of the whole-idiom, and the literal meaning, which can express the meaning of the component of the idiom at the same time. There are also differences between these two types of idiom, the most important characteristic of which is, the linguistic structure of the4-character idioms is more compacted. Whist, the3-character idioms are more suitable for the psycholinguistic experiments due to its property of better control (for example, comparing with normal phrases).4-character idioms were used in the first study, and then3-character idioms were used in the second study. Two main questions were answered in the study:First of all, are there both whole-word processing and component processing in the idioms? Second, whether the compactness of the linguistic structure of the idiom will influence the whole-word and component processing in the idioms?
Experiment1investigated these two questions by using the naming task. The repeated and unrelated priming of the final character were applied into both four-character idiom and compared normal phrases. The result showed that, idioms were named faster than normal phrases; naming reaction time was also faster in the repeated priming condition than the unrelated condition. Prime effect was larger in the idioms than in the phrases.
Experiment2investigated the same questions by embedding the idioms in the sentences. Three different types of prime were used in this experiment, which were, semantic prime that related to the figurative meaning of the idiom, semantic prime which related to the literal meaning of the final character in the idiom, unrelated prime. Results showed that both semantic primes primed the idioms, caused shorter go path time in the fixations of whole-idioms.
The component processing in the idioms was showed in Experiment1and2by priming the last character in the idiom, as well as the whole-word processing, indicated by the more efficient processing in idioms comparing to phrases (Experiment1), and the figurative meaning priming (Experiment2). Results of the first two experiments indicated the fitness of the hybrid hypothesis in idiom processing.
The influence of transparency on the processing of idioms was tested in Experiment3. The paired transparent and opaque idioms were embedded in the same fragments of sentences. Results showed null effect of transparency, which was against to the assumptions of hybrid hypothesis.
To answer the question of whether there are whole-word processing and component processing in3-character idiom, the Study2observed the word n+2effect in both3-character idioms and matched phrases.
The observation of word n+2preview benefit in Chinese has some constraints, which are word n+2preview benefit only showed when word n+1was a high frequency character, so that when word n+1was a low frequency character, there would be no effect for the preview of word n+2. By using the selected version of stimuli from Yang et al.'s study (2009,2012), the result was replicated except in the analysis of the combined region of word n+1and word n+2, which showed a word n+2preview effect in gaze duration, even when word n+1was a low frequency character.
Experiment5investigated the whole-word and component processing in3-character idioms by observing the n+2preview benefit in both3-character idioms and well-matched phrases, when word n+1was a low-frequency character. The valid n+2preview benefit from both idioms and phrases were showed in all fixation measures in the combined region, also on single fixation duration and gaze duration in region of word n+2, which indicating a similar processing of3-character idioms to normal phrases. However, idioms were marginally processed faster than idioms on gaze duration and go past time in combine region.
To summarize, there are whole-word processing and component processing in both types of idioms. Comparing to the semantic related factors (i.e. semantic transparency), the compactness of the structure of idioms is more influencial on processing in idioms. The results from the study were partly support the assumptions of hybrid hypothesis and configurative hypothesis in idiom processing.
引文
Altarriba, J., Kambe, G., Pollatsek, A.,& Rayner, K. (2001). Semantic codes are not used in integrating information across eye fixations in reading:Evidence from fluent Spanish-English bilinguals. Perception & Psychophysics,63,875-890.
Andrews, S., Miller, B.,& Rayner, K. (2004). Eye movements and morphological segmentation of compound words:There is a mouse in mousetrap. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology,16,285-311.
Angele, B.,& Rayner, K. (2011). Parafoveal processing of word n+2 during reading: Do the preceding words matter? Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,37,1210-1220.
Angele, B., Slattery, T. J., Yang, J., Kliegl, R.,& Rayner, K. (2008). Parafoveal processing in reading:Manipulating n+1 and n+2 previews simultaneously. Visual Cognition,16,697-707.
Ashby, J., Yang, J., Evans, K. H.,& Rayner, K. (2012). Eye movements and the perceptual span in silent and oral reading. Attention, Perception,& Psychophysics,74, 634-640.
Bai, X., Yan, G., Liversedge, S. P., Zang, C.,& Rayner, K. (2008). Reading spaced and unspaced Chinese text:Evidence from eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,34,1277-1287.
Blythe, H. I., Liversedge, S. P., Joseph, H. S., White, S. J.,& Rayner, K. (2009).
Visual information capture during fixations in reading for children and adults. Vision Research,49,1583-1591.
Bobrow, S. A.,& Bell, S. M. (1973). On catching on to idiomatic expressions. Memory & Cognition,1,343-346.
Cacciari, C.,& Tabossi, P. (1988). The comprehension of idioms. Journal of Memory and Language,27,668-683.
Chen, H. C. (1992). Reading Comprehension in Chinese:Some implications from character reading times. In H. C. Chen & O. Tzeng (Eds.), Language processing in Chinese (pp.175-205). Amsterdam:North-Holland (Elsevier).
Chen, H. C. (1996). Chinese reading and comprehension:A cognitive psychology perspective. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), Handbook of Chinese psychology (pp.43-62). Hong Kong:Oxford University Press.
Chen, H. C., Song, H., Lau, W. Y., Wong, K. F. E., Tang, S. L. (2003). Developmental characteristics of eye movements in reading Chinese. In C. McBride-Chang,& H. C. Chen (Eds.), Reading development in Chinese children (pp.157-169). Westport, CT:Praeger Publishers.
Chen, H. C.,& Tang, C. K. (1998). The effective visual field in reading Chinese. In Cognitive processing of the Chinese and the Japanese languages (pp.91-100). Springer Netherlands.
Cui, L., Drieghe, D., Yan, G., Bai, X., Chi, H.,& Liversedge, S. P. (2013). Parafoveal processing across different lexical constituents in Chinese reading. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,66,403-416.
Cui, L., Yan, G., Bai, X., Hyona, J., Wang, S.,& Liversedge, S. P. (2013). Processing of compound-word characters in reading Chinese:An eye-movement-contingent display change study. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,66, 527-547.
Cutter, M. G., Drieghe, D.,& Liversedge, S. P. (2014). Preview benefit in English spaced compounds. Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition. In press.
Cutting, J. C.,& Bock, K. (1997). That's the way the cookie bounces:Syntactic and semantic components of experimentally elicited idiom blends. Memory & Cognition, 25,57-71.
Dopkins, S., Morris, R. K.,& Rayner, K. (1992). Lexical ambiguity and eye fixations in reading:A test of competing models of lexical ambiguity resolution. Journal of Memory and Language,31,461-476.
Drieghe, D., Brysbaert, M., Desmet, T.,& De Baecke, C. (2004). Word skipping in reading:On the interplay of linguistic and visual factors. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology,16,79-103.
Drieghe, D., Pollatsek, A., Staub, A.,& Rayner, K. (2008). The word grouping hypothesis and eye movements during reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,34,1552-1560.
