企业技术学习的模式与技术能力积累途径的螺旋运动过程
|
摘要
近年来，世界的政治-经济一体化和我国加入WTO的临近，我们企业面临的国际环境发生了很大变化。随着我国经济改革的深入，人民生活水平的提高和企业竞争的加剧，企业面对的国内社会-经济环境也发生了巨大变化。这些变化都在不同程度上使迅速提高技术创新能力成为我国企业进一步发展的现实要求。自70年代末改革开放以来，我国企业的技术水平取得了很大进步，技术创新也逐渐为企业普遍重视，进而成为企业中最受关注的工作。但是可以说，我们大多数企业技术进步的速度，技术创新的力度，都远未达到应有的水平。因此，深入研究企业技术能力积累与提高的机制与途径，特别是对西方的技术创新能力的理论和管理方法如何与我国企业的实践相结合，探索具有中国特色的企业技术创新能力理论和方法，具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。
第一章绪论从我国企业技术创新和技术进步的实际问题出发，在微观和宏观两个层面上论述了技术能力积累与提高的历史和现实意义。然后从理论上对技术能力和创新能力的研究状况进行了系统地梳理和评述，为本文的研究指明了方向。
企业技术能力不仅体现为设备和技术知识与技能，而且也依赖于企业的技术组织、技术网络和技术战略。第二章首先分析了技术能力的四个维度及其相互关系，然后从知识角度，讨论技术能力的本质及其层次性，从而加深了我们对技术能力这个概念的理解和认识。在此基础上，研究了技术能力演化的基本模式和轨迹。特别对于发展中国家，提出了企业技术能力从仿制能力到创造性模仿能力，再到自主创新能力的基本演化模式。
最后剖析了杭氧、西湖电子、长虹、东方通信和海尔的技术能力发展历程，由此指出前面提出的基本演化模式的一般性。并通过比较几个企业的技术能力各维度的变化情况，归纳出企业建立创造性模仿能力的成功因素。
第三章探讨企业技术能力提高的机制。文章首先从企业的内外部环境出发，考察企业技术能力提高的动力机制、知识获取机制、知识共享与知识操作机制和技术投入机制。从宏观与微观、静态与动态多个维度出发，揭示出技术学习(特别是联盟学习与网络中学习)的本质内涵和作用机制。
然后以长虹、东方通信、横店集团和海尔公司为例，对我国企业技术能力的提高过程进行典型案例分析。研究我国企业在从仿制能力、到创造性模仿能力、再到自主创新的演化与摸索过程中，开展技术学习的成功经验和失败教训，由此归纳出企业技术学习的基本模式。在此基础上，从组织学习角度探讨技术能力提高中技术学习的机理，提出了基于知识吸收的技术学习模式，从理论上阐明了技术学习的基本模式。
最后，将市场需要、市场竞争与企业的技术追赶结合起来，深入探讨企业技术能力转换的逻辑。在此基础上，通过构建博弈论模型，分析企业进行战略性学习、特别是网络学习的关键因素，可供正在进行技术赶超或即将进行赶超的我国企业借鉴。
第四章是技术能力提高的途径和知识网络。首先从技术能力积累的机制与知识管理出发，研究内部途径和外源途径在技术能力演化中的互补作用，提出了技术能力形成的内外途径交替的双螺旋模式。每个阶段中技术能力积累途径
浙江大学博士学位论文
都经历了从外部技术源到内部学习的转换过程，这样就构成了技术知识外源与
内部技术学习的三次循环。然后将技术学习机制与能力积累途径结合起来，比
较研究几个成功（或阶段性成功）进行了技术能力积累和转换的我国企业（杭
氧、长虹、东信、西湖电子人一方面证实前面提出的理论框架，另一方面加深
我们对这一积累规律的认识。
最后通过对典型企业（长虹、海尔、华为等）的分析，研究网络中的组织
机构对于企业生产与创新的重要性。在此基础上，使用统计分析研究知识网络
中不同的组织机构对形成技术能力的不同维度的作用，统计分析的结果表明：1）
如果企业与国际大公司有多年的密切技术联系，那么它具有较强的跟随创新能’
力，能够快速推出国际最新产品；2）如果企业与其产品用户有多年的密切联系，
则其开发差异化产品的能力比较强，能够根据用户的潜在需要，不断推出新产
品；3）我国大多数企业现阶段总是重点发展跟随创新能力和开发差异化产品的
能力中的一个方面。
第五章在前面提出的理论框架下，构建了系统动力学模型模拟企业技术能
力提高和资金积累的作用。主要进行以下两项政策分析：（）技术能力目标的
设定和企业在内外途径的技术投入比例对技术能力提高的影响。通过在不同指
标组合下的模拟分析，得出在企业技术能力演化的三个不同阶段，企业的内外
投入比例也应作相应变化，并找出了有利于技术能力提高的比例范围。（2）分
析资金积累率对企业发展的影响，通过模型的模拟分析，寻找出合理的资金积。
累率范围，在理论上为企业指出资金积累目标。
I
本文的主要创新点：（1）提出了发展中国家技术能
In recent years, Chinese firms are faced with a great amount of dramatic changes in business environment. These changes make it necessary for Chinese firms to enhance their technological innovation capability rapidly. Thanks to the reformation of Chinese firms, the technological level is greatly improved. Many firms gradually attachh importance to technological innovation, which is becoming the source of competitive advantage. But the speed of many firms' advancement of technology and the extent of their technological innovation hasn't reached the level to which they could have got. Therefore, the research on mechanism and the path of the advancement of technological competence, by combining the theories and management methods of western firms' on technological innovation competence and Chinese firms' pratice, has great theoretical value and practical meaning to facilitate the innovation efficiency and economic performance of Chinese firms.
In Chapter 1, the historic and practical meaning of technological competence accumulation is discussed, by going over the practice and existing problems of Chinese firms' technological innovation. Then the development and the state-arts of technological innovation competence theory is systematically reviewed in details, which shows clearly the direction for the following research.
A firm's technological competence is not only embodied in equipment, technological knowledge and technique, but also depends on the firm's technological organization, knowledge network and technological strategy.
In Chapter 2, the four dimensions of technological competence and their interrelation are analyzed firstly. Then according to knowledge theory, the essence and levels of technological competence are discussed. Based on this, the basic model and track of technological competence evolution are studied. For developing countries in particular, a basic evolutionary model of technological competence is put forward, that as from imitation and manufacture capability to creative imitation capability, then to indigenous innovation capability.
Finally, the technological competence building and enhancing process of I]angzhou Oxygen-making Generator Manufacturer, West-Lake Electric, Changhong, Eastcom, and I-laier are discussed, which indicates universality of the basic evolutionary model. By comparing the change of technological competence's dimentions of the five firms, the successful factors of building creative imitation capability are induced.
In Chapter 3, in view of firm's internal and external environment, the drive mechanism, knowledge capture mechanism, knowledge share, knowledge process and technology investment mechanism are discussed, thus the essence and mechanism of technology learning are presented.
Tfren the representative cases of Changhong, Eastcom, Haier and Hengdian are analyzed. By reviewing the successful experience and failing lessons of Chinese firms that learn technology, the baisc model of technology learning is induced. Consequently, from the point of view of organization learning, the mechanism of technology learning on the technological competence building process is discussed, the model of technology learning based-on knowledge absorbing is put forward, which clarifies the basic model of technology learning in theory.
Finally, combined with customer demand, market competitive and technology chase, the logic of firm's technological competence transformation is discussed. By seting up a game model, the key factors of strategic learning, in particular network learning, are studied.
Chapter 4 first focuses on the interaction and reinforce to each other of internal R&D and external knowledge in the process of technological competence evolution, the model of the two paths' circle action is put forward. In every phase of technological competence, the path of technological competence accumulation transforms from external knowledge assimilation to internal learning, these form three circles from external path to internal path.
