智能天线算法研究
摘要
先进的多址接入和智能天线技术为解决有限的频率资源利用问题提供了可行的思路和方法。目前智能天线技术的研究主要针对小区基站展开，面向移动终端的应用尚未充分开展。本文主要研究智能天线技术在CDMA系统移动终端的应用。主要研究内容和结论如下：
■ 讨论并建立适用于空时信号处理的无线衰落矢量信道模型。
■ 在总结应用于CDMA移动终端的智能天线算法基础上，提出一种利用接收信号与期望信号相关特性的新型智能天线算法。通过分析和天线方向图仿真，证明新算法在收敛速率和复杂度上有较大改善。
■ 提出4种应用于CDMA移动终端的SA-RAKE级联结构。
■ 搭建了TD-SCDMA智能天线移动终端仿真平台，通过双天线系统移动端接收特性的数值模拟，对智能天线算法和4种SA-RAKE处理结构进行分析。并深入分析了智能天线对多径的抑制作用。
■ 基于仿真平台的数值模拟结果表明在TD-SCDMA系统移动终端采用智能天线可以有效提高信号接收质量、降低误码率和增加系统容量。
Taking full advantages of limited spectrum resources is critical in improving the capacity and quality of communication system at present. Two feasible solutions are code division multiple access and smart antenna technology. Many research works on smart antenna are focused on base station, whereas the application for mobile terminal has not been fully developed. This dissertation investigates the use of smart antenna at mobile terminal in CDMA wireless network. The main contents and conclusions are as follows:
Deals with statistical vector channel model applied to smart antenna simulation. Several key factors such as signal fading and multi-path effect are further analyzed and simulated.
Summarizes smart antenna algorithms for CDMA mobile terminal. Proposes a new algorithm for estimating the vector channel and the optimum beamforming weights. Studies its tracking performance under realistic channel conditions. Finally gives the simulation of antenna's pattern.
Discusses SA-RAKE technique for improving system performance, and develops four SA-RAKE receiver structures.
Presents an overall link level simulation of mobile terminal receiver structure with smart antenna for TD-SCDMA and describes its building blocks. Three smart antenna algorithms and four structures of SA-RAKE arc simulated and compared based on above model. The restraint of SA on multi-path is further analysed.
In conclusion, the proposed receiver may improve BER, SNR and Capacity performances of wireless communication system obviously.
■ 讨论并建立适用于空时信号处理的无线衰落矢量信道模型。
■ 在总结应用于CDMA移动终端的智能天线算法基础上，提出一种利用接收信号与期望信号相关特性的新型智能天线算法。通过分析和天线方向图仿真，证明新算法在收敛速率和复杂度上有较大改善。
■ 提出4种应用于CDMA移动终端的SA-RAKE级联结构。
■ 搭建了TD-SCDMA智能天线移动终端仿真平台，通过双天线系统移动端接收特性的数值模拟，对智能天线算法和4种SA-RAKE处理结构进行分析。并深入分析了智能天线对多径的抑制作用。
■ 基于仿真平台的数值模拟结果表明在TD-SCDMA系统移动终端采用智能天线可以有效提高信号接收质量、降低误码率和增加系统容量。
Taking full advantages of limited spectrum resources is critical in improving the capacity and quality of communication system at present. Two feasible solutions are code division multiple access and smart antenna technology. Many research works on smart antenna are focused on base station, whereas the application for mobile terminal has not been fully developed. This dissertation investigates the use of smart antenna at mobile terminal in CDMA wireless network. The main contents and conclusions are as follows:
Deals with statistical vector channel model applied to smart antenna simulation. Several key factors such as signal fading and multi-path effect are further analyzed and simulated.
Summarizes smart antenna algorithms for CDMA mobile terminal. Proposes a new algorithm for estimating the vector channel and the optimum beamforming weights. Studies its tracking performance under realistic channel conditions. Finally gives the simulation of antenna's pattern.
Discusses SA-RAKE technique for improving system performance, and develops four SA-RAKE receiver structures.
Presents an overall link level simulation of mobile terminal receiver structure with smart antenna for TD-SCDMA and describes its building blocks. Three smart antenna algorithms and four structures of SA-RAKE arc simulated and compared based on above model. The restraint of SA on multi-path is further analysed.
In conclusion, the proposed receiver may improve BER, SNR and Capacity performances of wireless communication system obviously.
引文
[1] Widrow B, Mantey P E. Adaptive Antenna Systems [J], Proceeding of IEEE, 1967, 55(12) : 2143-2159．
[2] Naguib A F, Paulraj A, Kailath T. Capacity Improvement with Base-Station Antenna Arrays in Cellular CDMA [J]. IEEE Transaction on Vehicle Technology, 1994, 43(3) : 691-697．
[3] Lee W C. Mobile Cellular Telecommunications: Analogy and Digital Systems [M]. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995．
[4] Hudson J E. Adaptive Array Principles [M]. PETER PEREGRINUS LTD.