Drieghe, D., Rayner, K.,& Pollatsek, A. (2005). Eye movements and word skipping during reading revisited. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,31,954-969.
Drieghe, D., Rayner, K.,& Pollatsek, A. (2008). Mislocated fixations can account for parafoveal-on-foveal effects in eye movements during reading. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,61,1239-1249.
Duffy, S. A., Morris, R. K.,& Rayner, K. (1988). Lexical ambiguity and fixation times in reading. Journal of Memory and Language,27,429-446.
Ehrlich, S. F.,& Rayner, K. (1981). Contextual effects on word perception and eye movements during reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior,20, 641-655.
Engbert, R., Longtin, A.,& Kliegl, R. (2002). A dynamical model of saccade generation in reading based on spatially distributed lexical processing. Vision Research,42,621-636.
Engbert, R., Nuthmann, A., Richter, E. M.,& Kliegl, R. (2005). SWIFT:A dynamical model of saccade generation during reading. Psychological Review,112,777-813.
Epelboim, J., Booth, J. R.,& Steinman, R. M. (1994). Reading unspaced text: Implications for theories of reading eye movements. Vision Research,34,1735-1766.
Gibbs, R. W. (1980). Spilling the beans on understanding and memory for idioms in conversation. Memory & Cognition,8,149-156.
Haikio, T., Bertram, R., Hyona, J.,& Niemi, P. (2009). Development of the letter identity span in reading:Evidence from the eye movement moving window paradigm. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,102,167-181.
Hautala, J., Hyona, J.,& Aro, M. (2011). Dissociating spatial and letter-based word length effects observed in readers'eye movement patterns. Vision Research,51, 1719-1727.
Henderson, J. M.,& Ferreira, F. (1990). Effects of foveal processing difficulty on the perceptual span in reading:Implications for attention and eye movement control.
Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory, and Cognition,16,417-429. Henderson, J. M.,& Ferreira, F. (1993). Eye movement control during reading:
Fixation measures reflect foveal but not parafoveal processing difficulty. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie experimentale,47,201-221.
Hoosain, R. (1992). Psychological reality of the word in Chinese. In H. C. Chen & O. J. L. Tzeng. (Eds.), Language processing in Chinese (pp.111-130). Amsterdam, Netherlands:North-Holland.
Hyona, J.,& Pollatsek, A. (1998). Reading Finnish compound words:Eye fixations are affected by component morphemes. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,24,1612-1627.
Hyona, J., Bertram, R.,& Pollatsek, A. (2004). Are long compound words identified serially via their constituents? Evidence from an eyemovement-contingent display change study. Memory & Cognition,32,523-532.
Inhoff, A. W.,& Liu, W. (1998). The perceptual span and oculomotor activity during the reading of Chinese sentences. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,24,20-34.
Inhoff, A. W.,& Rayner, K. (1986). Parafoveal word processing during eye fixations in reading:Effects of word frequency. Perception& Psychophysics,40,431-439.
Inhoff, A. W.,& Wu, C. (2005). Eye movements and the identification of spatially ambiguous words during Chinese sentence reading. Memory & Cognition,33, 1345-1356.
Inhoff, A. W., Pollatsek, A., Posner, M. I.,& Rayner, K. (1989). Covert attention and eye movements during reading. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 41,63-89.
Inhoff, A. W., Radach, R., Starr, M.,& Greenberg, S. (2000). Allocation of Visuo-Spatial Attention and Saccade. Reading As a Perceptual Process,221.
Inhoff, A. W., Starr, M. S., Solomon, M.,& Placke, L. (2008). Eye movements during the reading of compound words and the influence of lexeme meaning. Memory & Cognition,36,675-687.
Inhoff, A., Eiter, B., Radach, R.,& Juhasz, B. (2003). Distinct subsystems for the parafoveal processing of spatial and linguistic information during eye fixations in reading. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A,56,803-827.
Irwin, D. E. (1998). Lexical processing during saccadic eye movements. Cognitive Psychology,36,1-27.
Joseph, H. S., Liversedge, S. P., Blythe, H. I., White, S. J.,& Rayner, K. (2009).
Word length and landing position effects during reading in children and adults. Vision Research,49,2078-2086.
Joseph, H. S., Liversedge, S. P., Blythe, H. I., White, S. J., Gathercole, S. E.,& Rayner, K. (2008). Children's and adults'processing of anomaly and implausibility during reading:Evidence from eye movements. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,61,708-723.
Juhasz, B. J. (2008). The processing of compound words in English:Effects of word length on eye movements during reading. Language and Cognitive Processes,23, 1057-1088.
Juhasz, B. J., Inhoff, A. W.,& Rayner, K. (2005). The role of interword spaces in the processing of English compound words. Language and Cognitive Processes,20, 291-316.
Juhasz, B. J., Pollatsek, A., Hyona, J., Drieghe, D.,& Rayner, K. (2009). Parafoveal processing within and between words. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,62,1356-1376.
Juhasz, B. J., Starr, M. S., Inhoff, A. W.,& Placke, L. (2003). The effects of morphology on the processing of compound words:Evidence from naming, lexical decisions and eye fixations. British Journal of Psychology,94,223-244.
Just, m. A.,& Carpenter, P. A. (1987). An introduction and overview of the theory. In. Just, m. A.,& Carpenter, P. A. (Eds), The psychology of reading and language comprehension (pp.4-22). Boston:Allyn and Bacon, Inc.
Kaakinen, J. K.,& Hyona, J. (2010). Task effects on eye movements during reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory, and Cognition,36, 1561-1566.
Kliegl, R., Nuthmann, A.,& Engbert, R. (2006). Tracking the mind during reading: the influence of past, present, and future words on fixation durations. Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,135,12-35.
Kliegl, R., Risse, S.,& Laubroek, J. (2007). Preview benefit and parafoveal-on-foveal effects from word< em> n+2. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,33,1250-1255.
Kuperman, V., Drieghe, D., Keuleers, E.,& Brysbaert, M. (2013). How strongly do word reading times and lexical decision times correlate? Combining data from eye movement corpora and megastudies. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,66,563-580.
Leyland, L. A., Kirkby, J. A., Juhasz, B. J., Pollatsek, A.,& Liversedge, S. P. (2013).
The influence of word shading and word length on eye movements during reading. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,66,471-486.
Li, X.,& Logan, G. (2008). Object-based attention in Chinese readers of Chinese words:Beyond Gestalt principles. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,15,945-949.
Li, X., Rayner, K.,& Cave, K. R. (2009). On the segmentation of Chinese words during reading. Cognitive Psychology,58,525-552.
Libben, M. R.,& Titone, D. A. (2008). The multidetermined nature of idiom processing. Memory & Cognition,36,1103-1121.
Liu, P., Li, W., Lin, N.,& Li, X. (2013). Do Chinese readers follow the national standard rules for word segmentation during reading? PloS one,8, e55440.
