天基AMTI雷达信号处理若干关键技术研究
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摘要
利用天基预警雷达实现空中运动目标指示在军事上有重要的应用价值，相关信号处理方法已成为当今雷达界研究的热点。由于天基雷达（SBR）更大的波束照射区域带来严重的杂波和干扰；雷达平台绕轨高速运行带来严重的杂波谱扩展；受地球自转的影响产生时变的偏航角；雷达与目标间高速运动带来积累时间内大的距离走动，这些都使得传统基于机载预警雷达AMTI信号处理方法无法直接应用于天基雷达，使天基雷达空中运动目标指示信号处理面临许多挑战。因此开展天基AMTI雷达信号处理研究具有十分重要的意义。
本文瞄准天基雷达AMTI这一前沿课题，对天基雷达信号模型和杂波仿真、空时自适应处理（STAP）杂波抑制、抑制杂波距离重叠的正交波形设计、高速弱目标能量积累检测等四个关键技术问题进行了研究。主要内容为：
1．建立了天基雷达杂波和动目标信号模型，深入分析了天基雷达杂波的特性以及地球自转对天基雷达杂波的影响，建立了天基雷达地面杂波的空时二维模型。为评估空-时自适应处理算法应用于天基雷达的效果提供了杂波仿真数据，并且仿真了用于评估目标能量积累检测算法性的目标回波数据。这些为论文后续的研究奠定了基础。
2．研究了STAP对SBR杂波的抑制性能及降维STAP算法，研究了地球自转和杂波模糊对STAP性能的影响和抑制方法。在降维STAP算法研究方面，重点研究了局域联合处理（JDL）技术在天基雷达杂波抑制上的应用，提出基于测量数据构成变换阵的改进JDL算法，并与基于DFT的经典JDL算法在天基雷达应用环境中进行了对比研究，得出改进的JDL算法杂波抑制性能优于经典的JDL算法的结论。
3．研究了天基AMTI雷达波形的要求，确定了天基AMTI的波形需要具有解距离模糊和多普勒模糊的能力；为适应低速目标检测的需要，要具备抑制由于主瓣杂波距离向长度大于杂波距离模糊引起的杂波距离重叠的能力；为适应高速目标检测的需要，要具备较高的多普勒容忍性。提出了适合上述要求的正交波形作为发射波形解决方法，并对正交波形的形式作了分析。研究了基于模拟退火算法生成正交二相码和线性调频复合的正交信号组设计方法，仿真验证了复合正交信号组能抑制杂波距离重叠，且具有较大的多普勒容忍性。
4．研究了天基AMTI雷达高速弱目标检测的能量积累条件，天基雷达位置高、波束照射面积大，能满足高速运动目标能量积累对波束照射时间的要求，但在功率孔径积受限的天基雷达应用环境下，积累时间内目标回波有较大的距离走动，积累增益低。提出基于Keystone和动态规划的混合积累检测方法。把积累时间分成若干相干积累时间，应用Keystone算法校正线性距离走动进行相干积累，得到初步检测结果；应用动态规划算法，确定目标的航迹，对同一目标航迹上各检测点做非相干积累，获得空中动目标指示虚警率要求的最终检测结果。通过混合积累检测方法，可以实现对低信噪比目标的检测。
Air Moving Target Indication (AMTI) using space-based early warning radar hasimportant significance in military applications. The related signal processing methodshave become a hot research area in the world. For space-based radar (SBR), seriousclutter and interference is induced because of large illumination region. High speedmoving of the radar platform along the orbit brings serious spectrum expansion. Anddue to the Earth's rotation, the crab angle is time variant. High radial velocity betweenradar and target gives rise to large range migration. All these make traditional AMTImethods which have been widely used for airborne early warning radar can not bedirectly applied to space-based radar (SBR). Many challenges have been encountered insignal processing for SBR’s AMTI. The research on the signal processing for SBR’sAMTI is therefore has great significance.
Aiming at the frontier of this research topic on AMTI for SBR, this dissertationfocuses on four key techniques: the space-based radar signal modeling and cluttersimulation, clutter suppression using space-time adaptive processing (STAP),orthogonal waveform design for mitigation range folded clutter and integrationdetection of high-speed weak target. The main contents of the dissertation are asfollows.
