WCDMA系统中智能天线的研究
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摘要
在无线通信中，智能天线可以充分利用信号空间特性提高系统性能，但现在还没有大规模商用的智能天线系统。本文研究了在第三代移动通信WCDMA系统中的智能天线应用。首先从天线阵列导向矢量相关性的角度阐述了智能天线的空分原理，然后根据这个原理提出天线阵列空分能力表达式。接着提出了弧形智能天线阵列结构，分析了弧形阵列的独特优点，并把直线阵和圆阵统一到弧形阵列结构体系中。然后提出了阵列优化准则和方法。本文结合3GPP协议针对WCDMA系统推导出了四种自适应算法，并对这些算法作了仿真比较，结果证明这些算法有效的。本文提出了频分双工系统中应用的收发权值线性转换方法。最后把智能天线技术和RAKE接收技术、收发分集技术紧密结合，形成比较完整的智能天线系统基带结构。
In the wireless systems, smart antenna techniques use the signal's spatial signature to improve system performance. But up to now there is still no commercial smart antenna system in large use. In this paper, the applications of smart antennas in WCDMA system are discussed. First, the spatial division theory of smart antennas is proposed based on the relativity of the steering vectors of antenna array, then the spatial division capability of antenna array is presented. A new topology of antenna array named arcuate array is proposed. As the analysis shows, the arcuate array has its particular advantages, and the linear array and circular array can be unified into arcuate array family. The criterion and method for the optimization of antenna array topology are obtained. According to the protocols of 3 GPP, this paper present four adaptive algorithms for WCDMA system. Results of algorithm simulating show that these algorithms are efficient. This paper also propose the linearity transform method which is used to
get downlink weight vector from uplink weight vector. At last, the baseband system structure which deploys smart antenna, RAKE, and receive/transmit diversity techniques is proposed.
In the wireless systems, smart antenna techniques use the signal's spatial signature to improve system performance. But up to now there is still no commercial smart antenna system in large use. In this paper, the applications of smart antennas in WCDMA system are discussed. First, the spatial division theory of smart antennas is proposed based on the relativity of the steering vectors of antenna array, then the spatial division capability of antenna array is presented. A new topology of antenna array named arcuate array is proposed. As the analysis shows, the arcuate array has its particular advantages, and the linear array and circular array can be unified into arcuate array family. The criterion and method for the optimization of antenna array topology are obtained. According to the protocols of 3 GPP, this paper present four adaptive algorithms for WCDMA system. Results of algorithm simulating show that these algorithms are efficient. This paper also propose the linearity transform method which is used to
get downlink weight vector from uplink weight vector. At last, the baseband system structure which deploys smart antenna, RAKE, and receive/transmit diversity techniques is proposed.
引文
[1].Ryuji Kohno,"Spatial and Temporal Communication Theory Using Adaptive Antenna Array," IEEE Pers.Commun.,Feb.1998.
[2]L.C.Godara,"Application of Antenna Arrays to Mobile Communications,Part Ⅰ: Performance Improvement,Feasibility,and System Considerations,"Proc. IEEE,July 1997.
[3]Per H.Lehne,Magne Pettersen,"An Overview of Smart Antenna Technology for Mobile Communications Systems",IEEE Communications Surveys,http://www.comsoc.org/pubs/surveys,Fourth Quarter 1999,vol.2 no.4.
[4]李世鹤．智能天线的原理和实现．电信建设，2000．4．
[5]赵瑞锋，谈振辉，蒋海林．无线系统中的智能天线．电子学报，vol．28，No．12，Dec 2000．
[6]J. C. Liberti and T. S. Rappaport, Smart Antennas for Wireless Communica-tions:IS-95 and Third-Generation CDMA Applications,Prentice Hall,NJ,USA.1999.
[7]杜志敏，闫志刚，吴伟陵．移动通信中的智能天线技术．中兴通讯技术，2001，No．3．
[8]Josef Fuhl,Dieter J.Cichon,and Ernst Bonek,Optimum Antenna Topologies and Adaptation Strategies for SDMA.Proc.IEEE GLOBECOM'96,London,UK,Nov.1996.
[9]马文华，王华之，查明勇．CDMA系统中智能天线阵列形式的研究．北京邮电大学学报，June．2000，Vol．23 No．2．
[10]Adrian O.Boukalov,Sven-Gustav Haggman.System Aspects of Smart-Antenna Technology in Cellular Wireless Communications-An Overview.IEEE Transactions on microwave theory and techniques.Vol.48.No.6.June 2000.
[11]Michael Chryssomallis.Smart Antennas.IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine,Vol.42,No.3,June 2000.
[12]Ahmed H.El Zooghby,Christos G.Christodoulou,Michael Georgiopoulos,A Neural Network-Based Smart Antenna for Multiple Source Tracking,IEEE Trans. On Antennas and Propagation,Vol.48,No.5,May 2000.
