基于知识网络的产业集群创新研究
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摘要
知识密集型服务业(KIBS)随着网络、信息技术的不断发展而兴起,软件服务业作为KIBS的代表和制造业的延伸,产生了以知识化、专业化为特征,以智力和知识为商品,对第一、二产业产生辐射力的生产力,因此,定量研究KIBS集群创新对区域经济的影响有着十分重要的意义。
本文从复杂网络视角重新审视产业集群理论,论证由知识转移引发的知识创新的一般原理,细致详尽的阐明集群知识网络中的各环节紧密衔接形成的创新机制,为实证分析和网络仿真打下坚实的理论基础。通过对南京地区五个软件园区进行问卷调研,整理数据并统计分析后得出结论,研发状况、资源可获得性、产业链关联程度、政府作用是影响南京地区软件服务业知识创新的主要因素。最后通过Matlab仿真研究模拟了南京徐庄软件产业基地集群的成长过程,对比社会网络分析方法做出判断,基地尚处于集群成长期,尚需扶持中小创新主体加强自主知识创新能力建设,培养和引进知识主导的创新型人才,突出核心企业的知识创新引领作用,营造有利于知识创新的产业环境。
本文在前人研究的基础上,利用因子分析等统计方法分析影响集群创新的因素,给社会网络分析方法做出了有力的数据支撑,通过Matlab仿真模拟知识转移过程,测算创新收益及收益在各知识主体间的分配,研究如何能够加快知识转移,最大化集群创新收益,期望能够给南京地区软件服务业知识创新提供一些发展思路和决策参考。
With the development of the networks and information technology, Knowledge-Intensive Business Services (KIBS) continue to rise. As a representative of the KIBS and an extension of the manufacture, software industry in Nanjing city has become the productivity with characteristics of knowledge and professionalization. The quantitative study of the impact which KIBS clusters innovation makes on the regional economy has a very important significance.
Firstly, to lay a solid theoretical foundation for empirical analysis and network simulation, this paper re-examine the industrial clusters from the perspective of the network, research the theories of industrial clusters, demonstrate the general principles of knowledge innovation caused by knowledge transfer, and clarify the innovative mechanism in the cluster knowledge innovation. Secondly, a questionnaire survey of the five software parks in Nanjing city is conducted and analyzed. The result shows that research and development status, resource availability, the relevance of the industrial chain and the role of government are the crucial factors. Finally, the growth process of clusters is simulated through MATLAB which shows that Xuzhuang software industrial base is still in the cluster growth stage, should strengthen its knowledge innovation capacity building of cluster innovation, build a knowledge-led innovative talent training mechanism, highlight the knowledge innovation leading role of cluster core enterprises, and create industrial environment which is conducive to knowledge innovation.
On the basis of existing research, this paper adopts statistical methods such as factor analysis to analyze the factors affecting the cluster innovation, present a powerful data support for social network analysis method. By simulating the process of knowledge transfer using MATLAB, we estimate the innovation gains and the distribution of innovation gains between the knowledge subjects, study how to accelerate the knowledge transfer, and maximize the cluster innovation gains. This paper aims to provide several development ideas and decision-making reference to the knowledge innovation of software service industry in Nanjing area.
本文从复杂网络视角重新审视产业集群理论,论证由知识转移引发的知识创新的一般原理,细致详尽的阐明集群知识网络中的各环节紧密衔接形成的创新机制,为实证分析和网络仿真打下坚实的理论基础。通过对南京地区五个软件园区进行问卷调研,整理数据并统计分析后得出结论,研发状况、资源可获得性、产业链关联程度、政府作用是影响南京地区软件服务业知识创新的主要因素。最后通过Matlab仿真研究模拟了南京徐庄软件产业基地集群的成长过程,对比社会网络分析方法做出判断,基地尚处于集群成长期,尚需扶持中小创新主体加强自主知识创新能力建设,培养和引进知识主导的创新型人才,突出核心企业的知识创新引领作用,营造有利于知识创新的产业环境。
本文在前人研究的基础上,利用因子分析等统计方法分析影响集群创新的因素,给社会网络分析方法做出了有力的数据支撑,通过Matlab仿真模拟知识转移过程,测算创新收益及收益在各知识主体间的分配,研究如何能够加快知识转移,最大化集群创新收益,期望能够给南京地区软件服务业知识创新提供一些发展思路和决策参考。
With the development of the networks and information technology, Knowledge-Intensive Business Services (KIBS) continue to rise. As a representative of the KIBS and an extension of the manufacture, software industry in Nanjing city has become the productivity with characteristics of knowledge and professionalization. The quantitative study of the impact which KIBS clusters innovation makes on the regional economy has a very important significance.