1. The models for the space-based radar clutter and the moving target signal areestablished. The characteristics of the clutter for SBR and the influence of earth'srotation are studied. Space-time clutter modeling of SBR is studied. The space-timeclutter simulation data are provided to evaluate the performance of the STAP algorithm.Target echo data are obtained to evaluate the performance of the integration detectionalgorithm. These establish the fundamental base for the following research.
2. The STAP clutter suppression and reduced-dimension STAP algorithms for SBRare researched. The performance of the STAP algorithms in the influence of Earth'srotation and ambiguity is investigated. The reduced-dimension STAP based on JointDomain Localized (JDL) algorithm is researched for clutter suppression. A modifiedJDL algorithm based on transform matrix which is composed of measured data is proposed. It is comparably researched with DFT-JDL in SBR environment. Aconclusion that the JDL algorithm based on the transform matrix is better than theDFT-JDL algorithm in space-based radar environment is drawn.
3. The requirements of the space-based AMTI radar waveform are researched. Ithas been confirmed that the waveform should has the abilities to mitigate the rangeambiguities and the Doppler ambiguities. In order to meet the requirements forlow-speed target detection, the waveform needs to mitigate the clutter range foldovercaused by the clutter range ambiguities and the greater radar observation’s region.Whereas for high-speed target detection, the waveform should be designed to have highDoppler tolerance for large Doppler. The mitigation mechanism of range folded clutterusing orthogonal waveform is studied. The form of the orthogonal waveform isanalyzed. The orthogonal waveform groups by combining chirp waveform withorthogonal binary code by simulated annealing are approached. Simulation results showthat the method has good clutter range folded mitigation performance and high Dopplertolerance.
4. The conditions for power accumulation on high-speed weak target detection byspace-based AMTI radar are studied. The high location and the large beam irradiationarea of SBR can meet the condition of illumination time. But target’s echo will gothrough several range cells in the accumulation time, which makes SBR more difficultto obtain target’s power accumulated for high-speed weak target detection. A hybridintegration algorithm based on Keystone transform and dynamic programmingalgorithm is proposed. The detection time duration is divided into multiple coherentintervals (CPI). Coherent integration is processed based on Keystone transform withineach CPI. Some initial detection results are obtained. Dynamic programming algorithmis applied to determine the target trace. Non-coherent integration is processed along thesame target trace. Final detection results show the low false alarm ratio of the algorithm.Through the hybrid integration algorithm, the detection on low SNR targets can berealized.
本文瞄准天基雷达AMTI这一前沿课题，对天基雷达信号模型和杂波仿真、空时自适应处理（STAP）杂波抑制、抑制杂波距离重叠的正交波形设计、高速弱目标能量积累检测等四个关键技术问题进行了研究。主要内容为：
1．建立了天基雷达杂波和动目标信号模型，深入分析了天基雷达杂波的特性以及地球自转对天基雷达杂波的影响，建立了天基雷达地面杂波的空时二维模型。为评估空-时自适应处理算法应用于天基雷达的效果提供了杂波仿真数据，并且仿真了用于评估目标能量积累检测算法性的目标回波数据。这些为论文后续的研究奠定了基础。
2．研究了STAP对SBR杂波的抑制性能及降维STAP算法，研究了地球自转和杂波模糊对STAP性能的影响和抑制方法。在降维STAP算法研究方面，重点研究了局域联合处理（JDL）技术在天基雷达杂波抑制上的应用，提出基于测量数据构成变换阵的改进JDL算法，并与基于DFT的经典JDL算法在天基雷达应用环境中进行了对比研究，得出改进的JDL算法杂波抑制性能优于经典的JDL算法的结论。
3．研究了天基AMTI雷达波形的要求，确定了天基AMTI的波形需要具有解距离模糊和多普勒模糊的能力；为适应低速目标检测的需要，要具备抑制由于主瓣杂波距离向长度大于杂波距离模糊引起的杂波距离重叠的能力；为适应高速目标检测的需要，要具备较高的多普勒容忍性。提出了适合上述要求的正交波形作为发射波形解决方法，并对正交波形的形式作了分析。研究了基于模拟退火算法生成正交二相码和线性调频复合的正交信号组设计方法，仿真验证了复合正交信号组能抑制杂波距离重叠，且具有较大的多普勒容忍性。
4．研究了天基AMTI雷达高速弱目标检测的能量积累条件，天基雷达位置高、波束照射面积大，能满足高速运动目标能量积累对波束照射时间的要求，但在功率孔径积受限的天基雷达应用环境下，积累时间内目标回波有较大的距离走动，积累增益低。提出基于Keystone和动态规划的混合积累检测方法。把积累时间分成若干相干积累时间，应用Keystone算法校正线性距离走动进行相干积累，得到初步检测结果；应用动态规划算法，确定目标的航迹，对同一目标航迹上各检测点做非相干积累，获得空中动目标指示虚警率要求的最终检测结果。通过混合积累检测方法，可以实现对低信噪比目标的检测。
