工程设计项目知识管理影响因子实证分析与应用研究
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摘要
21世纪是知识经济时代,知识资本将逐渐代替传统的资金、土地和劳动力,成为现代企业最重要的资源。现代企业管理理论认为,在信息交换不断加快的大形势下,知识管理已经被认为是达成组织绩效的关键因素之一。同时,随着工程设计项目的大型化和多项目管理的复杂化,企业要想在竞争中保持领先水平,就要依靠知识的不断创新,从设计项目着手实施知识管理,领先对手一步,并从多方面协调各种不同的资源,帮助管理者更好地预测问题,解决问题和创造新的问题解决方案;而工程设计项目知识管理正是针对组织适应性和能力提升方面的一种重要的迎合性措施。关于知识管理的研究是当代信息管理学、企业管理学等学科领域的研究热点之一,知识管理影响因素的研究可以帮助企业有效地实施知识管理。而目前,国内外关于工程设计项目知识管理影响因素的研究尚不多见。因此,有必要对工程设计项目知识管理影响因素的研究做初步尝试和努力。
本文首先通过对国内外知识管理研究的相关成果进行梳理,指出目前国内外研究中关于知识管理影响因素研究存在的问题。在此基础上,通过对知识主管进行职务分析,认为知识主管在知识管理的实施中占有很大的主动权和控制权,对知识管理实施中的问题也具有比较深入的了解,将其作为采收知识管理影响因素的重要途径。通过进行知识主管的深度访谈,运用关键事件编码法,结合文献梳理过程中总结的前人研究成果,获得了工程设计项目知识管理影响因素和调查问卷的题项,并从管理过程能力维度、组织能力维度和基础设施能力维度来对工程设计项目知识管理影响因素进行分类,提出工程设计项目知识管理影响因素的概念模型和本文的研究假设。
其次,本文根据概念模型的构思、访谈结果和前人的研究成果,编制了工程设计项目知识管理影响因素调查问卷。通过小范围的问卷调查对问卷的效度和信度进行了检验,检验结果表明问卷具有良好的效度和信度。在此基础上,展开大范围的问卷调查,运用SPSS13.0对样本数据进行分析,得出工程设计项目知识管理中管理过程能力维度的影响因子有知识获取、知识组织、知识共享、知识创新、知识测评五个;组织能力维度的影响因子有组织结构、领导支持力、战略规划、组织制度四个;基础设施能力维度的影响因子有IT能力、文化特征、资源配置三个,有效地识别出工程设计项目知识管理中的关键影响因子。鉴于不同被调查者对各影响因子的认同度存在差异,需要从不同角度来考虑被调查者对各影响因子的认同和理解。为此,本文运用单因素方差分析法对各影响因子进行了差异性分析,并结合被调查者的个人特征,从社会学、心理学等视角对存在显著差异的原因进行了深入剖析。
最后,本文对工程设计项目知识管理影响因素与绩效关系进行了实证研究。研究表明工程设计项目知识管理影响因素概念模型能有效地区别工程设计项目知识管理的高绩效组和普通绩效组,且工程设计项目知识管理各影响因子与绩效具有正向相关关系,不同的影响因子对绩效的影响程度也不同。其中,管理过程能力对任务绩效具有非常显著的影响,组织能力对周边绩效具有非常显著的影响,领导特质对任务绩效和周边绩效都具有非常显著的影响。工程设计项目在进行知识管理的过程中,管理过程能力因子中知识共享和知识应用因子的贡献度最大,其次是知识获取、知识组织和知识测评。因此,实施知识管理应从过程控制入手,同时应注重基础设施的配置和组织管理能力的变革。
In 21st century, the era of knowledge-driven economy, knowledge capital is gradually taking place of traditional capital, land and labor force, and then becoming the most important resource in modern enterprise. The theory of modern enterprise management holds that, with growing information exchange, knowledge management has already been regarded as one of the key factors for accomplishing the organization effectiveness. Meanwhile, along with the large scale engineering design project and the complication of multi-project management, in order to keep ahead in the competition, the enterprise ought to implement knowledge management from design project on the basis of continuous knowledge innovation, and coordinate various resources from different aspects to assist the managers in predicting problems, addressing problems, and creating new solutions. Knowledge management of engineering design project is exactly a significantly effective measure taken by the enterprise to improve the adaptability and ability of the organization. Research on knowledge management is the highlight of modern information management, enterprise management, and other subjects. Research on the influence factors of knowledge management could better enhance the effective implementation of knowledge management for enterprises, however, at present; this kind of research is rarely made at home and abroad. Therefore, it is of considerable necessity to make preliminary attempts and efforts on the research of the influence factors of knowledge management in engineering design projects.