[5] Xiong P. The Development of Mobile Communication in China Present and Future [C]. Proceeding Asia and Pacific Microwave Conf. 1997: 297-300．
[6] 曹志刚，钱亚生．现代通信原理[M]．北京：清华大学出版社．1992．
[7] Yoshio KARASAWA, Yukihiro KAMIYA. Algorithm Diversity in a Software Antenna [J]. IEICE Transaction on Communication. 2000, June, E83-B(6) : 1229-1235．
[8] Braun W R, Dersch U. A Physical Mobile Radio Channel Model [J]. IEEE Transaction on Vehicle Technology. 1991, May, VT-40(2) : 472-482．
[9] Liberti J C, Rappaport T S. Smart Antennas for Wireless Communications: IS-95 and Third Generation CDMA Applications [M]. New York: Prentice Hall PTR, 1999．
[10] Bernard W, Kenneth M D, Richard P G, et al. Signal Cancellation Phenomena in Adaptive Antennas: Causes and Cures. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 1982, May, AP-30(3) : 469-478．
[11] Suk Won Kim, Dong Sam Ha, Jeong Ho Kim. Performance Gain of Smart Antennas with Diversity Combining at Handsets for the 3GPP WCDMA System [C]. 13th International Conference on Wireless Communication. 2001, July.
[12] Colburn J S , Rahmat-Samii Y. Evaluation of Personal Communications Dual-Antenna Handset Diversity Performance [J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 1998, August, 47(3) : 737-746．
[13] Suk Won Kim, Dong Sam Ha, Jeong Ho Kim. Performance of Smart Antennas with Adaptive Combining at Handsets for the CDMA2000 System [C]. International Conference on Third Generation Wireless and Beyond. 2001, May/June.-882-887．
[14] Arredondo A, Dandekar K R, Guanghan X. Vector channel modeling and prediction for the improvement of downlink received power[J]. IEEE Transactions on Communications. 2002, July, 50(7) : 1121-1129
[15] Richard B E, Cardieri P. Overview of Spatial Channel Models for Antenna Array Communication Systems [J]. IEEE Personal Communications. 1998, February, 5(1) : 10-22．
[16] Suard B, Naguib A, Xu G, et al. Performance Analysis of CDMA Mobile Communication Systems using Antenna Arrays [J]. Proceeding ICASSP. 1993, April, VI: 153-156．
[17] 张贤达，保铮．通信信号处理[M]．北京：国防工业出版社．2000．
[18] Bianchi C H, Sivaprasad K. A Channel Model for Multipath Interference on Terrestrial Line-of-Sight Digital Radio [J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 1998, July, 46(6) -. 891-901
[19] Hata M. Empirical Formula for Propagation Loss in Land Mobile Radio Service [J]. IEEE Transaction on Vehicle Technology. 1980, 29(3) : 317-325．
[20] Chun Loo, Norman Secord. Computer Models for Fading Channels with Application to Digital Transmission [J]. IEEE TAP. 1991, November, 40(4) : 700-707．
[21] Rustako A J, Amitay N, Owen G J. Radio Propagation at Microwave Frequencies for Line-of-Sight Microcellular Mobile and Personal Communications[J]. IEEE Transaction on Vehicle Technology. 1991, 40(1) : 203-210
[22] Clarke R H. A Statistical Theory of Mobile-Radio Reception [J]. The Bell system technical Journal. 1968, July-August: 957-1000．
[23] Li Yunxin, Huang Xiaojing. The Generation of Independent Rayleigh Faders [J]. IEEE Transaction on Communications. 2000, 1: 41-45．
[24] Marius F P, Norman C B. Limitation of Sum-of-Sinusoids Fading Channel Simulation [J]. IEEE Transactions on Communication. 2001, April, 49(4) : 699-708．
[25] Liberti J C, Rappaport T S. A Geometrically Based Model for Line-of Sight Multipath Radio Channels [C]. IEEE Conference on Vehicle Technology. 1996, April: 844-848．
[26] Godara L C. Application of Antenna Arrays to Mobile Communications, Part I: Performance Improvement, Feasibility, and System Considerations [J]. Proceedings of IEEE. 1997, July, 85(7) : 1031-1060．
[27] Godara L C. Application of Antenna Arrays to Mobile Communications, Part Ⅱ: Beam-Forming and Direction-of-Arrival Considerations [J]. Proceedings of IEEE. 1997, July, 85(8): 1195-1245.