Finally, the importance of organizati
第一章绪论从我国企业技术创新和技术进步的实际问题出发，在微观和宏观两个层面上论述了技术能力积累与提高的历史和现实意义。然后从理论上对技术能力和创新能力的研究状况进行了系统地梳理和评述，为本文的研究指明了方向。
企业技术能力不仅体现为设备和技术知识与技能，而且也依赖于企业的技术组织、技术网络和技术战略。第二章首先分析了技术能力的四个维度及其相互关系，然后从知识角度，讨论技术能力的本质及其层次性，从而加深了我们对技术能力这个概念的理解和认识。在此基础上，研究了技术能力演化的基本模式和轨迹。特别对于发展中国家，提出了企业技术能力从仿制能力到创造性模仿能力，再到自主创新能力的基本演化模式。
最后剖析了杭氧、西湖电子、长虹、东方通信和海尔的技术能力发展历程，由此指出前面提出的基本演化模式的一般性。并通过比较几个企业的技术能力各维度的变化情况，归纳出企业建立创造性模仿能力的成功因素。
第三章探讨企业技术能力提高的机制。文章首先从企业的内外部环境出发，考察企业技术能力提高的动力机制、知识获取机制、知识共享与知识操作机制和技术投入机制。从宏观与微观、静态与动态多个维度出发，揭示出技术学习(特别是联盟学习与网络中学习)的本质内涵和作用机制。
然后以长虹、东方通信、横店集团和海尔公司为例，对我国企业技术能力的提高过程进行典型案例分析。研究我国企业在从仿制能力、到创造性模仿能力、再到自主创新的演化与摸索过程中，开展技术学习的成功经验和失败教训，由此归纳出企业技术学习的基本模式。在此基础上，从组织学习角度探讨技术能力提高中技术学习的机理，提出了基于知识吸收的技术学习模式，从理论上阐明了技术学习的基本模式。
最后，将市场需要、市场竞争与企业的技术追赶结合起来，深入探讨企业技术能力转换的逻辑。在此基础上，通过构建博弈论模型，分析企业进行战略性学习、特别是网络学习的关键因素，可供正在进行技术赶超或即将进行赶超的我国企业借鉴。
第四章是技术能力提高的途径和知识网络。首先从技术能力积累的机制与知识管理出发，研究内部途径和外源途径在技术能力演化中的互补作用，提出了技术能力形成的内外途径交替的双螺旋模式。每个阶段中技术能力积累途径
浙江大学博士学位论文
都经历了从外部技术源到内部学习的转换过程，这样就构成了技术知识外源与
内部技术学习的三次循环。然后将技术学习机制与能力积累途径结合起来，比
较研究几个成功（或阶段性成功）进行了技术能力积累和转换的我国企业（杭
氧、长虹、东信、西湖电子人一方面证实前面提出的理论框架，另一方面加深
我们对这一积累规律的认识。
最后通过对典型企业（长虹、海尔、华为等）的分析，研究网络中的组织
机构对于企业生产与创新的重要性。在此基础上，使用统计分析研究知识网络
中不同的组织机构对形成技术能力的不同维度的作用，统计分析的结果表明：1）
如果企业与国际大公司有多年的密切技术联系，那么它具有较强的跟随创新能’
力，能够快速推出国际最新产品；2）如果企业与其产品用户有多年的密切联系，
则其开发差异化产品的能力比较强，能够根据用户的潜在需要，不断推出新产
品；3）我国大多数企业现阶段总是重点发展跟随创新能力和开发差异化产品的
能力中的一个方面。
第五章在前面提出的理论框架下，构建了系统动力学模型模拟企业技术能
力提高和资金积累的作用。主要进行以下两项政策分析：（）技术能力目标的
设定和企业在内外途径的技术投入比例对技术能力提高的影响。通过在不同指
标组合下的模拟分析，得出在企业技术能力演化的三个不同阶段，企业的内外
投入比例也应作相应变化，并找出了有利于技术能力提高的比例范围。（2）分
析资金积累率对企业发展的影响，通过模型的模拟分析，寻找出合理的资金积。
累率范围，在理论上为企业指出资金积累目标。
I
本文的主要创新点：（1）提出了发展中国家技术能
In recent years, Chinese firms are faced with a great amount of dramatic changes in business environment. These changes make it necessary for Chinese firms to enhance their technological innovation capability rapidly. Thanks to the reformation of Chinese firms, the technological level is greatly improved. Many firms gradually attachh importance to technological innovation, which is becoming the source of competitive advantage. But the speed of many firms' advancement of technology and the extent of their technological innovation hasn't reached the level to which they could have got. Therefore, the research on mechanism and the path of the advancement of technological competence, by combining the theories and management methods of western firms' on technological innovation competence and Chinese firms' pratice, has great theoretical value and practical meaning to facilitate the innovation efficiency and economic performance of Chinese firms.
In Chapter 1, the historic and practical meaning of technological competence accumulation is discussed, by going over the practice and existing problems of Chinese firms' technological innovation. Then the development and the state-arts of technological innovation competence theory is systematically reviewed in details, which shows clearly the direction for the following research.
A firm's technological competence is not only embodied in equipment, technological knowledge and technique, but also depends on the firm's technological organization, knowledge network and technological strategy.
In Chapter 2, the four dimensions of technological competence and their interrelation are analyzed firstly. Then according to knowledge theory, the essence and levels of technological competence are discussed. Based on this, the basic model and track of technological competence evolution are studied. For developing countries in particular, a basic evolutionary model of technological competence is put forward, that as from imitation and manufacture capability to creative imitation capability, then to indigenous innovation capability.
Finally, the technological competence building and enhancing process of I]angzhou Oxygen-making Generator Manufacturer, West-Lake Electric, Changhong, Eastcom, and I-laier are discussed, which indicates universality of the basic evolutionary model. By comparing the change of technological competence's dimentions of the five firms, the successful factors of building creative imitation capability are induced.
In Chapter 3, in view of firm's internal and external environment, the drive mechanism, knowledge capture mechanism, knowledge share, knowledge process and technology investment mechanism are discussed, thus the essence and mechanism of technology learning are presented.
Tfren the representative cases of Changhong, Eastcom, Haier and Hengdian are analyzed. By reviewing the successful experience and failing lessons of Chinese firms that learn technology, the baisc model of technology learning is induced. Consequently, from the point of view of organization learning, the mechanism of technology learning on the technological competence building process is discussed, the model of technology learning based-on knowledge absorbing is put forward, which clarifies the basic model of technology learning in theory.
Finally, combined with customer demand, market competitive and technology chase, the logic of firm's technological competence transformation is discussed. By seting up a game model, the key factors of strategic learning, in particular network learning, are studied.
Chapter 4 first focuses on the interaction and reinforce to each other of internal R&D and external knowledge in the process of technological competence evolution, the model of the two paths' circle action is put forward. In every phase of technological competence, the path of technological competence accumulation transforms from external knowledge assimilation to internal learning, these form three circles from external path to internal path.
Finally, the importance of organizati
引文
[1] Ahbrandt,R.S.and Blair,A.R.,'What it Takes for Large Organizations to be Innovative',Research Management,Vol.29,No.2,March-April,1986,pp.34-37
[2] Andrea Prencipe(1997) ,"Technological competencies and product's evolutionary dynamics: a case study from the aero-engine industry",Research Policy 25, 1261-1276．
[3] Andreu R.,and C.Ciborra(1994) ,"Core Capabilities and Information Technology. An Organizational Learning Approach".