This paper firstly arranges the interrelated achievements of knowledge management research at home and abroad, and points out the problems of the current research on influence factors of knowledge management at home and abroad. On the basis of this, through the job analysis of the knowledge supervisor, the paper concludes that the knowledge supervisor enjoys great initiative and controlling rights in the implementation of knowledge management, and has more profound understanding on the issues during the implementation of knowledge management, considering them as an important way to collect influence factors of knowledge management. Through depth interview with the knowledge supervisor, with the summarized previous research achievements, using the key event compiling method, it obtains the influence factors of engineering design project and the options of the questionnaire, and classifies the influence factors through three dimensions of management process ability, organization ability and infrastructure ability, proposing the conceptual model of knowledge management influence factors of engineering project and the research hypothesis of this paper.
Secondly, the paper compiles the investigation questionnaire of knowledge management influence factors of engineering project on the basis of the conceptual model, interview results, and previous research achievements. The effectiveness and validity of the questionnaire are tested by small scale questionnaire investigation, and the test results demonstrate that the questionnaire possesses fine effectiveness and validity. Based on this, large scale questionnaire investigations are carried out, and the analysis of the sample data using SPSS 13.0 shows that: the five influence factors from the dimension of management process ability are knowledge acquisition, knowledge organization, knowledge sharing, knowledge innovation, and knowledge test and assessment; the four influence factors from the dimension of organization ability are organization structure, leaders' support, strategic scheme, and organization institutions; the three influence factors from the dimension of infrastructure are IT ability, cultural characteristics, and resource allocation. Besides, the key influence factors of knowledge management in engineering design project are identified accurately and effectively. In the view that different informants have various degrees of recognition of each influence factor, it is necessary to consider the informants' recognition and understanding of each influence factor from various perspectives. As a result, the paper makes differentiation analysis on each influence factor using the one-factor analysis of variance and deeply analyzes the causes of significant difference from the perspectives of sociology and psychology.
Finally, this paper makes empirical study on the relations between the influence factors of knowledge management and the performance in engineering design project. The research shows that the conceptual model of influence factors of knowledge management in engineering design project could effectively distinguish the differences between high performance organizations and normal performance organizations, and that the influence factors have positive relationship with the performance and different influence factors have different effect on the performance, among which the management process ability exerts marked influence on task performance, the organization ability on contextual performance, and leadership trait on both task performance and contextual performance. In the process of knowledge management in engineering design project, the factors of knowledge sharing and knowledge application contribute most, followed by knowledge acquisition, knowledge organization and knowledge test and appraisal in management process ability. Therefore, implementing knowledge management should begin from the process control, and pay attention to the allocation of infrastructure and the change of organizational management ability.
本文首先通过对国内外知识管理研究的相关成果进行梳理,指出目前国内外研究中关于知识管理影响因素研究存在的问题。在此基础上,通过对知识主管进行职务分析,认为知识主管在知识管理的实施中占有很大的主动权和控制权,对知识管理实施中的问题也具有比较深入的了解,将其作为采收知识管理影响因素的重要途径。通过进行知识主管的深度访谈,运用关键事件编码法,结合文献梳理过程中总结的前人研究成果,获得了工程设计项目知识管理影响因素和调查问卷的题项,并从管理过程能力维度、组织能力维度和基础设施能力维度来对工程设计项目知识管理影响因素进行分类,提出工程设计项目知识管理影响因素的概念模型和本文的研究假设。
其次,本文根据概念模型的构思、访谈结果和前人的研究成果,编制了工程设计项目知识管理影响因素调查问卷。通过小范围的问卷调查对问卷的效度和信度进行了检验,检验结果表明问卷具有良好的效度和信度。在此基础上,展开大范围的问卷调查,运用SPSS13.0对样本数据进行分析,得出工程设计项目知识管理中管理过程能力维度的影响因子有知识获取、知识组织、知识共享、知识创新、知识测评五个;组织能力维度的影响因子有组织结构、领导支持力、战略规划、组织制度四个;基础设施能力维度的影响因子有IT能力、文化特征、资源配置三个,有效地识别出工程设计项目知识管理中的关键影响因子。鉴于不同被调查者对各影响因子的认同度存在差异,需要从不同角度来考虑被调查者对各影响因子的认同和理解。为此,本文运用单因素方差分析法对各影响因子进行了差异性分析,并结合被调查者的个人特征,从社会学、心理学等视角对存在显著差异的原因进行了深入剖析。
最后,本文对工程设计项目知识管理影响因素与绩效关系进行了实证研究。研究表明工程设计项目知识管理影响因素概念模型能有效地区别工程设计项目知识管理的高绩效组和普通绩效组,且工程设计项目知识管理各影响因子与绩效具有正向相关关系,不同的影响因子对绩效的影响程度也不同。其中,管理过程能力对任务绩效具有非常显著的影响,组织能力对周边绩效具有非常显著的影响,领导特质对任务绩效和周边绩效都具有非常显著的影响。工程设计项目在进行知识管理的过程中,管理过程能力因子中知识共享和知识应用因子的贡献度最大,其次是知识获取、知识组织和知识测评。因此,实施知识管理应从过程控制入手,同时应注重基础设施的配置和组织管理能力的变革。
