中国文化环境下企业人际信任及其对知识共享的影响研究
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摘要
自上世纪五十年代起信任被关注,社会学、心理学、管理学等领域的学者均从各自的角度对信任加以研究。为了深刻有效地理解人际信任,学者们对于人际信任进行了分类,其中较流行的是两分法(认知信任和情感信任)和三分法(威慑信任、了解信任和认同信任),这些都是在西方文化下的研究结果。中西方文化存在明显差异,以儒家文化为主导的中国文化体现出集体主义和较大权力距离的特征,“家”和“关系”是社会的网络的核心和基础。费孝通提出我国社会网络呈现差序格局。以此格局为基础,我国学者对我国人际信任进行了研究,如杨中芳在研究中发现中国人根据关系的远近亲疏将人分为自己人和外人。人们倾向于更信任自己人,对外人倾向于更不信任。但这些研究还都比较有限,不够系统,且基本限于社会学领域,对管理实践缺乏足够的指导意义。本文在回顾国内外已有信任研究的基础上,对我国人际信任进行了探索性研究,并进一步探究了人际信任对隐性和显性知识共享的影响。
本文以费孝通的差序格局理论、Hofstede的民族文化模型和领导-成员理论等理论为基础,提出研究假设,而后对10个企业中730名知识员工进行了问卷调查,数据分析显示,部分研究结论得到支持。主要研究结论如下:
1)与西方已有研究结果相区别,中国文化背景下组织内人际信任采用谋算型信任、了解型信任和关系型信任三分法更为合适。谋算型信任以理性选择为基础,其特征是经济交换,它反应了人际互动时的公平、能力、可获得性、开放和诺言履行五个要素。了解型信任是建立在对另一方可预测性基础之上的信任,它体现了人们对谨慎、一致、正直、忠诚和可接受性五个要素的感知。关系型信任是最具中国特色一类信任,它是以差序格局为基础的自己人或圈内人之间的信任。关系型信任与“关系”和情感两个要素显著相关。
2)在不同人际关系方向上,三类信任具有不同的特色。在上级对下级的信任方向上,可获得性、谨慎和情感分别对谋算型信任、了解型信任和关系型信任的解释力度最强;在下级对上级信任方向上,公平、正直和“关系”对谋算型信任、了解型信任和关系型信任的解释力度最大。
3)在不同企业类型中,三类信任呈现出不同的水平。民营企业的谋算型信任水平显著高于国企,而国企中了解型信任和关系型信任水平显著高于民营企业。研究结果显示,在我国文化环境下,谋算型信任和关系型信任对人们行为有主导性的影响,在市场化程度高的民营企业中,谋算型信任得到充分体现。在市场化程度较低的国营企业中,关系型信任成为主导特征。
4)不同类型的人际信任对知识员工隐性知识和显性知识共享作用并不一致。谋算型信任和了解型信任对隐性知识共享的影响显著高于其对显性知识共享的影响,而关系型信任仅对隐性知识共享产生正向影响。数据分析结果显示,组织的正式控制和组织支持感对人际信任和知识共享都有显著性影响,但人际信任并没有体现出中介作用。可见,尽管人们都认为信任非常重要,但目前我国企业主要还是通过控制和支持来影响员工,信任对我国企业管理作用还不显著。
本文的研究结论既具有一定的理论发现,也具有实践意义。依据研究结论本文对中国企业的知识共享管理和人际信任建立提出了相应建议。对研究局限也进行了了充分讨论。
From 1950s researchers of various fields put their light on trust. Researchers of Sociology, Psychology, Management, etc. research trust from different perspective. For profoundly and effectively understand trust, scholars classify trust. In different taxonomies, dichotomy and trichotomy is more popular. Dichotomy divides trust into two types including cognitive-trust and affective-trust. Trichotomy divides trust into three types including deterrence-based trust, knowledge-based trust and identification-based trust. All these results are based on west culture. It exists difference between Chinese and west culture. Chinese culture, which develops from Confucian culture, presents the characteristics of collectivism and large power distance. Family and Guanxi are the nuclear and base of social network. Fei notes that there exists a Pattern of Difference Sequence in Chinese social network. Chinese scholars have researched interpersonal trust in Chinese background. In the researches scholars found that Chinese people are divided into ourselves and outsiders defending on guanxi. People intend to trust ourselves more and trust outsider less. However, the researches about this field in China are limited and less systemic. Based on reviewing literature, an exploring research is conducted, and further, the impact of trust on knowledge sharing is discussed in this dissertation.