Liversedge, S. P., Rayner, K., White, S. J., Vergilino-Perez, D., Findlay, J. M.,& Kentridge, R. W. (2004). Eye movements when reading disappearing text:Is there a gap effect in reading? Vision Research,44,1013-1024.
Liversedge, S.P.& Findlay, J.M. (2000). Eye movements reflect cognitive processes. Trends in Cognitive Science,4,6-14.
Matin, E. (1974). Saccadic suppression:A review and an analysis. Psychological Bulletin,81,899-917.
McConkie, G. W.,& Rayner, K. (1975). The span of the effective stimulus during a fixation in reading. Perception & Psychophysics,17,578-586.
McConkie, G. W., Kerr, P. W., Reddix, M. D.,& Zola, D. (1988). Eye movement control during reading:The location of initial eye fixations on words. Vision Research,28,1107-1118.
McDonald, S. A. (2006). Effects of number-of-letters on eye movements during reading are independent from effects of spatial word length. Visual Cognition,13, 89-98.
Miellet, S., O'Donnell, P. J.,& Sereno, S. C. (2009). Parafoveal magnification visual acuity does not modulate the perceptual span in reading. Psychological Science,20, 721-728.
Morris, R. K., Rayner, K.,& Pollatsek, A. (1990). Eye movement guidance in reading:The role of parafoveal letter and space information. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,16,268-281.
Osgood, C. E. (1963). On understanding and creating sentences. American Psychologist,18,735-751.
Osgood, C. E.,& Hoosain, R. (1974). Salience of the word as a unit in the perception of language. Perception & Psychophysics,15,168-192.
Perea, M.,& Acha, J. (2009). Space information is important for reading. Vision Research,49,1994-2000.
Plummer, P.,& Rayner, K. (2012). Effects of parafoveal word length and orthographic features on initial fixation landing positions in reading. Attention, Perception,& Psychophysics,74,950-963.
Pollatsek, A., Bolozky, S., Well, A. D.,& Rayner, K. (1981). Asymmetries in the perceptual span for Israeli readers. Brain and Language,14,174-180.
Pollatsek, A., Hyona, J.,& Bertram, R. (2000). The role of morphological constituents in reading Finnish compound words. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,26,820-833.
Pollatsek, A., Rayner, K.,& Balota, D. A. (1986). Inferences about eye movement control from the perceptual span in reading. Perception & Psychophysics,40, 123-130.
Pollatsek, A., Reichle, E. D.,& Rayner, K. (2006). Tests of the E-Z Reader model: Exploring the interface between cognition and eye-movement control. Cognitive Psychology,52,1-56.
R Development Core Team (2008). R:A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna:R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available at www.R-project.org.
Radach, R.,& Kennedy, A. (2004). Theoretical perspectives on eye movements in reading:Past controversies, current issues, and an agenda for future research. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology,16,3-26.
Radach, R., Kennedy, A.,& Rayner, K. (Eds.). (2004). Eye movements and information processing during reading. Psychology Press.
Rayner, K. (1975). The perceptual span and peripheral cues in reading. Cognitive Psychology,7,65-81.
Rayner, K. (1998). Eye movements in reading and information processing. Psychological Bulletin,124,372-422.
Rayner, K. (2009). Eye movements and attention in reading, scene perception, and visual search. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,62,1457-1506.
Rayner, K.,& Bertera, J. H. (1979). Reading without a fovea. Science,206,468-469.
Rayner, K.,& Duffy, S. A. (1986). Lexical complexity and fixation times in reading: Effects of word frequency, verb complexity, and lexical ambiguity. Memory & Cognition,14,191-201.
Rayner, K., Ashby, J., Pollatsek, A.,& Reichle, E. D. (2004). The effects of frequency and predictability on eye fixations in reading:Implications for the E-Z reader model. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,30,720-732.
Rayner, K., Binder, K. S., Ashby, J.,& Pollatsek, A. (2001). Eye movement control in reading:Word predictability has little influence on initial landing positions in words. Vision Research,41,943-954.
Rayner, K., Cook, A. E., Juhasz, B. J.,& Frazier, L. (2006). Immediate disambiguation of lexically ambiguous words during reading:Evidence from eye movements. British Journal of Psychology,97,467-482.
Rayner, K., Inhoff, A. W., Morrison, R. E., Slowiaczek, M. L.,& Bertera, J. H. (1981). Masking of foveal and parafoveal vision during eye fixations in reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,7, 167-179.
Rayner, K., Juhasz, B. J.,& Brown, S. J. (2007). Do readers obtain preview benefit from word n+2?A test of serial attention shift versus distributed lexical processing models of eye movement control in reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance,33,230-245.
Rayner, K., Li, X.,& Pollatsek, A. (2007). Extending the E-Z Reader model of eye movement control to Chinese readers. Cognitive Science,31,1021-1033.
Rayner, K., Li, X., Juhasz, B. J.,& Yan, G. (2005). The effect of word predictability on the eye movements of Chinese readers. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,12, 1089-1093.
Rayner, K., Liversedge, S. P.,& White, S. J. (2006). Eye movements when reading disappearing text:The importance of the word to the right of fixation. Vision Research,46,310-323.
Rayner, K., Liversedge, S. P., White, S. J.,& Vergilino-Perez, D. (2003). Reading disappearing text cognitive control of eye movements. Psychological Science,14, 385-388.
Rayner, K., Slattery, T. J.,& Belanger, N. N. (2010). Eye movements, the perceptual span, and reading speed. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,17,834-839.
Rayner, K., Warren, T., Juhasz, B. J.,& Liversedge, S. P. (2004). The effect of plausibility on eye movements in reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,30,1290-1301.
Rayner, K., Well, A. D.,& Pollatsek, A. (1980). Asymmetry of the effective visual field in reading. Perception & Psychophysics,27,537-544.
Rayner, K., Yang, J., Castelhano, M. S.,& Liversedge, S. P. (2011). Eye movements of older and younger readers when reading disappearing text. Psychology and Aging, 26,214-223.
Reichle, E. D., Pollatsek, A., Fisher, D. L.,& Rayner, K. (1998). Toward a model of eye movement control in reading. Psychological Review,105,125-157.
Reichle, E. D., Rayner, K.,& Pollatsek, A. (2003). The E-Z Reader model of eye-movement control in reading:Comparisons to other models. Behavioral and Brain Sciences,26,445-476.
Reichle, E. D., Warren, T.,& McConnell, K. (2009). Using E-Z Reader to model the effects of higher level language processing on eye movements during reading. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,16,1-21.
Reilly, R. G.,& Radach, R. (2006). Some empirical tests of an interactive activation model of eye movement control in reading. Cognitive Systems Research,7,34-55.
Reingold, E. M., Yang, J.,& Rayner, K. (2010). The time course of word frequency and case alternation effects on fixation times in reading:Evidence for lexical control of eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,36,1677-1683.
Richter, E. M., Engbert, R.,& Kliegl, R. (2006). Current advances in SWIFT. Cognitive Systems Research,7,23-33.