[4] Andrews,R.R ,The concept of corporate strategy ,Burr Ridge ,IL.:Dow-Jones ,Irwin,1971．
[5] Armour,H.0． and Teece,D.J.,'Vertical Integration and Technological Innovation',The Review of Economics and Statistics,Vol.62,No.3,August, 1980,pp.470-474
[6] Ashok V.Desai ,"Achievements and limitations of Indian's technological capability",Technological capability in The Third World,Editted by M.Fransman and K.King,1984,PP.244-262．
[7] Axelrod,R.,The Evolution of Cooperation,Arts& Licensing International. Inc.,1984．
[8] Bahrami,Homa,'The Emerging Flexible Organization: Perspectives from Silicon Valley',California Management Review,Vol.34,No.4,Summer,1992,pp.33-52
[9] Baker,Merl,'Contemporary Views of Management of Technology and Organizational Implications',Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Management of Technology,Miami,Florida,September 17-21,1992,Norcross,GA: Industrial Engineering and Management Press,Vol.1,pp.627-637
[10] Barbara Carlsson,Peter Keane,J.Bruce Martin(1976) ,"Learning and Problem Solving: R&D Organizations as Learning Systems",Sloan Management Review, Spring
[11] Barczak,Gloria,'New Product Strategy,Structure,Process,and Performance in the Telecommunications Industry',Journal of Product Innovation Management,Vol. 12,No.3,June,1995,pp.224-234
[12] Barlow,E.J.,'The Optimum Balance Between Program Organizations and Functional Organizations to Promote Technology Transfer',IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,Vol.EM-16,No.3,August,1969,pp.116-121
[13] Beinhocker,E.D(1997) .,Strategy at the edge of chaos,Mckinsey Quarterly,Number 1,1997．
[14] Beinhocker,E.D(1997) .,Strategy at the edge of chaos,Mckinsey Quarterly,Number 1,1997．
[15] Besanko,D.,D.Dranove,M.Shanley,Economics of Strategy,John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,1996
[16] Beverly C.Winterscheid (1994) ,"Building Capability from Within: the Insiders' View of core competence",Competence-based Competition,Edited by G.Hamel and A.Heene,John Wiley&Sons Ltd.,265-291．
[17] Bleeke,J.And Ernst,D.(1993) ,Collaborating to Compete,John Wiley & Sons, New York.
[18] Bowonder,B.,R&D Spending Patterns of Global Firms,Research and Technology Management,September-October,2000．
[19] Boynton,A.C.and Victor,Bart,'Beyond Flexibility: Building and Managing the Dynamically Stable Organization',California Management Review,Vol.34,No. 1,Fall,1991,pp.53-66
[20] Brand,Michael and Van Maanen,John,'Individuals,Groups,and Technological Innovation',ChemTech,Vol.13,No.9,September,1983,pp.528-533
[21] Brown,P.and Shepard,C.,'Factionalism and Organizational Change in a Research Laboratory',Social Problems,Vol.34,April,1956,pp.235-243
[22] Buchsbaum,S.J.,'Managing Creativity-For Fun and Profit',International Journal of Technology Management,Vol.1,Nos.1/2,1986,pp.51-64
[23] Burgelman(1983) ,R.A.,A Model of the Interaction of Strategic Behavior, Corporate Context,and the concept of Strategy,Academy of Management Review 8(1983) ,pp61-70．
[24] Burt,R.(1992) ,Structure Holes: The Social Structure of Competition.(M) Harvard University Press,Cambridge,MA.
[25] Burgelman,R.A(1996) ,Strategic Management of Technology and Innovation, McGraw-Hill,1996 .pp.1-50．
[26] Carlsson,B.,andP.Keane,J.Bruce Mart in (1976) ,"Learning and Problem Solving: R&D Organizations as Learning Systems",Sloan Management Review,Spring
[27] Casson,M.and Singh,S.,'Corporate Research and Development Strategies: The Influence of Firm,Industry and Country Factors on the Decentralization of R&D', R&D Management,Vol.23,No.2,April,1993,pp.91-107
[28] Chandler,A.,'Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of Industry Enterprise',Journal of Economic Perspectives,Vol.6,1992,pp.44-93
[29] Chandler,A.D,Strategy and Structure,Cambrage,MA:MIT Press,1962
[30] Chatterji,B.(1997) ."Accessing External Source of Technology",IEEE Engineering Management Review,Summer,80-89．
[31] Cheng,J.L.C.,'Interdependence and Coordination in Organizations: A Role-System Analysis',Academy of Management Journal,Vol.26,No.1,March, 1983,pp.156-162
[32] Chipp,R.D.,'Engineering Organization for a Large Air Force Communication System',IRE Transactions on Engineering Management,Vol.EM-8,No.2,June, 1961,pp.86-92
[33] Clark,K.B.and Wheelwright,S.C.,'Organizing and Leading "Heavyweight' Development Teams',California Management Review,Vol.34,No.3,Spring,1992, pp.9-28
[34] Cleland,David I.,'Strategic Management of Teams',New York: Wiley,1996
[35] Cohen,W.M.,and Levinthal,D.A.,(1990) ,Absorptive capability: a new perspective on learning and innovation,Administrative science Q.35,128-152．
[36] Coleman,J.(1990) ,Foundations of Social Theory.(M) Harvard University Press,Cambridge,MA.
[37] Collier,D.W.,'An Innovation System for the Larger Company',Research Management,Vol.13,No.5,September,1970,pp.341-349
[38] Collis,D.J.and Montgomery,C.A.(1998) .Corporate Strategy,Mcgraw-Hill Companies,Inc.auge.
[39] Conrath,D.W.,'The Role of the Informal Organization in Decision Making on Research and Development',IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,Vol. EM-15,No.3,September,1968,pp.109-119
[40] Coombs,Rod.(1996) ."Core competence and the strategic management of R&D",R&D Management,Vol.26,No.4,October,PP.345-357．
[41] Coombs,R.and Richards,A.(1992) ,Strategic Control Of Technology in Diversified Companies with De-Centralised R&D,Manchester School Management, UMIST,Working Paper ,9215．
[42] Crow,M.M.and Bozeman,B.L.,'Bureaucratization in the Laboratory', Research-Technology Management,Vol.32,No.5,September-October,1989,pp. 30-31
[43] Cyert,Richard M.and Kumar,Praveen,'Technology Management and the Future', IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,Vol.41,No.4,November,1994, pp.333-334
[44] Dailey,R.and Morgan,C.,'Contextual Correlates of R&D Team Collaborative Problem Solving',Management International Review,Vol.19,No.2,1979,pp. 77-83
[45] Dailey,R.C.,'The Role of Team and Team Characteristics in R&D Team Collaborative Problem Solving and Productivity',Management Science,Vol.24, No.15,November,1978,pp.1579-1588
[46] Debresson,C.,Networks of innovators: A review and introduction to the issue, Research Policy,20(1991) :363-379．
[47] Dixon,J.Robb,Arnold,Peter,Heineke,Janelle,Kim,Jay S.and Mulligan,Paul, 'Business Process Reengineering: Improving in New Strategic Directions', California Management Review,Vol.36,No.4,Summer,1994,pp.93-108
[48] Dosi,Freeman,陈平译，技术进步与经济理论,经济科学出版社，1988。
[49] Doz,Yves,Angelmar,Reinhard and Prahalad,C.K.,'Technological Innovation and Interdependence: A Challenge for the Large,Complex Firms',Technology In Society,Vol.7,Nos.2/3,1985,pp.105-125
[50] Drews,Jurgen,'Research in the Pharaceutical Industry',European Management Journal,Vol.7,No.1,March,1989,pp.23-30
[51] Duarte,Deborah and Snyder,Nancy,'Facilitating Global Organizational Learning in Product Development at Whirlpool Corporation',Journal of Product Innovation Management,Vol.14,No.1,January,1997,pp.48-55
[52] Dyer,J.And K.Nobeoka (2000) ,Creating and Managing a high performance Knowledge sharing Network: The of Toyota,(C) SMJ,Special Issue,21,pp345-367．
[53] Elmes,Michael and Wilemon,David,'A Field Study of Intergroup Integration in Technology-Based Organizations',Journal of Engineering and Technology Management,Vol.7,Nos.3/4,March,1991,pp.229-250
[54] Eto,Hajime,'Classification of R&D Organizational Structures in Relation to
Strategies',IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,Vol.38,No.2,May, 1991,pp.146-156
[55] Evan,W.M.,'Conflict and Performance in R&D Organizations: Some Preliminary Findings',in Research Program Effectiveness,M.C.Yovits,et al,eds.,NewYork: Gordon and Breach,1966,pp.471-493
[56] Farris,G.F.,'Organizational Factors and Individual Performance',Journal of Applied Psychology,Vol.53,No.2,April,1969,pp.87-92
[57] Ford,J.D.and Slocum,J.W.,'Size,Technology,Environment and the Structure of Organizations',Academy of Management Review,Vol.2,No.4,October,1977, pp.561-573．
[58] Fransman M.And K.King,(1984) ,Technological Capability In the Third World.