Based on the theory of Pattern of Difference Sequence, Hofstede’s National Culture Model and LMX, research hypotheses are proposed. 730 knowledge workers are investigated through questionnaire. Some hypotheses are supported by research date. From results some interesting conclusions are drown.
1) In Chinese culture background trichotomy is more suitable for classifying interpersonal trust in organization. Based on this taxonomy, interpersonal trust is divided into three types, including calculation-based trust, knowledge-based trust and guanxi-based trust. Competence, fairness, available, openness and promise fulfillment are attributed to calculation-based trust, discreetness, consistence, integrity, loyalty and acceptable are attributed to knowledge-based trust, guanxi-base trust, which is the most Sinitic, is a type of trust among ourselves or in-groupers. Guanxi and affection have significant correlation to this type of trust.
2) In different orientation of interpersonal relationship, three-type trust show different traits. In the direction of supervisor’s trust to subordinates, availability can explain the most part of variance of calculation-based trust, discreetness can explain the most part of variance of knowledge-based trust and affection can explain the most part of variance of guanxi-based trust. In the direction of subordinate’s trust to supervisor, fairness can explain the most part of variance of calculation-based trust, integrity can explain the most part of variance of knowledge-based trust and guanxi can explain the most part of variance of guanxi-based trust.
3) In different type of enterprises, three-type trust presents different level. Calculation-based trust level in private enterprises is significantly higher than that in state-owned enterprises. The levels of knowledge-based trust and guanxi-based trust in state-owned enterprises are significantly higher than those in private enterprises. The results show that in Chinese culture background calculation-based and guanxi-based trust have leading impacts. Because in private enterprises, which market degree high, calculation-based trust is more popular, while in state-owned enterprises, which market degree low, guanxi-based trust is more popular.
4) Different types of trust have different impacts on knowledge sharing of knowledge workers. Calculation-based and knowledge-based trust has more significant impact on tacit knowledge sharing than the explicit. Guanxi-based trust has significant impact just on tacit knowledge sharing. The results also show that formal control and perceived organizational support have significant impact on both interpersonal trust and knowledge sharing, but mediating effect of trust is not significant. It is obvious that although the importance of trust has accepted by people, most enterprises still affect employees through control and organizational support. The effect of trust in management is not significant.
The conclusions of this dissertation have some theoretical contribution and also have practical significance. Based on research conclusions some managing advises are proposed. The research limitations are also discussed.
本文以费孝通的差序格局理论、Hofstede的民族文化模型和领导-成员理论等理论为基础,提出研究假设,而后对10个企业中730名知识员工进行了问卷调查,数据分析显示,部分研究结论得到支持。主要研究结论如下:
1)与西方已有研究结果相区别,中国文化背景下组织内人际信任采用谋算型信任、了解型信任和关系型信任三分法更为合适。谋算型信任以理性选择为基础,其特征是经济交换,它反应了人际互动时的公平、能力、可获得性、开放和诺言履行五个要素。了解型信任是建立在对另一方可预测性基础之上的信任,它体现了人们对谨慎、一致、正直、忠诚和可接受性五个要素的感知。关系型信任是最具中国特色一类信任,它是以差序格局为基础的自己人或圈内人之间的信任。关系型信任与“关系”和情感两个要素显著相关。
2)在不同人际关系方向上,三类信任具有不同的特色。在上级对下级的信任方向上,可获得性、谨慎和情感分别对谋算型信任、了解型信任和关系型信任的解释力度最强;在下级对上级信任方向上,公平、正直和“关系”对谋算型信任、了解型信任和关系型信任的解释力度最大。
3)在不同企业类型中,三类信任呈现出不同的水平。民营企业的谋算型信任水平显著高于国企,而国企中了解型信任和关系型信任水平显著高于民营企业。研究结果显示,在我国文化环境下,谋算型信任和关系型信任对人们行为有主导性的影响,在市场化程度高的民营企业中,谋算型信任得到充分体现。在市场化程度较低的国营企业中,关系型信任成为主导特征。
4)不同类型的人际信任对知识员工隐性知识和显性知识共享作用并不一致。谋算型信任和了解型信任对隐性知识共享的影响显著高于其对显性知识共享的影响,而关系型信任仅对隐性知识共享产生正向影响。数据分析结果显示,组织的正式控制和组织支持感对人际信任和知识共享都有显著性影响,但人际信任并没有体现出中介作用。可见,尽管人们都认为信任非常重要,但目前我国企业主要还是通过控制和支持来影响员工,信任对我国企业管理作用还不显著。
本文的研究结论既具有一定的理论发现,也具有实践意义。依据研究结论本文对中国企业的知识共享管理和人际信任建立提出了相应建议。对研究局限也进行了了充分讨论。