Schank, R. C. (1972). Conceptual dependency:A theory of natural language understanding. Cognitive Psychology,3,552-631.
Schilling, H. E., Rayner, K.,& Chumbley, J. I. (1998). Comparing naming, lexical decision, and eye fixation times:Word frequency effects and individual differences. Memory & Cognition,26,1270-1281.
Sereno, S. C., O'Donnell, P. J.,& Rayner, K. (2006). Eye movements and lexical ambiguity resolution:Investigating the subordinate-bias effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,32,335-350.
Sprenger, S. A., Levelt, W. J.,& Kempen, G. (2006). Lexical access during the production of idiomatic phrases. Journal of Memory and Language,54,161-184.
Starr, M.,& Inhoff, A. (2004). Attention allocation to the right and left of a fixated word:Use of orthographic information from multiple words during reading. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology,16,203-225.
Swinney, D. A.,& Cutler, A. (1979). The access and processing of idiomatic expressions. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior,18,523-534.
Taft, M., Zhu, X.,& Peng, D. (1999). Positional specificity of radicals in Chinese character recognition. Journal of Memory and Language,40,498-519.
Titone, D. A.,& Connine, C. M. (1994). Comprehension of idiomatic expressions: Effects of predictability and literality. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory, and Cognition,20,1126-1138.
Titone, D. A.,& Connine, C. M. (1999). On the compositional and noncompositional nature of idiomatic expressions. Journal of Pragmatics,31,1655-1674.
Tsai, C. H.,& McConkie, G. W. (1995, September). The perceptual span in reading Chinese text:A moving window study. Poster presented at the Eighth European Conference on Eye Movements, Derby, U.K.
Tsai, J. L.,& McConkie, G. W. (2003). Where do Chinese readers send their eyes. The Mind's Eye:Cognitive and Applied Aspects of Eye Movement Research,159-176.
Vitu, F., O'regan, J. K.,& Mittau, M. (1990). Optimal landing position in reading isolated words and continuous text. Perception & Psychophysics,47,583-600.
Wang, S., Yang, J.,& Chen, H. C. (2008). Immediacy of processing intra-sentential and inter-sentential information in reading Chinese. In K. Rayner, D. Shen, X. Bai,& G. Yan (Eds.). Cognitive and cultural influences on eye movements (pp.315-341). Tianjin:Tianjin People's Publishing House.
Warren, T., McConnell, K.,& Rayner, K. (2008). Effects of context on eye movements when reading about possible and impossible events. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory, and Cognition,34,1001-1010.
White, S. J.,& Liversedge, S. P. (2006). Foveal processing difficulty does not modulate non-foveal orthographic influences on fixation positions. Vision Research, 46,426-437.
Yan, G., Tian, H., Bai, X.,& Rayner, K. (2006). The effect of word and character frequency on the eye movements of Chinese readers. British Journal of Psychology, 97,259-268.
Yan, M., Kliegl, R., Richter, E. M., Nuthmann, A.,& Shu, H. (2010). Flexible saccade-target selection in Chinese reading. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,63,705-725.
Yan, M., Kliegl, R., Shu, H., Pan, J.,& Zhou, X. (2010). Parafoveal load of word N+ 1 modulates preprocessing effectiveness of word N+2 in Chinese reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,36,1669-1676.
Yan, M., Richter, E. M., Shu, H.,& Kliegl, R. (2009). Readers of Chinese extract semantic information from parafoveal words. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,16, 561-566.
Yang, H. M.,& McConkie, G. W. (1999). Reading Chinese:Some basic eye-movement characteristics. Reading Chinese Script:A Cognitive Analysis, 207-222.
Yang, J., Wang, S., Chen, X.,& Rayner, k. (2009). The time course of semantic and syntactic processing in Chinese sentence comprehension:Evidence from eye movements. Memory & Cognition,37,1164-1176
Yang, J., Wang, S., Xu, Y.,& Rayner, K. (2009). Do chinese readers obtain preview benefit from word n+2? Evidence from eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,35,1192-1204.
Yang, J., Rayner, K., Li.,& Wang, S. (2012). Is preview benefit from word n+2 a common effect in reading Chinese? Evidence from eye movements. Read Writ,25, 1079-1091.
Yu, B., Zhang, W., Jing, Q., Peng, R., Zhang, G.,& Simon, H. A. (1985). STM capacity for Chinese and English language materials. Memory & Cognition,13, 202-207.
Zang, C., Liang, F., Bai, X., Yan, G.,& Liversedge, S. P. (2013). Interword spacing and landing position effects during Chinese reading in children and adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,39,720-734.
Zhang, B. Y., Peng, D. L. (1992). Decomposed storage in the Chinese lexicon. In Cheng, H. C., Tzheng,O. J. L. (Eds.) Language processing in Chinese. North-Holland.
Zhou, X., Marslen-Wilson, W., Taft, M.,& Shu, H., (2010). Morphology, orthography, and phonology reading Chinese compound words. Language and Cognitive Processes,14,525-565.
Zhou, W., Yan, M., Shu, H.,& Kliegl, R. (2013). Perceptual span in Chinese reading is larger for small font size. Poster presented at the 17th European conference on eye movements, Lund, Sweden.
Zola, D. (1984). Redundancy and word perception during reading. Perception & Psychophysics,36,277-284.
白学军,胡笑羽,闫国利.(2009).中文阅读的副中央凹-中央凹效应：词n的语义透明度对词n-1加工的影响.心理学报,41,377-386.
陈宝国,彭聃龄.(2001).汉语双字多义词的识别优势效应.心理学报,33,300-304.
陈传锋,黄希庭,余华.(2000).词素的结构对称效应：结构对称汉语成语认知特点的进一步研究.心理科学,23,265-268.
顾蓓晔,缪小春.(1995).汉语习语理解研究.心理学报27,15-19.
黄伯荣,廖序东.(2007).现代汉语.北京：高等教育出版社.
李兴珊,刘萍萍,马国杰.(2011).中文阅读中词切分的认知机理述评.心理科学进展,19,459-470.
刘志方,闫国利,白学军.(2011).消失文本词窗口条件下八年级学生阅读的眼动特征.心理研究,4,26-29.
刘志方,张智君,赵亚军.(2011).汉语阅读中眼跳目标选择单元以及词汇加工方式：来自消失文本的实验证据.心理学报,43,608-618.
马利军,张积家.(2008).词素在汉语三字格惯用语理解中的作用.心理科学,31,367-369.
彭聃龄,丁国盛.(1997a).中文双字词的表征与加工(上).心理科学,20,294-298.
彭聃龄,丁国盛.(1997b).中文双字词的表征与加工(下).心理科学,20,395-397.
佘贤君,宋歌,张必隐.(2000).预测性,语义倾向性对惯用语理解的影响.心理学报,32,203-209.
沈德立,白学军,臧传丽,闫国利,冯本才,范晓红.(2010).词切分对初学者句子阅读影响的眼动研究.心理学报,42,159-172.