[59] Freeman ,C.,Networks of innovators: A synthesis of research issues,Research Policy,20(1991) :499-513．
[60] Freeman,C.(1974) ,The Economics of Industrial Innovation,PenGuin, Harmondsworth.
[61] Granstrand,0． Toward a theory of the technology-based firm,Research Policy,vol 27:465-489,1998． .
[62] Grant R.M.(1996) ,Toward a Knowledge-based Theory of the Firm,Strategic Management Journal,Vol.17(Winter Special Issue),109-122．
[63] Garnsey,Elizabeth and Wright,S.M.,'Technical Innovation and Organizational Opportunity',International Journal of Technology Management,Vol.5,No.3, 1990,pp.267-291
[64] Garud,R.and Nayyar,R.R.(1994) ,Transformative capacity: continual structuring by intertemporal technology transfer,SMJ,Vol.15:365-385．
[65] Gerschenkron,A.Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective,the belknap Press of University Press,1979,25-26．
[66] Ghemawat,P(1986) ,Sustainable advantage,Harvard Business Review,64(5) , pp.53-58．
[67] Ghemawat,P(1991) ,Commitment: The Dynamic of Strategy,New York:Free Press.
[68] Gilman,J.J.,'Inventions and Corporate Size',Physics Today,Vol.33,No.10, October,1980,pp.9,11
[69] Goold,M.And Campbell,A.(1987) ,Strategies and Styles,Blackwell,Oxford.
[70] Gulati,R.(1998) ,Alliances and networks,(C) Strategic Management Journal, 19(4) ,pp.293-318．
[71] Haberstroh,C.J.,Baring,J.A.and Mudgett,W.C.,'Organizing for Product Innovation',IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,Vol.EM-15,No.1, March,1968,pp.20-27
[72] Hamel,G.(1991) ,Competition for competence and Interpartner Learning within international strategic alliances,SMJ,Summer Special Issue,12,pp.83-103．
[73] Hamel,G.(1998) .Opinion Strategy Innovation,Sloan MR.Winter pp7-13．
[74] Hart,P.,S.and Ramanantsoa,B.(1992) ,Strategic Technology Management,Wiley, Chichester.
[75] Haug,Peter,'The Location Decisions and Operations of High Technology Organizations in Washington State',Regional Studies,Vol.25,No.6,December,
1991,pp.525-541
[76] Henderson,Rebecca,and Iain Cockburn (1994) ,'Measuring competence? Exploring firm Oeff ects in pharmaceutical research',Strategic Management Journal,Vol.15, Winter Special Issue,pp.63-84．
[77] Henderson,R.M and Clark(1990) ,Architectural innovation,Administrative Science Quarterly,35,pp.9-30．
[78] Hitt,Michael A.,Hoskisson,Robert E.and Nixon,Robert D.,'A Mid-range Theory of Interfunctional Integration,its Antecedents and Outcomes',Journal of Engineering and Technology Management,Vol.10,Nos.1/2,June,1993,pp. 161-185
[79] Hout,Thomas M.,'Time-Based Competition Is Not Enough',Research-Technology Management,Vol.39,No.4,July-August,1996,pp.15-17
[80] Howells,Jeremy,'The Location and Organisation of Research and Development: New Horizons',Research Policy,Vol.19,No.2,April,1990,pp.133-146
[81] Hull,Frank and Hage,Jerald,'Organizing for Innovation: Beyond Burns and Stalker's Organic Type',Sociology,Vol.16,No.4,1982,pp.564-577
[82] Hull,Frank M.,Collins,Paul D.and Liker,Jeffrey K.,'Composite Forms of Organization as a Strategy for Concurrent Engineering Effectiveness',IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,Vol.43,No.2,May,1996,pp.133-142
[83] Ichak Adizes,'Organizational Passages: Diagnosing and Treating Life Cycle Problems of Organizations',Organizational Dynamics,Summer,1979,pp.2-25
[84] Jabri,M.M.,'Development and Use of Organisational Climate Mapping in Research and Development Teams',R&D Management,Vol.16,No.1,January,1986,pp.37-43
[85] John,F.A.,'How Experienced Product Innovators Organize',Journal of Product Innovation Management,Vol.1,No.4,December,1984,pp.210-223
[86] Jonash,R.S.,Strategic Technology Leveraging: Making Outsourcing work for you, IEEE EMR,Summer,1997,90-96．
[87] Jones,R.E.,'Research Administration: Its Relative Size in the Organization', Journal of the Society of Research Administrators,Vol.5,No.4,Spring,1974, pp.17-25
[88] Justman,M.And M.Teubal (1995) ."Technological capabilities and building markets",Research Policy,Vol.24,No.2,March,PP.159-183．
[89] Keller,R.T.,'Predictors of the Performance of Project Groups in R&D Organizations',Academy of Management Journal,Vol.29,No.4,1986,pp.715-726
[90] Kernaghan,J.A.and Cooke,R.A.,'Teamwork in Planning Innovative Projects: Improving Group Performance by Rational and Interpersonal Interventions in Group Process',IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,Vol.37,No.2, May,1990,pp.109-116
[91] Kesler,Mark,Diana Klostad,and W.E.Clark(1993) ,'Third Generation R&D: The Key to leveraging Core Competence',The Columbia Journal of World Business,Fall 1993．
[92] Khanna,T.,R.Gulati and N.Nohria (1998) ,The dynamics of learning alliance, SMJ,19(3) ,pp.193-210．
[93] Kiely,Tom,'Innovation Congregations',Technology Review,April,1994,pp. 56-60
[94] Kim,L (1997) .Imitation to Innovation: The Dynamics of Korea' Technological Learning.
[95] Klein,Jeremy,David Gee,and Howard Jones (1998) ,'Analysing clusters of skills in R&D----core competencies,metaphors,visualization,and the role of IT',R&D Management,Vol.28,No.1,pp.37-42．
[96] Knight,K.E.,'Some General Organizational Factors that Influence Innovative Behavior',IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,Vol.EM-12,No.1,March, 1965,pp.2-8
[97] Lane,P.J.and Lubatkin,M.(1998) ,Relative absorptive capacity and international learning,SMJ,Vol.19:461-477．
[98] Langowitz,N.S.and Graves,S.B.,'Innovative Productivity in Pharmaceutical Firms',Research-Technology Management,Vol.35,No.2,March-April,1992,pp. 39-41
[99] Larson,R.W.and Steele,L.W.,'A Study of Scientific Research in the Operating Components of a Large Decentralized Manufacturing Company',IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,Vol.EM-11,No.3,September,1964,pp.94-99
[100] Leonard,Ronald K.,Wismer,Robert D.and Bosserman,Steve,'Building an Integrated Engineering Organization',Research-Technology Management,Vol.37, No.6,November-December,1994,pp.14-20
[101] Leonard-Barton (1995) ,Wellspring of Knowledge: Building and sustaining the sources of innovation,Harvard Business School Press,Boston,Mass.