Firstly, to lay a solid theoretical foundation for empirical analysis and network simulation, this paper re-examine the industrial clusters from the perspective of the network, research the theories of industrial clusters, demonstrate the general principles of knowledge innovation caused by knowledge transfer, and clarify the innovative mechanism in the cluster knowledge innovation. Secondly, a questionnaire survey of the five software parks in Nanjing city is conducted and analyzed. The result shows that research and development status, resource availability, the relevance of the industrial chain and the role of government are the crucial factors. Finally, the growth process of clusters is simulated through MATLAB which shows that Xuzhuang software industrial base is still in the cluster growth stage, should strengthen its knowledge innovation capacity building of cluster innovation, build a knowledge-led innovative talent training mechanism, highlight the knowledge innovation leading role of cluster core enterprises, and create industrial environment which is conducive to knowledge innovation.
On the basis of existing research, this paper adopts statistical methods such as factor analysis to analyze the factors affecting the cluster innovation, present a powerful data support for social network analysis method. By simulating the process of knowledge transfer using MATLAB, we estimate the innovation gains and the distribution of innovation gains between the knowledge subjects, study how to accelerate the knowledge transfer, and maximize the cluster innovation gains. This paper aims to provide several development ideas and decision-making reference to the knowledge innovation of software service industry in Nanjing area.
引文
[1]曾忠禄.产业集群与区域经济发展[J].南开经济研究,1997(1):69-73
[2] Drucker,P. Knowledge-worker productivity: The biggest challenge[J]. California Management Review,1999,41(2),79-94.
[3]陈得文,陶良虎.产业集群知识网络运营分析[J].商品储运与养护2008(30):44-47
[4] DahlM. S., Pedersen C. R. Knowledge Flows Through Informal Contacts in Industrial Clusters: Myths or Realities[J]. Research Policy. 2004, 33: 1673-1686.
[5] Boar,i C., Lipparin,i A. Networks within Industrial Districts: Organizing Knowledges Creation and Transfer by Means of Moderate Hierarchies[J].Journal of Management and Governance.1999,3: 339-360.
[6] David Le,i W John. Slocum and Robert A Pitts. Designing Organizations for Competitive Advantage: The Power of Unlearning and Learning[J]. Organization Dynamics, W inter1999. 24-37.
[7]陶峻.知识密集型服务业核心流程分析-基于知识转移的讨论[J].华东经济管理2010,10(24):103-105
[8]马歇尔.经济学原理[M].北京:商务印书馆,1964:281-286
[9] Enright,M. ( 1999 ) ,‘Regional clusters and firm strategy’in A.Chandler,J.P.