王丽红.(2011).中文阅读知觉广度的眼动研究.博士学位论文.天津：天津师范大学.
熊建萍,闫国利.(2006).首词和尾词频率对高熟悉度成语识别的影响.心理与行为研究,4,45-48.
闫国利,姜茜,李兴珊,白学军.(2008).消失文本条件下词的预测性效应的眼动研究.应用心理学,14,306-310.
闫国利,王丽红,巫金根,白学军.(2011).不同年级学生阅读知觉广度及预视效益的眼动研究.心理学报,43,249-263.
闫国利,王文静,白学军.(2007).消失文本条件下认知控制的眼动研究.心理学探新,4,37-41.
闫国利,巫金根,臧传丽,白学军.(2010).阅读知觉广度眼动研究述评.心理学探新,30,23-28.
闫国利,熊建萍,臧传丽,余莉莉,崔磊,白学军.(2013).阅读研究中的主要眼动指标评述.心理科学进展,21,589-605.
闫国利,张兰兰,孙莎莎,白学军.(2013).汉语“主观词”的表征及其加工.心理学报,45,379-390.
张必隐.(1997).中文双字词在心理词典中的存储模式.In彭聃龄,舒华,陈烜之(编),汉语认知研究(pp.220-223).济南：山东教育出版社.
张积家,马利军.(2008).词素性质对惯用语理解的影响.心理与行为研究,6,171-175.
张积家,石艳彩.(2009).汉语惯用语的产生机制.心理学报,41,659-675.
张巧明.(2013).小学生阅读知觉广度与速度的发展：来自眼动的证据.博士学位论文.天津：天津师范大学.
Andrews, S., Miller, B.,& Rayner, K. (2004). Eye movements and morphological segmentation of compound words:There is a mouse in mousetrap. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology,16,285-311.
Angele, B.,& Rayner, K. (2011). Parafoveal processing of word n+2 during reading: Do the preceding words matter? Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,37,1210-1220.
Angele, B., Slattery, T. J., Yang, J., Kliegl, R.,& Rayner, K. (2008). Parafoveal processing in reading:Manipulating n+1 and n+2 previews simultaneously. Visual Cognition,16,697-707.
Ashby, J., Yang, J., Evans, K. H.,& Rayner, K. (2012). Eye movements and the perceptual span in silent and oral reading. Attention, Perception,& Psychophysics,74, 634-640.
Bai, X., Yan, G., Liversedge, S. P., Zang, C.,& Rayner, K. (2008). Reading spaced and unspaced Chinese text:Evidence from eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,34,1277-1287.
Blythe, H. I., Liversedge, S. P., Joseph, H. S., White, S. J.,& Rayner, K. (2009).
Visual information capture during fixations in reading for children and adults. Vision Research,49,1583-1591.
Bobrow, S. A.,& Bell, S. M. (1973). On catching on to idiomatic expressions. Memory & Cognition,1,343-346.
Cacciari, C.,& Tabossi, P. (1988). The comprehension of idioms. Journal of Memory and Language,27,668-683.
Chen, H. C. (1992). Reading Comprehension in Chinese:Some implications from character reading times. In H. C. Chen & O. Tzeng (Eds.), Language processing in Chinese (pp.175-205). Amsterdam:North-Holland (Elsevier).
Chen, H. C. (1996). Chinese reading and comprehension:A cognitive psychology perspective. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), Handbook of Chinese psychology (pp.43-62). Hong Kong:Oxford University Press.
Chen, H. C., Song, H., Lau, W. Y., Wong, K. F. E., Tang, S. L. (2003). Developmental characteristics of eye movements in reading Chinese. In C. McBride-Chang,& H. C. Chen (Eds.), Reading development in Chinese children (pp.157-169). Westport, CT:Praeger Publishers.
Chen, H. C.,& Tang, C. K. (1998). The effective visual field in reading Chinese. In Cognitive processing of the Chinese and the Japanese languages (pp.91-100). Springer Netherlands.
Cui, L., Drieghe, D., Yan, G., Bai, X., Chi, H.,& Liversedge, S. P. (2013). Parafoveal processing across different lexical constituents in Chinese reading. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,66,403-416.
Cui, L., Yan, G., Bai, X., Hyona, J., Wang, S.,& Liversedge, S. P. (2013). Processing of compound-word characters in reading Chinese:An eye-movement-contingent display change study. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,66, 527-547.
Cutter, M. G., Drieghe, D.,& Liversedge, S. P. (2014). Preview benefit in English spaced compounds. Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition. In press.
Cutting, J. C.,& Bock, K. (1997). That's the way the cookie bounces:Syntactic and semantic components of experimentally elicited idiom blends. Memory & Cognition, 25,57-71.
Dopkins, S., Morris, R. K.,& Rayner, K. (1992). Lexical ambiguity and eye fixations in reading:A test of competing models of lexical ambiguity resolution. Journal of Memory and Language,31,461-476.
Drieghe, D., Brysbaert, M., Desmet, T.,& De Baecke, C. (2004). Word skipping in reading:On the interplay of linguistic and visual factors. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology,16,79-103.
Drieghe, D., Pollatsek, A., Staub, A.,& Rayner, K. (2008). The word grouping hypothesis and eye movements during reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,34,1552-1560.
Drieghe, D., Rayner, K.,& Pollatsek, A. (2005). Eye movements and word skipping during reading revisited. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,31,954-969.
Drieghe, D., Rayner, K.,& Pollatsek, A. (2008). Mislocated fixations can account for parafoveal-on-foveal effects in eye movements during reading. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,61,1239-1249.
Duffy, S. A., Morris, R. K.,& Rayner, K. (1988). Lexical ambiguity and fixation times in reading. Journal of Memory and Language,27,429-446.
Ehrlich, S. F.,& Rayner, K. (1981). Contextual effects on word perception and eye movements during reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior,20, 641-655.
Engbert, R., Longtin, A.,& Kliegl, R. (2002). A dynamical model of saccade generation in reading based on spatially distributed lexical processing. Vision Research,42,621-636.
Engbert, R., Nuthmann, A., Richter, E. M.,& Kliegl, R. (2005). SWIFT:A dynamical model of saccade generation during reading. Psychological Review,112,777-813.
Epelboim, J., Booth, J. R.,& Steinman, R. M. (1994). Reading unspaced text: Implications for theories of reading eye movements. Vision Research,34,1735-1766.
Gibbs, R. W. (1980). Spilling the beans on understanding and memory for idioms in conversation. Memory & Cognition,8,149-156.
Haikio, T., Bertram, R., Hyona, J.,& Niemi, P. (2009). Development of the letter identity span in reading:Evidence from the eye movement moving window paradigm. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,102,167-181.
Hautala, J., Hyona, J.,& Aro, M. (2011). Dissociating spatial and letter-based word length effects observed in readers'eye movement patterns. Vision Research,51, 1719-1727.