[28] Applebaum S P. Adaptive Arrays [J]. IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation. 1976, September, AP-24(5): 585-598.
[29] 罗伯特．A．蒙津，托马斯．W；朱勒．自适应阵导论[M]．北京：国防工业出版社，1988．
[30] Winters J H. Smart antennas for wireless systems [J]. IEEE Personal Communications. 1998, February, 5(1): 22-27
[31] 沈福民．自适应信号处理[M]．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，2001．
[32] Haykin S. Adaptive Filter Theory [M]. NewYork: Prentice Hall PTR, 1991.
[33] Horowitz L J, Blatt H, Brodsky W G, et al. Controlling adaptive antenna arrays with the sample matrix inversion algorithm [J]. IEEE Transaction on Aerospace Electronic System. 1979, AES-15.
[34] 聂景楠，尤肖虎，程时昕等．IS-95基站RAKE接收机的设计与实现[J]．通信学报．1998，April，19(4)．
[35] Del Re, Fantacci E, Giannoccaro R. Practical RAKE Receiver Architecture for the Downlink Communications in a DS-CDMA Mobile System [J]. IEE Proceedings on Communications. 1998, August, 145(4): 277-283.
[36] Fang Min, Zhu Jian, Wang Jing, et al. Performance of Coherent DS-CDMA with 2D-RAKE Receiver [J]. IEEE Electronic Letters. 1998, May, 34(10): 955-957.
[37] Arlgyaswami J P, Constantinos B P. Space-Time Processing for Wireless Communication [J]. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine. 1997, November, 14(6): 49-81.
[38] Vijayan L, Roberts J. BER Performance of 2D-RAKE Receivers in DS-CDMA Over Frequency-Selective, Slow Rayleigh Fading Channels [J]. IEEE communication Letters. 2002, October, 6(10): 434-436.
[39] 吴群英，肖先赐，李世鹤．TD-SCDMA上行链路智能天线的效益[J]．信号处理．2002，18(1)：28-31．
[40] 3GPP TS 25.221 V4.3.0. Physical Channels and Mapping of Transport Channels onto Physical Channels (TDD) [S]. 2001-12 December
[41] 3GPP TS 25.223 V4.3.0. Spreading and Modulation (TDD) [S]. 2001-12 December
[2] Naguib A F, Paulraj A, Kailath T. Capacity Improvement with Base-Station Antenna Arrays in Cellular CDMA [J]. IEEE Transaction on Vehicle Technology, 1994, 43(3) : 691-697．
[3] Lee W C. Mobile Cellular Telecommunications: Analogy and Digital Systems [M]. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995．
[4] Hudson J E. Adaptive Array Principles [M]. PETER PEREGRINUS LTD.
[5] Xiong P. The Development of Mobile Communication in China Present and Future [C]. Proceeding Asia and Pacific Microwave Conf. 1997: 297-300．
[6] 曹志刚，钱亚生．现代通信原理[M]．北京：清华大学出版社．1992．
[7] Yoshio KARASAWA, Yukihiro KAMIYA. Algorithm Diversity in a Software Antenna [J]. IEICE Transaction on Communication. 2000, June, E83-B(6) : 1229-1235．
[8] Braun W R, Dersch U. A Physical Mobile Radio Channel Model [J]. IEEE Transaction on Vehicle Technology. 1991, May, VT-40(2) : 472-482．
[9] Liberti J C, Rappaport T S. Smart Antennas for Wireless Communications: IS-95 and Third Generation CDMA Applications [M]. New York: Prentice Hall PTR, 1999．
[10] Bernard W, Kenneth M D, Richard P G, et al. Signal Cancellation Phenomena in Adaptive Antennas: Causes and Cures. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 1982, May, AP-30(3) : 469-478．
[11] Suk Won Kim, Dong Sam Ha, Jeong Ho Kim. Performance Gain of Smart Antennas with Diversity Combining at Handsets for the 3GPP WCDMA System [C]. 13th International Conference on Wireless Communication. 2001, July.