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[13]魏江.小企业集群创新网络的知识溢出效应分析[J].科研管理,2003,(4):54-59
[14]王缉慈.创新的空间—企业集群与区域发展[M].北京:北京大学出版社.2001
[15] Markusen A.Sticky Places in Slippery Space: A Typology of Industrial Districts[J].Economic Geography,1996(72):293-313
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[18] Inkpen A.C.,Tsang,W.K. Social Capital, Network and Knowledge Transfer[J],Academy of Management Review,2005,30(l):146-165
[19]蒋恩尧,侯东.基于MLS平台的企业知识网络的组建[J].商业研究,2002.9:36-38
[20]郝云宏,李文博.国外知识网络的研究及其新进展[J],浙江工商大学学报,2007(6):67-73
[21]李丹,俞竹超,樊治平.知识网络的构建过程分析[J].科学学研究.2002(12):620-623
[22]张丽妮.基于know-Net的知识管理研究[J].情报科学.2004(5):32-35
[23]李勇,史占中,屠梅曾.知识网络与企业动态能力[J].情报科学.2O06(3):42-46
[24]沈立新,陈燕,崔春雷,刘树勇.基于知识网络的虚拟物流企业运行机制[J].科技管理研究.2005(5):111-113
[25] Cowan R,Jonard N. Network structure and the diffusion of knowledge[J].Journal Of economic Dynamics &Control,2004,28:1557-1575
[26] CowanR,Jonard N.Ozman M.Knowledge Dynamics in a network industry [J].Technological Forecasting &Social Change,2004,71:469-484
[27]席运江,党延忠.基于知识网络的专家领域知识发现及表示方法[J].系统工程.2005(8):110-116
[28] SteveMaguire, McKelvey B. Comp lexity and management: moving fad to firm foundations [J]. Emergence, 1999, 1 (2):10-38
[29]陈禹:复杂适应系统(CAS)理论及其应用——由来、内容与启示[J].系统辩证学学报,2001 (4):35-39
[30]许国志:系统科学[M].上海:上海科技教育出版社, 2000
[31] Coats C. DeBresson. The new network approach innovation studies &a first
[32] Prescriptive application: networks and risks of innovative investment [J].Working Paper for Tsinghua University,2001,(3)
[33]姜照华,隆连堂,张米尔.产业集群条件下知识供应链与知识网络的动力学模型探讨.科学学与科学技术管理2004(7):55-60
[34]肖冬平,顾新.知识的嵌入性原理与知识网络的形成[J].情报科学2009,27(9):1312-1315
[35] Polanyi,M. The Tacit Dimension[M]. New York: anchor Day,1966.114-115
[36] Beeker,G.S.Human capital.New York[M].Columbia University Press,1964
[37] Lundvall B.A.,Johnson B .the Learning Economy[J]Journal of Industry Studies,1994,(1):23-42
[38] Zack,M.H. Managing Codified Knowledge[J].Sloan Management Review,1999,40,4(Summer):45-58
[39]马德辉,包昌火.构建企业知识网络的思考[J].图书情报工作2008(2):28-30
[40] Anderson,J.,Hakansson,H.and Johanson.Dynamic Business Relation -ships within a Business Network Context[J].Journal of Market -ing,1994(58)
[41] Lee C,Lee K, Pennings JM. Internal capabilities, external networks, and performance: a study on technology-based ventures[J]. Strategic Management Journal 2001, 6/7: 615-640
[42] Argote L,Ingram P.Knowledge transfer:A basis for com-petitive advantage in firms[J].Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,2000,82:150-169
[43] Granovetter M. The Strength of Weak Ties[J],American Journal of Sociology,1973,78(6):1360-1380
[44] Steiul, Schiel. Career and clusters: Analyzing the career network dynamic of biotechnology clusters[J]. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management,2002,22(2):62-71
[45] Freeman C. Networks of innovators: a synthesis of research issues [J]. Research Policy,1991(20): 49-51.
[46] MILLER D J,FERN M J.The use of knowledge for technological innovation within diversified firms[J].Academy of Management Journal,2007, 50(2):307-326.
[47] Marakas G.M.Decision Support System in the 21st Century[M].NJ:Prentice-Hall.1999
[48]王如富.企业知识创新的管理[J].中国软科学.2000(11):105
[49] Emmanuel Muller, Andrea Zenker. Business services as actors of knowledge transformation and diffusion: Some empirical findings on the role of KIBS in regionaland national innovation system [ J]. Institute systems and innovation Re-search, 2001,2: 5-26.
[50]陶峻.知识密集型服务业核心流程分析-基于知识转移的讨论[J].华东经济管理2010,10(24):103-105
[51]王炳富,刘芳.创新集群内知识转移的模式与特点研究[J].科技进步与对策2010, 16(27):135-138
[52] Gilbert N, Pyka A, Ahrweiler P. Simulating knowledge dynamics in innovation networks [R]. Augsburg: University of Augsburg, Department of Economics, 2004. 68-85.