Henderson, J. M.,& Ferreira, F. (1990). Effects of foveal processing difficulty on the perceptual span in reading:Implications for attention and eye movement control.
Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory, and Cognition,16,417-429. Henderson, J. M.,& Ferreira, F. (1993). Eye movement control during reading:
Fixation measures reflect foveal but not parafoveal processing difficulty. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie experimentale,47,201-221.
Hoosain, R. (1992). Psychological reality of the word in Chinese. In H. C. Chen & O. J. L. Tzeng. (Eds.), Language processing in Chinese (pp.111-130). Amsterdam, Netherlands:North-Holland.
Hyona, J.,& Pollatsek, A. (1998). Reading Finnish compound words:Eye fixations are affected by component morphemes. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,24,1612-1627.
Hyona, J., Bertram, R.,& Pollatsek, A. (2004). Are long compound words identified serially via their constituents? Evidence from an eyemovement-contingent display change study. Memory & Cognition,32,523-532.
Inhoff, A. W.,& Liu, W. (1998). The perceptual span and oculomotor activity during the reading of Chinese sentences. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,24,20-34.
Inhoff, A. W.,& Rayner, K. (1986). Parafoveal word processing during eye fixations in reading:Effects of word frequency. Perception& Psychophysics,40,431-439.
Inhoff, A. W.,& Wu, C. (2005). Eye movements and the identification of spatially ambiguous words during Chinese sentence reading. Memory & Cognition,33, 1345-1356.
Inhoff, A. W., Pollatsek, A., Posner, M. I.,& Rayner, K. (1989). Covert attention and eye movements during reading. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 41,63-89.
Inhoff, A. W., Radach, R., Starr, M.,& Greenberg, S. (2000). Allocation of Visuo-Spatial Attention and Saccade. Reading As a Perceptual Process,221.
Inhoff, A. W., Starr, M. S., Solomon, M.,& Placke, L. (2008). Eye movements during the reading of compound words and the influence of lexeme meaning. Memory & Cognition,36,675-687.
Inhoff, A., Eiter, B., Radach, R.,& Juhasz, B. (2003). Distinct subsystems for the parafoveal processing of spatial and linguistic information during eye fixations in reading. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A,56,803-827.
Irwin, D. E. (1998). Lexical processing during saccadic eye movements. Cognitive Psychology,36,1-27.
Joseph, H. S., Liversedge, S. P., Blythe, H. I., White, S. J.,& Rayner, K. (2009).
Word length and landing position effects during reading in children and adults. Vision Research,49,2078-2086.
Joseph, H. S., Liversedge, S. P., Blythe, H. I., White, S. J., Gathercole, S. E.,& Rayner, K. (2008). Children's and adults'processing of anomaly and implausibility during reading:Evidence from eye movements. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,61,708-723.
Juhasz, B. J. (2008). The processing of compound words in English:Effects of word length on eye movements during reading. Language and Cognitive Processes,23, 1057-1088.
Juhasz, B. J., Inhoff, A. W.,& Rayner, K. (2005). The role of interword spaces in the processing of English compound words. Language and Cognitive Processes,20, 291-316.
Juhasz, B. J., Pollatsek, A., Hyona, J., Drieghe, D.,& Rayner, K. (2009). Parafoveal processing within and between words. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,62,1356-1376.
Juhasz, B. J., Starr, M. S., Inhoff, A. W.,& Placke, L. (2003). The effects of morphology on the processing of compound words:Evidence from naming, lexical decisions and eye fixations. British Journal of Psychology,94,223-244.
Just, m. A.,& Carpenter, P. A. (1987). An introduction and overview of the theory. In. Just, m. A.,& Carpenter, P. A. (Eds), The psychology of reading and language comprehension (pp.4-22). Boston:Allyn and Bacon, Inc.
Kaakinen, J. K.,& Hyona, J. (2010). Task effects on eye movements during reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory, and Cognition,36, 1561-1566.
Kliegl, R., Nuthmann, A.,& Engbert, R. (2006). Tracking the mind during reading: the influence of past, present, and future words on fixation durations. Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,135,12-35.
Kliegl, R., Risse, S.,& Laubroek, J. (2007). Preview benefit and parafoveal-on-foveal effects from word< em> n+2. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,33,1250-1255.
Kuperman, V., Drieghe, D., Keuleers, E.,& Brysbaert, M. (2013). How strongly do word reading times and lexical decision times correlate? Combining data from eye movement corpora and megastudies. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,66,563-580.
Leyland, L. A., Kirkby, J. A., Juhasz, B. J., Pollatsek, A.,& Liversedge, S. P. (2013).
The influence of word shading and word length on eye movements during reading. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,66,471-486.
Li, X.,& Logan, G. (2008). Object-based attention in Chinese readers of Chinese words:Beyond Gestalt principles. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,15,945-949.
Li, X., Rayner, K.,& Cave, K. R. (2009). On the segmentation of Chinese words during reading. Cognitive Psychology,58,525-552.
Libben, M. R.,& Titone, D. A. (2008). The multidetermined nature of idiom processing. Memory & Cognition,36,1103-1121.
Liu, P., Li, W., Lin, N.,& Li, X. (2013). Do Chinese readers follow the national standard rules for word segmentation during reading? PloS one,8, e55440.
Liversedge, S. P., Rayner, K., White, S. J., Vergilino-Perez, D., Findlay, J. M.,& Kentridge, R. W. (2004). Eye movements when reading disappearing text:Is there a gap effect in reading? Vision Research,44,1013-1024.
Liversedge, S.P.& Findlay, J.M. (2000). Eye movements reflect cognitive processes. Trends in Cognitive Science,4,6-14.
Matin, E. (1974). Saccadic suppression:A review and an analysis. Psychological Bulletin,81,899-917.
McConkie, G. W.,& Rayner, K. (1975). The span of the effective stimulus during a fixation in reading. Perception & Psychophysics,17,578-586.
McConkie, G. W., Kerr, P. W., Reddix, M. D.,& Zola, D. (1988). Eye movement control during reading:The location of initial eye fixations on words. Vision Research,28,1107-1118.
McDonald, S. A. (2006). Effects of number-of-letters on eye movements during reading are independent from effects of spatial word length. Visual Cognition,13, 89-98.
Miellet, S., O'Donnell, P. J.,& Sereno, S. C. (2009). Parafoveal magnification visual acuity does not modulate the perceptual span in reading. Psychological Science,20, 721-728.
Morris, R. K., Rayner, K.,& Pollatsek, A. (1990). Eye movement guidance in reading:The role of parafoveal letter and space information. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,16,268-281.
Osgood, C. E. (1963). On understanding and creating sentences. American Psychologist,18,735-751.
Osgood, C. E.,& Hoosain, R. (1974). Salience of the word as a unit in the perception of language. Perception & Psychophysics,15,168-192.
Perea, M.,& Acha, J. (2009). Space information is important for reading. Vision Research,49,1994-2000.