In 21st century, the era of knowledge-driven economy, knowledge capital is gradually taking place of traditional capital, land and labor force, and then becoming the most important resource in modern enterprise. The theory of modern enterprise management holds that, with growing information exchange, knowledge management has already been regarded as one of the key factors for accomplishing the organization effectiveness. Meanwhile, along with the large scale engineering design project and the complication of multi-project management, in order to keep ahead in the competition, the enterprise ought to implement knowledge management from design project on the basis of continuous knowledge innovation, and coordinate various resources from different aspects to assist the managers in predicting problems, addressing problems, and creating new solutions. Knowledge management of engineering design project is exactly a significantly effective measure taken by the enterprise to improve the adaptability and ability of the organization. Research on knowledge management is the highlight of modern information management, enterprise management, and other subjects. Research on the influence factors of knowledge management could better enhance the effective implementation of knowledge management for enterprises, however, at present; this kind of research is rarely made at home and abroad. Therefore, it is of considerable necessity to make preliminary attempts and efforts on the research of the influence factors of knowledge management in engineering design projects.
This paper firstly arranges the interrelated achievements of knowledge management research at home and abroad, and points out the problems of the current research on influence factors of knowledge management at home and abroad. On the basis of this, through the job analysis of the knowledge supervisor, the paper concludes that the knowledge supervisor enjoys great initiative and controlling rights in the implementation of knowledge management, and has more profound understanding on the issues during the implementation of knowledge management, considering them as an important way to collect influence factors of knowledge management. Through depth interview with the knowledge supervisor, with the summarized previous research achievements, using the key event compiling method, it obtains the influence factors of engineering design project and the options of the questionnaire, and classifies the influence factors through three dimensions of management process ability, organization ability and infrastructure ability, proposing the conceptual model of knowledge management influence factors of engineering project and the research hypothesis of this paper.
Secondly, the paper compiles the investigation questionnaire of knowledge management influence factors of engineering project on the basis of the conceptual model, interview results, and previous research achievements. The effectiveness and validity of the questionnaire are tested by small scale questionnaire investigation, and the test results demonstrate that the questionnaire possesses fine effectiveness and validity. Based on this, large scale questionnaire investigations are carried out, and the analysis of the sample data using SPSS 13.0 shows that: the five influence factors from the dimension of management process ability are knowledge acquisition, knowledge organization, knowledge sharing, knowledge innovation, and knowledge test and assessment; the four influence factors from the dimension of organization ability are organization structure, leaders' support, strategic scheme, and organization institutions; the three influence factors from the dimension of infrastructure are IT ability, cultural characteristics, and resource allocation. Besides, the key influence factors of knowledge management in engineering design project are identified accurately and effectively. In the view that different informants have various degrees of recognition of each influence factor, it is necessary to consider the informants' recognition and understanding of each influence factor from various perspectives. As a result, the paper makes differentiation analysis on each influence factor using the one-factor analysis of variance and deeply analyzes the causes of significant difference from the perspectives of sociology and psychology.
Finally, this paper makes empirical study on the relations between the influence factors of knowledge management and the performance in engineering design project. The research shows that the conceptual model of influence factors of knowledge management in engineering design project could effectively distinguish the differences between high performance organizations and normal performance organizations, and that the influence factors have positive relationship with the performance and different influence factors have different effect on the performance, among which the management process ability exerts marked influence on task performance, the organization ability on contextual performance, and leadership trait on both task performance and contextual performance. In the process of knowledge management in engineering design project, the factors of knowledge sharing and knowledge application contribute most, followed by knowledge acquisition, knowledge organization and knowledge test and appraisal in management process ability. Therefore, implementing knowledge management should begin from the process control, and pay attention to the allocation of infrastructure and the change of organizational management ability.
引文
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