[53] VitoA, Nunzia C, Giannoccaro I. Innovation in industrial districts: An agent-based simulation model[J].International Journal of Product Economics,2006,10(4): 30-45.
[54]周岩.基于元胞自动机的产业集群创新扩散仿真研究[J].统计与决策2010,17:78-80
[55]田刚,张永安等.集群创新网络演化的复杂适应性研究[J].研究与发展管理2010.22(2):96-104
[56]荣泰生.企业研究方法[M].北京:中国税务出版社,2005.
[57] McEvily B,Zaheer A.Bridging Ties:A Source of Firm Heterogeneity in Competitive Capabilities[J].Strategic ManagementJournal,1999, 20(12).
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[2] Drucker,P. Knowledge-worker productivity: The biggest challenge[J]. California Management Review,1999,41(2),79-94.
[3]陈得文,陶良虎.产业集群知识网络运营分析[J].商品储运与养护2008(30):44-47
[4] DahlM. S., Pedersen C. R. Knowledge Flows Through Informal Contacts in Industrial Clusters: Myths or Realities[J]. Research Policy. 2004, 33: 1673-1686.
[5] Boar,i C., Lipparin,i A. Networks within Industrial Districts: Organizing Knowledges Creation and Transfer by Means of Moderate Hierarchies[J].Journal of Management and Governance.1999,3: 339-360.
[6] David Le,i W John. Slocum and Robert A Pitts. Designing Organizations for Competitive Advantage: The Power of Unlearning and Learning[J]. Organization Dynamics, W inter1999. 24-37.
[7]陶峻.知识密集型服务业核心流程分析-基于知识转移的讨论[J].华东经济管理2010,10(24):103-105
[8]马歇尔.经济学原理[M].北京:商务印书馆,1964:281-286
[9] Enright,M. ( 1999 ) ,‘Regional clusters and firm strategy’in A.Chandler,J.P.
[10] Hagstrom and O.Solvell ( eds ) ,The Dynamic Firm:The Role of Technology,Strategy, Organization,and Regions[M].Oxford University Press:New York.
[11]仇保兴.小企业集群研究[M].上海:复旦大学出版社.1999.
[12]徐康宁.开放经济条件下的产业集群及其竞争力[J].中国工业经济,2001(11)
[13]魏江.小企业集群创新网络的知识溢出效应分析[J].科研管理,2003,(4):54-59
[14]王缉慈.创新的空间—企业集群与区域发展[M].北京:北京大学出版社.2001
[15] Markusen A.Sticky Places in Slippery Space: A Typology of Industrial Districts[J].Economic Geography,1996(72):293-313
[16]宫建成,刘顺忠.区域创新系统的研究框架和内容[J],中国科技论坛,2003(11):15-16
[17] Stemberg,Rolf: Entrepreneurship in Deutschland[M],edition sigma Berlin,2000
[18] Inkpen A.C.,Tsang,W.K. Social Capital, Network and Knowledge Transfer[J],Academy of Management Review,2005,30(l):146-165
[19]蒋恩尧,侯东.基于MLS平台的企业知识网络的组建[J].商业研究,2002.9:36-38
[20]郝云宏,李文博.国外知识网络的研究及其新进展[J],浙江工商大学学报,2007(6):67-73
[21]李丹,俞竹超,樊治平.知识网络的构建过程分析[J].科学学研究.2002(12):620-623
[22]张丽妮.基于know-Net的知识管理研究[J].情报科学.2004(5):32-35
[23]李勇,史占中,屠梅曾.知识网络与企业动态能力[J].情报科学.2O06(3):42-46
[24]沈立新,陈燕,崔春雷,刘树勇.基于知识网络的虚拟物流企业运行机制[J].科技管理研究.2005(5):111-113
[25] Cowan R,Jonard N. Network structure and the diffusion of knowledge[J].Journal Of economic Dynamics &Control,2004,28:1557-1575
[26] CowanR,Jonard N.Ozman M.Knowledge Dynamics in a network industry [J].Technological Forecasting &Social Change,2004,71:469-484
[27]席运江,党延忠.基于知识网络的专家领域知识发现及表示方法[J].系统工程.2005(8):110-116
[28] SteveMaguire, McKelvey B. Comp lexity and management: moving fad to firm foundations [J]. Emergence, 1999, 1 (2):10-38