Plummer, P.,& Rayner, K. (2012). Effects of parafoveal word length and orthographic features on initial fixation landing positions in reading. Attention, Perception,& Psychophysics,74,950-963.
Pollatsek, A., Bolozky, S., Well, A. D.,& Rayner, K. (1981). Asymmetries in the perceptual span for Israeli readers. Brain and Language,14,174-180.
Pollatsek, A., Hyona, J.,& Bertram, R. (2000). The role of morphological constituents in reading Finnish compound words. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,26,820-833.
Pollatsek, A., Rayner, K.,& Balota, D. A. (1986). Inferences about eye movement control from the perceptual span in reading. Perception & Psychophysics,40, 123-130.
Pollatsek, A., Reichle, E. D.,& Rayner, K. (2006). Tests of the E-Z Reader model: Exploring the interface between cognition and eye-movement control. Cognitive Psychology,52,1-56.
R Development Core Team (2008). R:A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna:R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available at www.R-project.org.
Radach, R.,& Kennedy, A. (2004). Theoretical perspectives on eye movements in reading:Past controversies, current issues, and an agenda for future research. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology,16,3-26.
Radach, R., Kennedy, A.,& Rayner, K. (Eds.). (2004). Eye movements and information processing during reading. Psychology Press.
Rayner, K. (1975). The perceptual span and peripheral cues in reading. Cognitive Psychology,7,65-81.
Rayner, K. (1998). Eye movements in reading and information processing. Psychological Bulletin,124,372-422.
Rayner, K. (2009). Eye movements and attention in reading, scene perception, and visual search. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,62,1457-1506.
Rayner, K.,& Bertera, J. H. (1979). Reading without a fovea. Science,206,468-469.
Rayner, K.,& Duffy, S. A. (1986). Lexical complexity and fixation times in reading: Effects of word frequency, verb complexity, and lexical ambiguity. Memory & Cognition,14,191-201.
Rayner, K., Ashby, J., Pollatsek, A.,& Reichle, E. D. (2004). The effects of frequency and predictability on eye fixations in reading:Implications for the E-Z reader model. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,30,720-732.
Rayner, K., Binder, K. S., Ashby, J.,& Pollatsek, A. (2001). Eye movement control in reading:Word predictability has little influence on initial landing positions in words. Vision Research,41,943-954.
Rayner, K., Cook, A. E., Juhasz, B. J.,& Frazier, L. (2006). Immediate disambiguation of lexically ambiguous words during reading:Evidence from eye movements. British Journal of Psychology,97,467-482.
Rayner, K., Inhoff, A. W., Morrison, R. E., Slowiaczek, M. L.,& Bertera, J. H. (1981). Masking of foveal and parafoveal vision during eye fixations in reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,7, 167-179.
Rayner, K., Juhasz, B. J.,& Brown, S. J. (2007). Do readers obtain preview benefit from word n+2?A test of serial attention shift versus distributed lexical processing models of eye movement control in reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance,33,230-245.
Rayner, K., Li, X.,& Pollatsek, A. (2007). Extending the E-Z Reader model of eye movement control to Chinese readers. Cognitive Science,31,1021-1033.
Rayner, K., Li, X., Juhasz, B. J.,& Yan, G. (2005). The effect of word predictability on the eye movements of Chinese readers. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,12, 1089-1093.
Rayner, K., Liversedge, S. P.,& White, S. J. (2006). Eye movements when reading disappearing text:The importance of the word to the right of fixation. Vision Research,46,310-323.
Rayner, K., Liversedge, S. P., White, S. J.,& Vergilino-Perez, D. (2003). Reading disappearing text cognitive control of eye movements. Psychological Science,14, 385-388.
Rayner, K., Slattery, T. J.,& Belanger, N. N. (2010). Eye movements, the perceptual span, and reading speed. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,17,834-839.
Rayner, K., Warren, T., Juhasz, B. J.,& Liversedge, S. P. (2004). The effect of plausibility on eye movements in reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,30,1290-1301.
Rayner, K., Well, A. D.,& Pollatsek, A. (1980). Asymmetry of the effective visual field in reading. Perception & Psychophysics,27,537-544.
Rayner, K., Yang, J., Castelhano, M. S.,& Liversedge, S. P. (2011). Eye movements of older and younger readers when reading disappearing text. Psychology and Aging, 26,214-223.
Reichle, E. D., Pollatsek, A., Fisher, D. L.,& Rayner, K. (1998). Toward a model of eye movement control in reading. Psychological Review,105,125-157.
Reichle, E. D., Rayner, K.,& Pollatsek, A. (2003). The E-Z Reader model of eye-movement control in reading:Comparisons to other models. Behavioral and Brain Sciences,26,445-476.
Reichle, E. D., Warren, T.,& McConnell, K. (2009). Using E-Z Reader to model the effects of higher level language processing on eye movements during reading. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,16,1-21.
Reilly, R. G.,& Radach, R. (2006). Some empirical tests of an interactive activation model of eye movement control in reading. Cognitive Systems Research,7,34-55.
Reingold, E. M., Yang, J.,& Rayner, K. (2010). The time course of word frequency and case alternation effects on fixation times in reading:Evidence for lexical control of eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,36,1677-1683.
Richter, E. M., Engbert, R.,& Kliegl, R. (2006). Current advances in SWIFT. Cognitive Systems Research,7,23-33.
Schank, R. C. (1972). Conceptual dependency:A theory of natural language understanding. Cognitive Psychology,3,552-631.
Schilling, H. E., Rayner, K.,& Chumbley, J. I. (1998). Comparing naming, lexical decision, and eye fixation times:Word frequency effects and individual differences. Memory & Cognition,26,1270-1281.
Sereno, S. C., O'Donnell, P. J.,& Rayner, K. (2006). Eye movements and lexical ambiguity resolution:Investigating the subordinate-bias effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,32,335-350.
Sprenger, S. A., Levelt, W. J.,& Kempen, G. (2006). Lexical access during the production of idiomatic phrases. Journal of Memory and Language,54,161-184.
Starr, M.,& Inhoff, A. (2004). Attention allocation to the right and left of a fixated word:Use of orthographic information from multiple words during reading. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology,16,203-225.
Swinney, D. A.,& Cutler, A. (1979). The access and processing of idiomatic expressions. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior,18,523-534.
Taft, M., Zhu, X.,& Peng, D. (1999). Positional specificity of radicals in Chinese character recognition. Journal of Memory and Language,40,498-519.
Titone, D. A.,& Connine, C. M. (1994). Comprehension of idiomatic expressions: Effects of predictability and literality. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory, and Cognition,20,1126-1138.
Titone, D. A.,& Connine, C. M. (1999). On the compositional and noncompositional nature of idiomatic expressions. Journal of Pragmatics,31,1655-1674.
Tsai, C. H.,& McConkie, G. W. (1995, September). The perceptual span in reading Chinese text:A moving window study. Poster presented at the Eighth European Conference on Eye Movements, Derby, U.K.