[13]Z.Rong,T.S.Rappaport,Simulation of Multitarget Adaptive Algorithms for Wireless CDMA Systems,Proc.IEEE Vehicular Technology Conf.,Apr.1996.
[14]3rd Generation Partnership Project;Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network;Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels (FDD)(Release 1999),3GPP TS 25.211 V3.4.0 (2000-09)Technical Specification.
[15]张贤达．现代信号处理．北京，清华大学出版社，1995．5．
[16]程云鹏，张凯院，徐仲．矩阵论．西安，西北工业大学出版社，1999．6．
[17]王安义，保铮，廖桂生．下行波束形成与上行Rake接收机的联合处理技术．通信学报，Vol．22．No．3，March 2001．
[18]金梁，殷勤业．时空DOA矩阵方法．电子学报，vol．28，No．6，June 2000．
[19]胡铭，冯正和．针状波束智能天线中基于最大特征值得DOA估计．电子学报，vol．28，No．9，Sep2000．
[20]万群，杨万鳞．基于盲波束形成的分布式目标波达方向估计方法．电子学报，vol．28，No．12，Dec 2000．
[21]Arogyaswami J.Paulraj and Boon Chong Ng Stanford University.Space-time Modems for Wireless Personal Communications.IEEE Personal Communications Feb 1998.
[22]Ryuji Kohno,Yokohama National University.Spatial and Temporal Communication Theory Using Adaptive Antenna Array.IEEE Personal Communications.Feb 1998.
[23]Kehu Yang,Yimin Zhang,Yoshihiko Mizuguchi. A Signal Subspace-Based Subband Approach to Space-Time Adaptive Processing for Mobile Communications.IEEE Trans.On Signal Processing.Vol.49.No.2,February 2001.
[24]John R.Treichler,Brian G.Agee,A New Approach to Multipath Correction of Constant Modulus Signals. IEEE Transactions On Acoustics,Speech,and Signal Processing,Vol.assp-31,No.2,April,1983.
[25]John J.Shynk,Richard P.Gooch.The Constant Modulus Array for Cochannel Signal Copy and Direction Finding.IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,Vol 44,No.3 March 1996.
[26]Kentaro NISHIMORI,Nobuyoshi KIKUMA,Naoki INAGEKI.The Differential CMA Adaptive Array Antenna Using an Eigen-Beamspace System.IEICE Trans.Communication.,Vol.E78-B,No.11 November 1995.
[27]D.N. Adams,C. R. Ward, M.S. Smith, etc. Macrocellular Angle-of-Arrival and Delay Propagation Characteristics and Their Impact on Smart Antenna Design and Performance.10th international conference on antennas and propagation,14-17APRIL 1997.
[28]Kimmo Kalliola and Pertti Vainikainen,Characterization System for Radio Channel of Adaptive Array Antennas.Helsinki University of Technology 1997 IEEE.
[29]Gregory G.Raleigh and A.Paulraj.Time Varying Vector Channel Estimation for Adaptive Spatial Equalization.Information systems lab.,Stanford university,Stanford,CA,94305 1995 IEEE.
[30]Adnan Kavak,Nurat Torlak,Wolfhard J.Vogel etc.Vector Channels for Smart Antennas—Measurements,Statistical Modeling,and Directional Properties in Outdoor Environments. IEEE Trans on Microwave theory and Techniques.Vol.48,No6.June 2000.
[31] Shinya Tanaka, Atsushi Harada, Taisuke Ihara, Mamoru Sawahashi, etc. Combined Effect of Coherent Adaptive Antenna Array Diversity and SINR-Based Fast Transmit Power Control in W-CDMA Reverse Link. IEICE Trans. Commun. Vol.E84-B, No.3,March 2001．
[2]L.C.Godara,"Application of Antenna Arrays to Mobile Communications,Part Ⅰ: Performance Improvement,Feasibility,and System Considerations,"Proc. IEEE,July 1997.
[3]Per H.Lehne,Magne Pettersen,"An Overview of Smart Antenna Technology for Mobile Communications Systems",IEEE Communications Surveys,http://www.comsoc.org/pubs/surveys,Fourth Quarter 1999,vol.2 no.4.
[4]李世鹤．智能天线的原理和实现．电信建设，2000．4．
[5]赵瑞锋，谈振辉，蒋海林．无线系统中的智能天线．电子学报，vol．28，No．12，Dec 2000．
[6]J. C. Liberti and T. S. Rappaport, Smart Antennas for Wireless Communica-tions:IS-95 and Third-Generation CDMA Applications,Prentice Hall,NJ,USA.1999.