[102] Leonard-Barton,Core Capability and Core Rigidities,Strategy Management Journal 13(Summer 1992) ,pp111-26．
[103] Link,A.N.and Zmud,R.W.,'Organizational Structure and R&D Efficiency', R&D Management,Vol.16,No.4,October,1986,pp.317-323
[104] Lovland,Paul,'Discussion on Principles of Organizing Applied Research and Development',Research Policy,Vol.2,No.4,January,1974,pp.322-334
[105] Maccoby,Michael,'Personal Change in the Information Age',Research-Technology Management,Vol.37,No.3,May-June,1994,pp.56-58
[106] Madhok,A.,'Value and Foreign Market Entry Mode: The Transaction and the Firm',Strategic Management Journal,January,1997,pp.67-81
[107] Malecki,E.J.,'Corporate Organization of R and D and the Location of Technological Activities',Regional Studies,Vol.14,No.3,1980,pp.219-234
[108] Manners,Jr.,G.E.and Barth,R.T.,'Organizational Climate Factors and the Evaluation of Technical Ideas',R&D Management,Vol.8,No.3,June,1978,pp. 191-194
[109] Mansfield E,Schwartz M and Wagner S.Imitation costs and patents: An empirical study,The Economic Journal,Dec,1981．
[110] Mansfield E,刘焕亮编译，日美工业企业创新的速度和成本--外部技术与内部技术，中外管理导报，1990年6月。
[111] Mansfield,Edwin and Wagner,Samuel,'Organizational and Strategic Factors Associated with Probabilities of Success in Industrial R&D',Journal of Business,
Vol.48,No.2,April,1975,pp.179-198
[112] Marquis,D.G.and Straight Jr.,D.M.,'Organizational Factors in Project Performance',in Research Program Effectiveness,M.C.Yovits,et al,eds.,New York: Gordon and Breach,1966,pp.441-458
[113] Martin Bell,"Learning and the Accumulation of Work and Indigenous Technological capability in The Third World",Editted by M.Fransman and K.King, 1984,PP.187-221．
[114] MCEVILY.B.And ZAHEER,A.(1999) ,Bridging Ties: A source of firm Heterogeneity In competitive capabilities,(C) SMJ 20: 1133-1156．
[115] Meyer,Marc H.,Alvin P.Lehnerd,The Power of Product Platforms: Building Value and Cost Leadership,New York: The Free Press,1997．
[116] Meyer,Marc H.,and James M.Utterback (1993) ,'The product family and the dynamics of core capability',Sloan Management Review,Spring 1993,pp.29-47．
[117] Meyers,P.W.Non-Linear Learning in Large Technological Firm: Period four Implies Chaos,Resarch Policy,1990,Vol.19:97-115．
[118] Mintzberg,H.,Mintzberg on Management,New York: Free Press,1989
[119] Mintzberg,H.(1987) ,Crafting strategy,HBR.64(4) ,pp66-75．
[120] Mintzberg,H.and Water,J.A.(1985) .Of strategies deliberate and emergent, SMJ,6(3) ,pp257-272．
[121] Mitchell,G.And Hamilton,W.(1988) Managing R&D as a strategic opetion, Research-Technology management,31,15-22．
[122] Mordka,Irwin,'A Comparison of a Research and Development Laboratory's Organization Structures',IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,Vol. EM-14,No.4,December,1967,pp.170-176
[123] Mowery,D.C.,J.E.Oxley and B.S.Silverman(1996) ,Strategic alliances and interfirm knowledge transfer,SMJ,Winter Special Issue,17,pp77~92．
[124] Nadlar,D.A.,M.S.Gerstein and R.B.Shaw,Organizational Architecture: Design for Changing Organizations,San Francisco: Jossey-Bass,1992
[125] Nagarajan ,A.and W.Mitchell(1998) ,Evolutionary diffusion: Internal and external methods used to acquire encompassing ,complementary,and incremental technological changes in the Lithotripsy industry,SMJ,19:1063-1077．
[126] Nelson,R.and Winter,S.(1977) ,In search of a Useful Theory of Innovation, Research Policy,Vol.6,pp.36-76．
[127] Nelson,R.and Winter,S.(1982) .An evolutionary theory of Economic change, Harvard University Press,Cambridge,MA.
[128] Nonaka (1995) ,The knowledge-creation company,Oxford University Press,New York.
[129] Osterlund,J.,'Competence Management by Informatics in R&D: The Corporate Level',IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,Vol.44,No.2,May,1997, pp.135-145
[130] Paolillo,J.G.and Brown,W.B.,'How Organizational Factors Affect R&D Innovation',Research Management,Vol.21,No.2,March,1978,pp.12-15
[131] Parahald,C.K.and G.Hamel(1990) ,"The Core Competence of the corporation", Research-Technology Management,Vol.36,No.6,November-Dcember,PP.40-48．
[132] Parker,Glenn M.,'Cross-Functional Teams: Working with Allies,Enemies and Other Strangers',San Francisco,CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers,1994
[133] Parker,R.C.,'Human Aspects of R&D Organization',R&D Management,Vol.7, No.3,June,1977,pp.167-172
[134] Parnaby,J.,'Designing Effective Organizations',International Journal of Technology Management,Vol.6,Nos.1/2,1991,pp.15-32
[135] Patel,Pari,and Keith Pavitt (1997) ,'The technological competencies of the world's largest firms: complex and path-dependent,but not much variety', Research Policy 26:141-156
[136] Paul S.Adler and Aaron Sbenbar(1990) ,"Adapting Your Technological Base: The Organizational Challenge",Sloan Management Review,Vol.25．
[137] Pavitt,K.(1984) ,Sectoral Patterns of Technical Change: Towards a Taxonomy and a theory,Research Policy,Vol.13,pp.343-74．
[138] Pearson,A.W.,Green,Timothy and Ball,D.F.,'A Model for Studying Organizational Effects of an Increase in the Size of R&D Projects',IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,Vol.EM-26,No.1,February,1979,pp. 14-21
[139] Pelled,Lisa H.and Adler,Paul S.,'Antecedents of Intergroup Conflict in Multifunctional Product Development Teams: A Conceptual Model',IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,Vol.41,No.1,February,1994,pp. 21-28
[140] Penrose.E.(1959) .The Theory of the Growth of the firm.Basil Blackwell. London.
[141] Peter F.Drucker,Management Challenges for the 21st Century,Butterworth Heinemann,1999
[142] Porter,M.E(1980) ,Competitive Strategy,New York:Free Press,1980．
[143] Porter,M.E.Competitive Advantage,The Free Press,1985,pp.170-207．
[144] Porter,M.E.(1987) ,From Competitive Advantage to Competitive strategy, Harvard Business Review,May-June 1987,pp43-59．
[145] Prahalad,C.K.and Hamel,G.(1990) The core competence of the corporation. HBR,May-June.
[146] Prahalad,C.K.and Hamel,G.(1997) 竞争大未来，昆仑出版社，北京。
[147] Prather,Charles W.,'Innovation Teams: Member Interactions',R&D Innovator, Vol.4,No.1,January,1995,pp.9-10
[148] Quinn,J.B.,Outsoursing Innovation: The New Engine of Growth.SMR,Summer 2000
[149] Rao,P.M.,'Financial Planning Issues Concerning Funding,Pricing and Organization of Corporate R&D Activity: A Case Study',R&D Management,Vol.20, No.4,October,1990,pp.329-335
[150] Roberts,E.B.,'Stimulating Technological Innovation-Organizational Approaches',Research Management,Vol.22,No.6,November,1979,pp.26-30
[151] Roberts,E.B.,'The Problem of Aging Organizations',in The Science of Managing Organized Technology,M.J.Cetron and J.D.Goldhar,eds.,New York: Gordon and Breach,1970,pp.1557-1568
[152] Robertson,Paul L.and Langlois,Richard N.,'Innovation,Networks,and Vertical Integration',Research Policy,Vol.24,No.4,July,1995,pp.543-562
[153] Rosenberg,N(1982) ,Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics. Cambridge University Press.
[154] Rothwell,R.and Whiston,T.G.,'Design,Innovation and Corporate Integration',R&D Management,Vol.20,No.3,July,1990,pp.193-201
[155] Roussell,P.,Saad,K.And Erickson,T.(1991) ,Third Generration R&D:Managing the Link to corporate strategy,HBS for AD Little.
[156] Royse,M.A.,'Dysfunctional Organization of Research and Development Departments',Rubber World,Vol.166,September,1972,pp.75-76
[157] Rubenstein,A.H.,'Organizational Factors Affecting Research and Development Decision-Making in Large Decentralized Companies',Management Science,Vol.10,No.4,July,1964,pp.618-633
[158] Saleh.S.D and Wang.C.K(1993) ,"The Management of Innovation: Strategy, Structure and Organizational Climate",IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,Vol.40,No.1
[159] Sanchez,R.,A.Heene and H.Thomas (eds.)(1996) ,Dynamics of Competence-based Competition: Theory and Practice in the New Strategic Management.Pergamon,Oxford.