From 1950s researchers of various fields put their light on trust. Researchers of Sociology, Psychology, Management, etc. research trust from different perspective. For profoundly and effectively understand trust, scholars classify trust. In different taxonomies, dichotomy and trichotomy is more popular. Dichotomy divides trust into two types including cognitive-trust and affective-trust. Trichotomy divides trust into three types including deterrence-based trust, knowledge-based trust and identification-based trust. All these results are based on west culture. It exists difference between Chinese and west culture. Chinese culture, which develops from Confucian culture, presents the characteristics of collectivism and large power distance. Family and Guanxi are the nuclear and base of social network. Fei notes that there exists a Pattern of Difference Sequence in Chinese social network. Chinese scholars have researched interpersonal trust in Chinese background. In the researches scholars found that Chinese people are divided into ourselves and outsiders defending on guanxi. People intend to trust ourselves more and trust outsider less. However, the researches about this field in China are limited and less systemic. Based on reviewing literature, an exploring research is conducted, and further, the impact of trust on knowledge sharing is discussed in this dissertation.
Based on the theory of Pattern of Difference Sequence, Hofstede’s National Culture Model and LMX, research hypotheses are proposed. 730 knowledge workers are investigated through questionnaire. Some hypotheses are supported by research date. From results some interesting conclusions are drown.
1) In Chinese culture background trichotomy is more suitable for classifying interpersonal trust in organization. Based on this taxonomy, interpersonal trust is divided into three types, including calculation-based trust, knowledge-based trust and guanxi-based trust. Competence, fairness, available, openness and promise fulfillment are attributed to calculation-based trust, discreetness, consistence, integrity, loyalty and acceptable are attributed to knowledge-based trust, guanxi-base trust, which is the most Sinitic, is a type of trust among ourselves or in-groupers. Guanxi and affection have significant correlation to this type of trust.
2) In different orientation of interpersonal relationship, three-type trust show different traits. In the direction of supervisor’s trust to subordinates, availability can explain the most part of variance of calculation-based trust, discreetness can explain the most part of variance of knowledge-based trust and affection can explain the most part of variance of guanxi-based trust. In the direction of subordinate’s trust to supervisor, fairness can explain the most part of variance of calculation-based trust, integrity can explain the most part of variance of knowledge-based trust and guanxi can explain the most part of variance of guanxi-based trust.
3) In different type of enterprises, three-type trust presents different level. Calculation-based trust level in private enterprises is significantly higher than that in state-owned enterprises. The levels of knowledge-based trust and guanxi-based trust in state-owned enterprises are significantly higher than those in private enterprises. The results show that in Chinese culture background calculation-based and guanxi-based trust have leading impacts. Because in private enterprises, which market degree high, calculation-based trust is more popular, while in state-owned enterprises, which market degree low, guanxi-based trust is more popular.
4) Different types of trust have different impacts on knowledge sharing of knowledge workers. Calculation-based and knowledge-based trust has more significant impact on tacit knowledge sharing than the explicit. Guanxi-based trust has significant impact just on tacit knowledge sharing. The results also show that formal control and perceived organizational support have significant impact on both interpersonal trust and knowledge sharing, but mediating effect of trust is not significant. It is obvious that although the importance of trust has accepted by people, most enterprises still affect employees through control and organizational support. The effect of trust in management is not significant.
The conclusions of this dissertation have some theoretical contribution and also have practical significance. Based on research conclusions some managing advises are proposed. The research limitations are also discussed.
引文
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