[7]杜志敏，闫志刚，吴伟陵．移动通信中的智能天线技术．中兴通讯技术，2001，No．3．
[8]Josef Fuhl,Dieter J.Cichon,and Ernst Bonek,Optimum Antenna Topologies and Adaptation Strategies for SDMA.Proc.IEEE GLOBECOM'96,London,UK,Nov.1996.
[9]马文华，王华之，查明勇．CDMA系统中智能天线阵列形式的研究．北京邮电大学学报，June．2000，Vol．23 No．2．
[10]Adrian O.Boukalov,Sven-Gustav Haggman.System Aspects of Smart-Antenna Technology in Cellular Wireless Communications-An Overview.IEEE Transactions on microwave theory and techniques.Vol.48.No.6.June 2000.
[11]Michael Chryssomallis.Smart Antennas.IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine,Vol.42,No.3,June 2000.
[12]Ahmed H.El Zooghby,Christos G.Christodoulou,Michael Georgiopoulos,A Neural Network-Based Smart Antenna for Multiple Source Tracking,IEEE Trans. On Antennas and Propagation,Vol.48,No.5,May 2000.
[13]Z.Rong,T.S.Rappaport,Simulation of Multitarget Adaptive Algorithms for Wireless CDMA Systems,Proc.IEEE Vehicular Technology Conf.,Apr.1996.
[14]3rd Generation Partnership Project;Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network;Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels (FDD)(Release 1999),3GPP TS 25.211 V3.4.0 (2000-09)Technical Specification.
[15]张贤达．现代信号处理．北京，清华大学出版社，1995．5．
[16]程云鹏，张凯院，徐仲．矩阵论．西安，西北工业大学出版社，1999．6．
[17]王安义，保铮，廖桂生．下行波束形成与上行Rake接收机的联合处理技术．通信学报，Vol．22．No．3，March 2001．
[18]金梁，殷勤业．时空DOA矩阵方法．电子学报，vol．28，No．6，June 2000．
[19]胡铭，冯正和．针状波束智能天线中基于最大特征值得DOA估计．电子学报，vol．28，No．9，Sep2000．
[20]万群，杨万鳞．基于盲波束形成的分布式目标波达方向估计方法．电子学报，vol．28，No．12，Dec 2000．
[21]Arogyaswami J.Paulraj and Boon Chong Ng Stanford University.Space-time Modems for Wireless Personal Communications.IEEE Personal Communications Feb 1998.
[22]Ryuji Kohno,Yokohama National University.Spatial and Temporal Communication Theory Using Adaptive Antenna Array.IEEE Personal Communications.Feb 1998.
[23]Kehu Yang,Yimin Zhang,Yoshihiko Mizuguchi. A Signal Subspace-Based Subband Approach to Space-Time Adaptive Processing for Mobile Communications.IEEE Trans.On Signal Processing.Vol.49.No.2,February 2001.
[24]John R.Treichler,Brian G.Agee,A New Approach to Multipath Correction of Constant Modulus Signals. IEEE Transactions On Acoustics,Speech,and Signal Processing,Vol.assp-31,No.2,April,1983.
[25]John J.Shynk,Richard P.Gooch.The Constant Modulus Array for Cochannel Signal Copy and Direction Finding.IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,Vol 44,No.3 March 1996.
[26]Kentaro NISHIMORI,Nobuyoshi KIKUMA,Naoki INAGEKI.The Differential CMA Adaptive Array Antenna Using an Eigen-Beamspace System.IEICE Trans.Communication.,Vol.E78-B,No.11 November 1995.
[27]D.N. Adams,C. R. Ward, M.S. Smith, etc. Macrocellular Angle-of-Arrival and Delay Propagation Characteristics and Their Impact on Smart Antenna Design and Performance.10th international conference on antennas and propagation,14-17APRIL 1997.
[28]Kimmo Kalliola and Pertti Vainikainen,Characterization System for Radio Channel of Adaptive Array Antennas.Helsinki University of Technology 1997 IEEE.
[29]Gregory G.Raleigh and A.Paulraj.Time Varying Vector Channel Estimation for Adaptive Spatial Equalization.Information systems lab.,Stanford university,Stanford,CA,94305 1995 IEEE.
[30]Adnan Kavak,Nurat Torlak,Wolfhard J.Vogel etc.Vector Channels for Smart Antennas—Measurements,Statistical Modeling,and Directional Properties in Outdoor Environments. IEEE Trans on Microwave theory and Techniques.Vol.48,No6.June 2000.
[31] Shinya Tanaka, Atsushi Harada, Taisuke Ihara, Mamoru Sawahashi, etc. Combined Effect of Coherent Adaptive Antenna Array Diversity and SINR-Based Fast Transmit Power Control in W-CDMA Reverse Link. IEICE Trans. Commun. Vol.E84-B, No.3,March 2001．