[160] Schumpeter,J.A.(1934) .Theory of economic development.Harvard University Press,Cambridge,MA.
[161] Senge,P.M.,第五项修炼，上海三联书店,PP35~90．
[162] Shapiro.C.(1989) ,The theory of business strategy ,Rand Journal Economics ,20(1) .pp.125-137
[163] Shenas,D.G.and Derahhshan,S.,'Technological Interdependence and Company Organization: The Case of Simultaneous Engineering in the Car Industry', International Journal of Vehicle Design,Vol.13,Nos.5/6,1992,pp.533-541
[164] Shepard,H.A.,'Patterns of Organization for Applied Research and Development',Journal of Business,Vol.29,No.1,January,1956,pp.52-58
[165] Singh,K.and Mitchell(1996) .Precarious collaboration: business survival after partners shut down or form new partnerships,SMJ,Summer special issue,17, pp.95-115
[166] Song,X.Michael,Montoya-Weiss,Mitzi M.and Schmidt,Jeffrey B., 'Antecedents and Consequences of Cross-Functional Cooperation: A Comparison of R&D,Manufacturing,and Marketing Perspectives',Journal of Product Innovation Management,Vol.14,No.1,January,1997,pp.35-47．
[167] Spender J.C.(1996) ,Making Knowledge the basis of a Dynamic Theory of the firm,Strategic Management Journal,Vol.17(Winter Special Issue),45-62．
[168] Strebel,Paul,'Organizing for Innovation Over an Industry Cycle',Strategic Management Journal,Vol.8,No.2,March-April,1987,pp.117-124
[169] Teece,D.J.Pisano,G.and Shuen,A.(1997) Dynamic Capabilities ,SMJ.Vol.18:7,509-533．
[170] Teece,D.J.Pisano,G.and Shuen,A.(1997) Dynamic Capabilities,SMJ.Vol.18:7, 509-533．
[171] Teece. D.J(1984).Economic analysis and strategic management, California Management Review, 26(3),pp. 87-110.
[172] Teece. D.J(1988).Technological change and nature of firm, In G. Dosi(eds):Technical change and economic theory. Pinter Publisher s, New York, pp256-281.
[173] Thomas Durand (1997), "Strategizing foe Innovation:Competence Analysis in Assessing Strategic Change", Competence-Based Strategic Management, John Wiley&Sons Ltd.
[174] Tidd, J., Bessant, J., Pavitt, K. (1997) Managing Innovation, John Wiley & Sons.
[175] Tidd, J. From Knowledge management to strategic competence, pp3-25, Imperial Collage Press.
[176] Tushman, M.L.,and P. Anderson. "Technological discontinuities and organizational environments." Administrative Science Quarterly 31:439-65,1986.
[177] Tushman, M.L. and O'Reilly, A. C., Winning through Innovation, Harvard Business School Press, 1996.
[178] Twiss, B. (1980) The Management of Technological Innovation, Longman,Harlow.
[179] Tyler, B.B. and Steensma, H.K(1995) Evaluating technological collaborative opportunitics: a cognitive modeling perstective, SMJ, 16,43-70.
[180] UNESCAP(1989), An Overview of the framework for technology-based development.
[181] Veugelers, R., Internal R&D expenditures and external technology sourcing, Research Policy, 26(1997),303-315.
[182] Walker, G., B. Kogut, and W. Shan(1997),Social Capital, Structural holes and the formation an industrial network. (C) Organization Science,8, pp. 109-125.
[183] Wernerfelt, B. (1984).A resource-based view of the firm, SMJ. 5(2),pp171-180.
[184] Williamson, O.E. (1985).The economic Institutions of capitalism. New York:Free Press, 1985.
[185] Williamson, O.E. (1991).Strategizing, economizing, and economic organization. SMJ. Winter Special Issue, 12. pp75-94
[186] 丸山伸朗(1992)，中国工业化与产业技术进步，中国人民大学出版社，P93。
[187] 王毅，以能力为基础的战略管理，浙江大学博士论文，2000，7
[188] 史东辉，后起国工业化引论，上海财经大学出版社，1999，65-78。
[189] 叶明(1995)，“中国大中型企业科技队伍创新能力研究”， 科研管理，Vol．16，No．1，PP．8-14。
[190] 许庆瑞，王伟强，小企业特质及创新行为研究，科技管理研究，1992年，第五期。
[191] 许庆瑞，陈劲，中国企业的技术创新与技术管理展望，管理工程学报，1997，增刊
[192] 许庆瑞，研究、发展与技术创新管理，北京：高等教育出版社，2000。
[193] 吴晓波，二次创新的进化过程，科研管理，1995(2)：27-35。
[194] 张纲、郭斌(1997)，“技术、技术资源与技术能力”，自然辩证法通讯，No．5，PP．37-43。
[195] 张明玉，技术跨越战略与企业跨越式发展，中国软科学，1999，12。
[196] 张维迎，博弈论与信息经济学，上海三联书店，1996。
[197] 陈劲(1994)，“从技术引进到自主创新的学习模式”，科研管理，Vol．15，No．2。
[198] 陈劲，2000年，国家技术发展系统初探，科学出版社，北京。
[199] 许庆瑞，魏江，企业技术创新机制的概念、内容及模式，《科学学与科学技术管理》，天津，1994。
[200] 陈劲，浙江省大型企业技术创新高标定位分析，，科研管理，1998，2。
[201] 周传典，王治国，从技术引进走向技术创新，北京师范大学出版社，北京，1998。
[202] 周贵荣(1989)，“增强大中型企业的技术开发能力”，科学学与科学技术管理，Vol．10，No．11，PP．1。
[203] 周景勤(1996)，“企业的技术竞争及其发展趋势”，中国工业经济，No．10，PP．85-90。
[204] 郑友敬，技术进步与产业发展，社会科学文献出版社，北京，1995，66~68。
[205] 姬旭升，长虹告诉中国，中国青年出版社，北京，1998年，8~98。
[206] 郭斌，《基于核心能力的企业组合创新理论与实证研究》浙江大学博士学位论文，1998。
[207] 郭斌，许庆瑞，魏江，组织技术能力的研究框架，科学学研究，1996(2)
[208] 龚益(1993)，区域技术进步的不均等性测度，数量经济、技术经济研究，第3期
[209] 潘惠，《企业技术能力提高的机制与途径》，浙江大学硕士学位论文，2000，3。
[210] 魏江，《企业技术能力：增长过程、机理与模式》，浙江大学博士学位论文，1997年6月。
[2] Andrea Prencipe(1997) ,"Technological competencies and product's evolutionary dynamics: a case study from the aero-engine industry",Research Policy 25, 1261-1276．
[3] Andreu R.,and C.Ciborra(1994) ,"Core Capabilities and Information Technology. An Organizational Learning Approach".
[4] Andrews,R.R ,The concept of corporate strategy ,Burr Ridge ,IL.:Dow-Jones ,Irwin,1971．
[5] Armour,H.0． and Teece,D.J.,'Vertical Integration and Technological Innovation',The Review of Economics and Statistics,Vol.62,No.3,August, 1980,pp.470-474
[6] Ashok V.Desai ,"Achievements and limitations of Indian's technological capability",Technological capability in The Third World,Editted by M.Fransman and K.King,1984,PP.244-262．
[7] Axelrod,R.,The Evolution of Cooperation,Arts& Licensing International. Inc.,1984．
[8] Bahrami,Homa,'The Emerging Flexible Organization: Perspectives from Silicon Valley',California Management Review,Vol.34,No.4,Summer,1992,pp.33-52
[9] Baker,Merl,'Contemporary Views of Management of Technology and Organizational Implications',Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Management of Technology,Miami,Florida,September 17-21,1992,Norcross,GA: Industrial Engineering and Management Press,Vol.1,pp.627-637
[10] Barbara Carlsson,Peter Keane,J.Bruce Martin(1976) ,"Learning and Problem Solving: R&D Organizations as Learning Systems",Sloan Management Review, Spring
[11] Barczak,Gloria,'New Product Strategy,Structure,Process,and Performance in the Telecommunications Industry',Journal of Product Innovation Management,Vol. 12,No.3,June,1995,pp.224-234
[12] Barlow,E.J.,'The Optimum Balance Between Program Organizations and Functional Organizations to Promote Technology Transfer',IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,Vol.EM-16,No.3,August,1969,pp.116-121
[13] Beinhocker,E.D(1997) .,Strategy at the edge of chaos,Mckinsey Quarterly,Number 1,1997．
[14] Beinhocker,E.D(1997) .,Strategy at the edge of chaos,Mckinsey Quarterly,Number 1,1997．
[15] Besanko,D.,D.Dranove,M.Shanley,Economics of Strategy,John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,1996
[16] Beverly C.Winterscheid (1994) ,"Building Capability from Within: the Insiders' View of core competence",Competence-based Competition,Edited by G.Hamel and A.Heene,John Wiley&Sons Ltd.,265-291．
[17] Bleeke,J.And Ernst,D.(1993) ,Collaborating to Compete,John Wiley & Sons, New York.