[12] Colburn J S , Rahmat-Samii Y. Evaluation of Personal Communications Dual-Antenna Handset Diversity Performance [J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 1998, August, 47(3) : 737-746．
[13] Suk Won Kim, Dong Sam Ha, Jeong Ho Kim. Performance of Smart Antennas with Adaptive Combining at Handsets for the CDMA2000 System [C]. International Conference on Third Generation Wireless and Beyond. 2001, May/June.-882-887．
[14] Arredondo A, Dandekar K R, Guanghan X. Vector channel modeling and prediction for the improvement of downlink received power[J]. IEEE Transactions on Communications. 2002, July, 50(7) : 1121-1129
[15] Richard B E, Cardieri P. Overview of Spatial Channel Models for Antenna Array Communication Systems [J]. IEEE Personal Communications. 1998, February, 5(1) : 10-22．
[16] Suard B, Naguib A, Xu G, et al. Performance Analysis of CDMA Mobile Communication Systems using Antenna Arrays [J]. Proceeding ICASSP. 1993, April, VI: 153-156．
[17] 张贤达，保铮．通信信号处理[M]．北京：国防工业出版社．2000．
[18] Bianchi C H, Sivaprasad K. A Channel Model for Multipath Interference on Terrestrial Line-of-Sight Digital Radio [J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 1998, July, 46(6) -. 891-901
[19] Hata M. Empirical Formula for Propagation Loss in Land Mobile Radio Service [J]. IEEE Transaction on Vehicle Technology. 1980, 29(3) : 317-325．
[20] Chun Loo, Norman Secord. Computer Models for Fading Channels with Application to Digital Transmission [J]. IEEE TAP. 1991, November, 40(4) : 700-707．
[21] Rustako A J, Amitay N, Owen G J. Radio Propagation at Microwave Frequencies for Line-of-Sight Microcellular Mobile and Personal Communications[J]. IEEE Transaction on Vehicle Technology. 1991, 40(1) : 203-210
[22] Clarke R H. A Statistical Theory of Mobile-Radio Reception [J]. The Bell system technical Journal. 1968, July-August: 957-1000．
[23] Li Yunxin, Huang Xiaojing. The Generation of Independent Rayleigh Faders [J]. IEEE Transaction on Communications. 2000, 1: 41-45．
[24] Marius F P, Norman C B. Limitation of Sum-of-Sinusoids Fading Channel Simulation [J]. IEEE Transactions on Communication. 2001, April, 49(4) : 699-708．
[25] Liberti J C, Rappaport T S. A Geometrically Based Model for Line-of Sight Multipath Radio Channels [C]. IEEE Conference on Vehicle Technology. 1996, April: 844-848．
[26] Godara L C. Application of Antenna Arrays to Mobile Communications, Part I: Performance Improvement, Feasibility, and System Considerations [J]. Proceedings of IEEE. 1997, July, 85(7) : 1031-1060．
[27] Godara L C. Application of Antenna Arrays to Mobile Communications, Part Ⅱ: Beam-Forming and Direction-of-Arrival Considerations [J]. Proceedings of IEEE. 1997, July, 85(8): 1195-1245.
[28] Applebaum S P. Adaptive Arrays [J]. IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation. 1976, September, AP-24(5): 585-598.
[29] 罗伯特．A．蒙津，托马斯．W；朱勒．自适应阵导论[M]．北京：国防工业出版社，1988．
[30] Winters J H. Smart antennas for wireless systems [J]. IEEE Personal Communications. 1998, February, 5(1): 22-27
[31] 沈福民．自适应信号处理[M]．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，2001．
[32] Haykin S. Adaptive Filter Theory [M]. NewYork: Prentice Hall PTR, 1991.
[33] Horowitz L J, Blatt H, Brodsky W G, et al. Controlling adaptive antenna arrays with the sample matrix inversion algorithm [J]. IEEE Transaction on Aerospace Electronic System. 1979, AES-15.
[34] 聂景楠，尤肖虎，程时昕等．IS-95基站RAKE接收机的设计与实现[J]．通信学报．1998，April，19(4)．
[35] Del Re, Fantacci E, Giannoccaro R. Practical RAKE Receiver Architecture for the Downlink Communications in a DS-CDMA Mobile System [J]. IEE Proceedings on Communications. 1998, August, 145(4): 277-283.
[36] Fang Min, Zhu Jian, Wang Jing, et al. Performance of Coherent DS-CDMA with 2D-RAKE Receiver [J]. IEEE Electronic Letters. 1998, May, 34(10): 955-957.
[37] Arlgyaswami J P, Constantinos B P. Space-Time Processing for Wireless Communication [J]. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine. 1997, November, 14(6): 49-81.
[38] Vijayan L, Roberts J. BER Performance of 2D-RAKE Receivers in DS-CDMA Over Frequency-Selective, Slow Rayleigh Fading Channels [J]. IEEE communication Letters. 2002, October, 6(10): 434-436.
[39] 吴群英，肖先赐，李世鹤．TD-SCDMA上行链路智能天线的效益[J]．信号处理．2002，18(1)：28-31．
[40] 3GPP TS 25.221 V4.3.0. Physical Channels and Mapping of Transport Channels onto Physical Channels (TDD) [S]. 2001-12 December
[41] 3GPP TS 25.223 V4.3.0. Spreading and Modulation (TDD) [S]. 2001-12 December