[29]陈禹:复杂适应系统(CAS)理论及其应用——由来、内容与启示[J].系统辩证学学报,2001 (4):35-39
[30]许国志:系统科学[M].上海:上海科技教育出版社, 2000
[31] Coats C. DeBresson. The new network approach innovation studies &a first
[32] Prescriptive application: networks and risks of innovative investment [J].Working Paper for Tsinghua University,2001,(3)
[33]姜照华,隆连堂,张米尔.产业集群条件下知识供应链与知识网络的动力学模型探讨.科学学与科学技术管理2004(7):55-60
[34]肖冬平,顾新.知识的嵌入性原理与知识网络的形成[J].情报科学2009,27(9):1312-1315
[35] Polanyi,M. The Tacit Dimension[M]. New York: anchor Day,1966.114-115
[36] Beeker,G.S.Human capital.New York[M].Columbia University Press,1964
[37] Lundvall B.A.,Johnson B .the Learning Economy[J]Journal of Industry Studies,1994,(1):23-42
[38] Zack,M.H. Managing Codified Knowledge[J].Sloan Management Review,1999,40,4(Summer):45-58
[39]马德辉,包昌火.构建企业知识网络的思考[J].图书情报工作2008(2):28-30
[40] Anderson,J.,Hakansson,H.and Johanson.Dynamic Business Relation -ships within a Business Network Context[J].Journal of Market -ing,1994(58)
[41] Lee C,Lee K, Pennings JM. Internal capabilities, external networks, and performance: a study on technology-based ventures[J]. Strategic Management Journal 2001, 6/7: 615-640
[42] Argote L,Ingram P.Knowledge transfer:A basis for com-petitive advantage in firms[J].Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,2000,82:150-169
[43] Granovetter M. The Strength of Weak Ties[J],American Journal of Sociology,1973,78(6):1360-1380
[44] Steiul, Schiel. Career and clusters: Analyzing the career network dynamic of biotechnology clusters[J]. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management,2002,22(2):62-71
[45] Freeman C. Networks of innovators: a synthesis of research issues [J]. Research Policy,1991(20): 49-51.
[46] MILLER D J,FERN M J.The use of knowledge for technological innovation within diversified firms[J].Academy of Management Journal,2007, 50(2):307-326.
[47] Marakas G.M.Decision Support System in the 21st Century[M].NJ:Prentice-Hall.1999
[48]王如富.企业知识创新的管理[J].中国软科学.2000(11):105
[49] Emmanuel Muller, Andrea Zenker. Business services as actors of knowledge transformation and diffusion: Some empirical findings on the role of KIBS in regionaland national innovation system [ J]. Institute systems and innovation Re-search, 2001,2: 5-26.
[50]陶峻.知识密集型服务业核心流程分析-基于知识转移的讨论[J].华东经济管理2010,10(24):103-105
[51]王炳富,刘芳.创新集群内知识转移的模式与特点研究[J].科技进步与对策2010, 16(27):135-138
[52] Gilbert N, Pyka A, Ahrweiler P. Simulating knowledge dynamics in innovation networks [R]. Augsburg: University of Augsburg, Department of Economics, 2004. 68-85.
[53] VitoA, Nunzia C, Giannoccaro I. Innovation in industrial districts: An agent-based simulation model[J].International Journal of Product Economics,2006,10(4): 30-45.
[54]周岩.基于元胞自动机的产业集群创新扩散仿真研究[J].统计与决策2010,17:78-80
[55]田刚,张永安等.集群创新网络演化的复杂适应性研究[J].研究与发展管理2010.22(2):96-104
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