Air Moving Target Indication (AMTI) using space-based early warning radar hasimportant significance in military applications. The related signal processing methodshave become a hot research area in the world. For space-based radar (SBR), seriousclutter and interference is induced because of large illumination region. High speedmoving of the radar platform along the orbit brings serious spectrum expansion. Anddue to the Earth's rotation, the crab angle is time variant. High radial velocity betweenradar and target gives rise to large range migration. All these make traditional AMTImethods which have been widely used for airborne early warning radar can not bedirectly applied to space-based radar (SBR). Many challenges have been encountered insignal processing for SBR’s AMTI. The research on the signal processing for SBR’sAMTI is therefore has great significance.
Aiming at the frontier of this research topic on AMTI for SBR, this dissertationfocuses on four key techniques: the space-based radar signal modeling and cluttersimulation, clutter suppression using space-time adaptive processing (STAP),orthogonal waveform design for mitigation range folded clutter and integrationdetection of high-speed weak target. The main contents of the dissertation are asfollows.
1. The models for the space-based radar clutter and the moving target signal areestablished. The characteristics of the clutter for SBR and the influence of earth'srotation are studied. Space-time clutter modeling of SBR is studied. The space-timeclutter simulation data are provided to evaluate the performance of the STAP algorithm.Target echo data are obtained to evaluate the performance of the integration detectionalgorithm. These establish the fundamental base for the following research.
2. The STAP clutter suppression and reduced-dimension STAP algorithms for SBRare researched. The performance of the STAP algorithms in the influence of Earth'srotation and ambiguity is investigated. The reduced-dimension STAP based on JointDomain Localized (JDL) algorithm is researched for clutter suppression. A modifiedJDL algorithm based on transform matrix which is composed of measured data is proposed. It is comparably researched with DFT-JDL in SBR environment. Aconclusion that the JDL algorithm based on the transform matrix is better than theDFT-JDL algorithm in space-based radar environment is drawn.
3. The requirements of the space-based AMTI radar waveform are researched. Ithas been confirmed that the waveform should has the abilities to mitigate the rangeambiguities and the Doppler ambiguities. In order to meet the requirements forlow-speed target detection, the waveform needs to mitigate the clutter range foldovercaused by the clutter range ambiguities and the greater radar observation’s region.Whereas for high-speed target detection, the waveform should be designed to have highDoppler tolerance for large Doppler. The mitigation mechanism of range folded clutterusing orthogonal waveform is studied. The form of the orthogonal waveform isanalyzed. The orthogonal waveform groups by combining chirp waveform withorthogonal binary code by simulated annealing are approached. Simulation results showthat the method has good clutter range folded mitigation performance and high Dopplertolerance.
4. The conditions for power accumulation on high-speed weak target detection byspace-based AMTI radar are studied. The high location and the large beam irradiationarea of SBR can meet the condition of illumination time. But target’s echo will gothrough several range cells in the accumulation time, which makes SBR more difficultto obtain target’s power accumulated for high-speed weak target detection. A hybridintegration algorithm based on Keystone transform and dynamic programmingalgorithm is proposed. The detection time duration is divided into multiple coherentintervals (CPI). Coherent integration is processed based on Keystone transform withineach CPI. Some initial detection results are obtained. Dynamic programming algorithmis applied to determine the target trace. Non-coherent integration is processed along thesame target trace. Final detection results show the low false alarm ratio of the algorithm.Through the hybrid integration algorithm, the detection on low SNR targets can berealized.
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