[18] Bowonder,B.,R&D Spending Patterns of Global Firms,Research and Technology Management,September-October,2000．
[19] Boynton,A.C.and Victor,Bart,'Beyond Flexibility: Building and Managing the Dynamically Stable Organization',California Management Review,Vol.34,No. 1,Fall,1991,pp.53-66
[20] Brand,Michael and Van Maanen,John,'Individuals,Groups,and Technological Innovation',ChemTech,Vol.13,No.9,September,1983,pp.528-533
[21] Brown,P.and Shepard,C.,'Factionalism and Organizational Change in a Research Laboratory',Social Problems,Vol.34,April,1956,pp.235-243
[22] Buchsbaum,S.J.,'Managing Creativity-For Fun and Profit',International Journal of Technology Management,Vol.1,Nos.1/2,1986,pp.51-64
[23] Burgelman(1983) ,R.A.,A Model of the Interaction of Strategic Behavior, Corporate Context,and the concept of Strategy,Academy of Management Review 8(1983) ,pp61-70．
[24] Burt,R.(1992) ,Structure Holes: The Social Structure of Competition.(M) Harvard University Press,Cambridge,MA.
[25] Burgelman,R.A(1996) ,Strategic Management of Technology and Innovation, McGraw-Hill,1996 .pp.1-50．
[26] Carlsson,B.,andP.Keane,J.Bruce Mart in (1976) ,"Learning and Problem Solving: R&D Organizations as Learning Systems",Sloan Management Review,Spring
[27] Casson,M.and Singh,S.,'Corporate Research and Development Strategies: The Influence of Firm,Industry and Country Factors on the Decentralization of R&D', R&D Management,Vol.23,No.2,April,1993,pp.91-107
[28] Chandler,A.,'Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of Industry Enterprise',Journal of Economic Perspectives,Vol.6,1992,pp.44-93
[29] Chandler,A.D,Strategy and Structure,Cambrage,MA:MIT Press,1962
[30] Chatterji,B.(1997) ."Accessing External Source of Technology",IEEE Engineering Management Review,Summer,80-89．
[31] Cheng,J.L.C.,'Interdependence and Coordination in Organizations: A Role-System Analysis',Academy of Management Journal,Vol.26,No.1,March, 1983,pp.156-162
[32] Chipp,R.D.,'Engineering Organization for a Large Air Force Communication System',IRE Transactions on Engineering Management,Vol.EM-8,No.2,June, 1961,pp.86-92
[33] Clark,K.B.and Wheelwright,S.C.,'Organizing and Leading "Heavyweight' Development Teams',California Management Review,Vol.34,No.3,Spring,1992, pp.9-28
[34] Cleland,David I.,'Strategic Management of Teams',New York: Wiley,1996
[35] Cohen,W.M.,and Levinthal,D.A.,(1990) ,Absorptive capability: a new perspective on learning and innovation,Administrative science Q.35,128-152．
[36] Coleman,J.(1990) ,Foundations of Social Theory.(M) Harvard University Press,Cambridge,MA.
[37] Collier,D.W.,'An Innovation System for the Larger Company',Research Management,Vol.13,No.5,September,1970,pp.341-349
[38] Collis,D.J.and Montgomery,C.A.(1998) .Corporate Strategy,Mcgraw-Hill Companies,Inc.auge.
[39] Conrath,D.W.,'The Role of the Informal Organization in Decision Making on Research and Development',IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,Vol. EM-15,No.3,September,1968,pp.109-119
[40] Coombs,Rod.(1996) ."Core competence and the strategic management of R&D",R&D Management,Vol.26,No.4,October,PP.345-357．
[41] Coombs,R.and Richards,A.(1992) ,Strategic Control Of Technology in Diversified Companies with De-Centralised R&D,Manchester School Management, UMIST,Working Paper ,9215．
[42] Crow,M.M.and Bozeman,B.L.,'Bureaucratization in the Laboratory', Research-Technology Management,Vol.32,No.5,September-October,1989,pp. 30-31
[43] Cyert,Richard M.and Kumar,Praveen,'Technology Management and the Future', IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,Vol.41,No.4,November,1994, pp.333-334
[44] Dailey,R.and Morgan,C.,'Contextual Correlates of R&D Team Collaborative Problem Solving',Management International Review,Vol.19,No.2,1979,pp. 77-83
[45] Dailey,R.C.,'The Role of Team and Team Characteristics in R&D Team Collaborative Problem Solving and Productivity',Management Science,Vol.24, No.15,November,1978,pp.1579-1588
[46] Debresson,C.,Networks of innovators: A review and introduction to the issue, Research Policy,20(1991) :363-379．
[47] Dixon,J.Robb,Arnold,Peter,Heineke,Janelle,Kim,Jay S.and Mulligan,Paul, 'Business Process Reengineering: Improving in New Strategic Directions', California Management Review,Vol.36,No.4,Summer,1994,pp.93-108
[48] Dosi,Freeman,陈平译，技术进步与经济理论,经济科学出版社，1988。
[49] Doz,Yves,Angelmar,Reinhard and Prahalad,C.K.,'Technological Innovation and Interdependence: A Challenge for the Large,Complex Firms',Technology In Society,Vol.7,Nos.2/3,1985,pp.105-125
[50] Drews,Jurgen,'Research in the Pharaceutical Industry',European Management Journal,Vol.7,No.1,March,1989,pp.23-30
[51] Duarte,Deborah and Snyder,Nancy,'Facilitating Global Organizational Learning in Product Development at Whirlpool Corporation',Journal of Product Innovation Management,Vol.14,No.1,January,1997,pp.48-55
[52] Dyer,J.And K.Nobeoka (2000) ,Creating and Managing a high performance Knowledge sharing Network: The of Toyota,(C) SMJ,Special Issue,21,pp345-367．
[53] Elmes,Michael and Wilemon,David,'A Field Study of Intergroup Integration in Technology-Based Organizations',Journal of Engineering and Technology Management,Vol.7,Nos.3/4,March,1991,pp.229-250
[54] Eto,Hajime,'Classification of R&D Organizational Structures in Relation to
Strategies',IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,Vol.38,No.2,May, 1991,pp.146-156
[55] Evan,W.M.,'Conflict and Performance in R&D Organizations: Some Preliminary Findings',in Research Program Effectiveness,M.C.Yovits,et al,eds.,NewYork: Gordon and Breach,1966,pp.471-493
[56] Farris,G.F.,'Organizational Factors and Individual Performance',Journal of Applied Psychology,Vol.53,No.2,April,1969,pp.87-92
[57] Ford,J.D.and Slocum,J.W.,'Size,Technology,Environment and the Structure of Organizations',Academy of Management Review,Vol.2,No.4,October,1977, pp.561-573．
[58] Fransman M.And K.King,(1984) ,Technological Capability In the Third World.
[59] Freeman ,C.,Networks of innovators: A synthesis of research issues,Research Policy,20(1991) :499-513．
[60] Freeman,C.(1974) ,The Economics of Industrial Innovation,PenGuin, Harmondsworth.