Tsai, J. L.,& McConkie, G. W. (2003). Where do Chinese readers send their eyes. The Mind's Eye:Cognitive and Applied Aspects of Eye Movement Research,159-176.
Vitu, F., O'regan, J. K.,& Mittau, M. (1990). Optimal landing position in reading isolated words and continuous text. Perception & Psychophysics,47,583-600.
Wang, S., Yang, J.,& Chen, H. C. (2008). Immediacy of processing intra-sentential and inter-sentential information in reading Chinese. In K. Rayner, D. Shen, X. Bai,& G. Yan (Eds.). Cognitive and cultural influences on eye movements (pp.315-341). Tianjin:Tianjin People's Publishing House.
Warren, T., McConnell, K.,& Rayner, K. (2008). Effects of context on eye movements when reading about possible and impossible events. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory, and Cognition,34,1001-1010.
White, S. J.,& Liversedge, S. P. (2006). Foveal processing difficulty does not modulate non-foveal orthographic influences on fixation positions. Vision Research, 46,426-437.
Yan, G., Tian, H., Bai, X.,& Rayner, K. (2006). The effect of word and character frequency on the eye movements of Chinese readers. British Journal of Psychology, 97,259-268.
Yan, M., Kliegl, R., Richter, E. M., Nuthmann, A.,& Shu, H. (2010). Flexible saccade-target selection in Chinese reading. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,63,705-725.
Yan, M., Kliegl, R., Shu, H., Pan, J.,& Zhou, X. (2010). Parafoveal load of word N+ 1 modulates preprocessing effectiveness of word N+2 in Chinese reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,36,1669-1676.
Yan, M., Richter, E. M., Shu, H.,& Kliegl, R. (2009). Readers of Chinese extract semantic information from parafoveal words. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,16, 561-566.
Yang, H. M.,& McConkie, G. W. (1999). Reading Chinese:Some basic eye-movement characteristics. Reading Chinese Script:A Cognitive Analysis, 207-222.
Yang, J., Wang, S., Chen, X.,& Rayner, k. (2009). The time course of semantic and syntactic processing in Chinese sentence comprehension:Evidence from eye movements. Memory & Cognition,37,1164-1176
Yang, J., Wang, S., Xu, Y.,& Rayner, K. (2009). Do chinese readers obtain preview benefit from word n+2? Evidence from eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,35,1192-1204.
Yang, J., Rayner, K., Li.,& Wang, S. (2012). Is preview benefit from word n+2 a common effect in reading Chinese? Evidence from eye movements. Read Writ,25, 1079-1091.
Yu, B., Zhang, W., Jing, Q., Peng, R., Zhang, G.,& Simon, H. A. (1985). STM capacity for Chinese and English language materials. Memory & Cognition,13, 202-207.
Zang, C., Liang, F., Bai, X., Yan, G.,& Liversedge, S. P. (2013). Interword spacing and landing position effects during Chinese reading in children and adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,39,720-734.
Zhang, B. Y., Peng, D. L. (1992). Decomposed storage in the Chinese lexicon. In Cheng, H. C., Tzheng,O. J. L. (Eds.) Language processing in Chinese. North-Holland.
Zhou, X., Marslen-Wilson, W., Taft, M.,& Shu, H., (2010). Morphology, orthography, and phonology reading Chinese compound words. Language and Cognitive Processes,14,525-565.
Zhou, W., Yan, M., Shu, H.,& Kliegl, R. (2013). Perceptual span in Chinese reading is larger for small font size. Poster presented at the 17th European conference on eye movements, Lund, Sweden.
Zola, D. (1984). Redundancy and word perception during reading. Perception & Psychophysics,36,277-284.
白学军,胡笑羽,闫国利.(2009).中文阅读的副中央凹-中央凹效应：词n的语义透明度对词n-1加工的影响.心理学报,41,377-386.
陈宝国,彭聃龄.(2001).汉语双字多义词的识别优势效应.心理学报,33,300-304.
陈传锋,黄希庭,余华.(2000).词素的结构对称效应：结构对称汉语成语认知特点的进一步研究.心理科学,23,265-268.
顾蓓晔,缪小春.(1995).汉语习语理解研究.心理学报27,15-19.
黄伯荣,廖序东.(2007).现代汉语.北京：高等教育出版社.
李兴珊,刘萍萍,马国杰.(2011).中文阅读中词切分的认知机理述评.心理科学进展,19,459-470.
刘志方,闫国利,白学军.(2011).消失文本词窗口条件下八年级学生阅读的眼动特征.心理研究,4,26-29.
刘志方,张智君,赵亚军.(2011).汉语阅读中眼跳目标选择单元以及词汇加工方式：来自消失文本的实验证据.心理学报,43,608-618.
马利军,张积家.(2008).词素在汉语三字格惯用语理解中的作用.心理科学,31,367-369.
彭聃龄,丁国盛.(1997a).中文双字词的表征与加工(上).心理科学,20,294-298.
彭聃龄,丁国盛.(1997b).中文双字词的表征与加工(下).心理科学,20,395-397.
佘贤君,宋歌,张必隐.(2000).预测性,语义倾向性对惯用语理解的影响.心理学报,32,203-209.
沈德立,白学军,臧传丽,闫国利,冯本才,范晓红.(2010).词切分对初学者句子阅读影响的眼动研究.心理学报,42,159-172.
王丽红.(2011).中文阅读知觉广度的眼动研究.博士学位论文.天津：天津师范大学.
熊建萍,闫国利.(2006).首词和尾词频率对高熟悉度成语识别的影响.心理与行为研究,4,45-48.
闫国利,姜茜,李兴珊,白学军.(2008).消失文本条件下词的预测性效应的眼动研究.应用心理学,14,306-310.
闫国利,王丽红,巫金根,白学军.(2011).不同年级学生阅读知觉广度及预视效益的眼动研究.心理学报,43,249-263.
闫国利,王文静,白学军.(2007).消失文本条件下认知控制的眼动研究.心理学探新,4,37-41.
闫国利,巫金根,臧传丽,白学军.(2010).阅读知觉广度眼动研究述评.心理学探新,30,23-28.
闫国利,熊建萍,臧传丽,余莉莉,崔磊,白学军.(2013).阅读研究中的主要眼动指标评述.心理科学进展,21,589-605.
闫国利,张兰兰,孙莎莎,白学军.(2013).汉语“主观词”的表征及其加工.心理学报,45,379-390.
张必隐.(1997).中文双字词在心理词典中的存储模式.In彭聃龄,舒华,陈烜之(编),汉语认知研究(pp.220-223).济南：山东教育出版社.
张积家,马利军.(2008).词素性质对惯用语理解的影响.心理与行为研究,6,171-175.
张积家,石艳彩.(2009).汉语惯用语的产生机制.心理学报,41,659-675.
张巧明.(2013).小学生阅读知觉广度与速度的发展：来自眼动的证据.博士学位论文.天津：天津师范大学.