[61] Granstrand,0． Toward a theory of the technology-based firm,Research Policy,vol 27:465-489,1998． .
[62] Grant R.M.(1996) ,Toward a Knowledge-based Theory of the Firm,Strategic Management Journal,Vol.17(Winter Special Issue),109-122．
[63] Garnsey,Elizabeth and Wright,S.M.,'Technical Innovation and Organizational Opportunity',International Journal of Technology Management,Vol.5,No.3, 1990,pp.267-291
[64] Garud,R.and Nayyar,R.R.(1994) ,Transformative capacity: continual structuring by intertemporal technology transfer,SMJ,Vol.15:365-385．
[65] Gerschenkron,A.Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective,the belknap Press of University Press,1979,25-26．
[66] Ghemawat,P(1986) ,Sustainable advantage,Harvard Business Review,64(5) , pp.53-58．
[67] Ghemawat,P(1991) ,Commitment: The Dynamic of Strategy,New York:Free Press.
[68] Gilman,J.J.,'Inventions and Corporate Size',Physics Today,Vol.33,No.10, October,1980,pp.9,11
[69] Goold,M.And Campbell,A.(1987) ,Strategies and Styles,Blackwell,Oxford.
[70] Gulati,R.(1998) ,Alliances and networks,(C) Strategic Management Journal, 19(4) ,pp.293-318．
[71] Haberstroh,C.J.,Baring,J.A.and Mudgett,W.C.,'Organizing for Product Innovation',IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,Vol.EM-15,No.1, March,1968,pp.20-27
[72] Hamel,G.(1991) ,Competition for competence and Interpartner Learning within international strategic alliances,SMJ,Summer Special Issue,12,pp.83-103．
[73] Hamel,G.(1998) .Opinion Strategy Innovation,Sloan MR.Winter pp7-13．
[74] Hart,P.,S.and Ramanantsoa,B.(1992) ,Strategic Technology Management,Wiley, Chichester.
[75] Haug,Peter,'The Location Decisions and Operations of High Technology Organizations in Washington State',Regional Studies,Vol.25,No.6,December,
1991,pp.525-541
[76] Henderson,Rebecca,and Iain Cockburn (1994) ,'Measuring competence? Exploring firm Oeff ects in pharmaceutical research',Strategic Management Journal,Vol.15, Winter Special Issue,pp.63-84．
[77] Henderson,R.M and Clark(1990) ,Architectural innovation,Administrative Science Quarterly,35,pp.9-30．
[78] Hitt,Michael A.,Hoskisson,Robert E.and Nixon,Robert D.,'A Mid-range Theory of Interfunctional Integration,its Antecedents and Outcomes',Journal of Engineering and Technology Management,Vol.10,Nos.1/2,June,1993,pp. 161-185
[79] Hout,Thomas M.,'Time-Based Competition Is Not Enough',Research-Technology Management,Vol.39,No.4,July-August,1996,pp.15-17
[80] Howells,Jeremy,'The Location and Organisation of Research and Development: New Horizons',Research Policy,Vol.19,No.2,April,1990,pp.133-146
[81] Hull,Frank and Hage,Jerald,'Organizing for Innovation: Beyond Burns and Stalker's Organic Type',Sociology,Vol.16,No.4,1982,pp.564-577
[82] Hull,Frank M.,Collins,Paul D.and Liker,Jeffrey K.,'Composite Forms of Organization as a Strategy for Concurrent Engineering Effectiveness',IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,Vol.43,No.2,May,1996,pp.133-142
[83] Ichak Adizes,'Organizational Passages: Diagnosing and Treating Life Cycle Problems of Organizations',Organizational Dynamics,Summer,1979,pp.2-25
[84] Jabri,M.M.,'Development and Use of Organisational Climate Mapping in Research and Development Teams',R&D Management,Vol.16,No.1,January,1986,pp.37-43
[85] John,F.A.,'How Experienced Product Innovators Organize',Journal of Product Innovation Management,Vol.1,No.4,December,1984,pp.210-223
[86] Jonash,R.S.,Strategic Technology Leveraging: Making Outsourcing work for you, IEEE EMR,Summer,1997,90-96．
[87] Jones,R.E.,'Research Administration: Its Relative Size in the Organization', Journal of the Society of Research Administrators,Vol.5,No.4,Spring,1974, pp.17-25
[88] Justman,M.And M.Teubal (1995) ."Technological capabilities and building markets",Research Policy,Vol.24,No.2,March,PP.159-183．
[89] Keller,R.T.,'Predictors of the Performance of Project Groups in R&D Organizations',Academy of Management Journal,Vol.29,No.4,1986,pp.715-726
[90] Kernaghan,J.A.and Cooke,R.A.,'Teamwork in Planning Innovative Projects: Improving Group Performance by Rational and Interpersonal Interventions in Group Process',IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,Vol.37,No.2, May,1990,pp.109-116
[91] Kesler,Mark,Diana Klostad,and W.E.Clark(1993) ,'Third Generation R&D: The Key to leveraging Core Competence',The Columbia Journal of World Business,Fall 1993．
[92] Khanna,T.,R.Gulati and N.Nohria (1998) ,The dynamics of learning alliance, SMJ,19(3) ,pp.193-210．
[93] Kiely,Tom,'Innovation Congregations',Technology Review,April,1994,pp. 56-60
[94] Kim,L (1997) .Imitation to Innovation: The Dynamics of Korea' Technological Learning.
[95] Klein,Jeremy,David Gee,and Howard Jones (1998) ,'Analysing clusters of skills in R&D----core competencies,metaphors,visualization,and the role of IT',R&D Management,Vol.28,No.1,pp.37-42．
[96] Knight,K.E.,'Some General Organizational Factors that Influence Innovative Behavior',IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,Vol.EM-12,No.1,March, 1965,pp.2-8
[97] Lane,P.J.and Lubatkin,M.(1998) ,Relative absorptive capacity and international learning,SMJ,Vol.19:461-477．
[98] Langowitz,N.S.and Graves,S.B.,'Innovative Productivity in Pharmaceutical Firms',Research-Technology Management,Vol.35,No.2,March-April,1992,pp. 39-41
[99] Larson,R.W.and Steele,L.W.,'A Study of Scientific Research in the Operating Components of a Large Decentralized Manufacturing Company',IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,Vol.EM-11,No.3,September,1964,pp.94-99
[100] Leonard,Ronald K.,Wismer,Robert D.and Bosserman,Steve,'Building an Integrated Engineering Organization',Research-Technology Management,Vol.37, No.6,November-December,1994,pp.14-20
[101] Leonard-Barton (1995) ,Wellspring of Knowledge: Building and sustaining the sources of innovation,Harvard Business School Press,Boston,Mass.
[102] Leonard-Barton,Core Capability and Core Rigidities,Strategy Management Journal 13(Summer 1992) ,pp111-26．
[103] Link,A.N.and Zmud,R.W.,'Organizational Structure and R&D Efficiency', R&D Management,Vol.16,No.4,October,1986,pp.317-323
[104] Lovland,Paul,'Discussion on Principles of Organizing Applied Research and Development',Research Policy,Vol.2,No.4,January,1974,pp.322-334
[105] Maccoby,Michael,'Personal Change in the Information Age',Research-Technology Management,Vol.37,No.3,May-June,1994,pp.56-58
[106] Madhok,A.,'Value and Foreign Market Entry Mode: The Transaction and the Firm',Strategic Management Journal,January,1997,pp.67-81
[107] Malecki,E.J.,'Corporate Organization of R and D and the Location of Technological Activities',Regional Studies,Vol.14,No.3,1980,pp.219-234
[108] Manners,Jr.,G.E.and Barth,R.T.,'Organizational Climate Factors and the Evaluation of Technical Ideas',R&D Management,Vol.8,No.3,June,1978,pp. 191-194
[109] Mansfield E,Schwartz M and Wagner S.Imitation costs and patents: An empirical study,The Economic Journal,Dec,1981．
[110] Mansfield E,刘焕亮编译，日美工业企业创新的速度和成本--外部技术与内部技术，中外管理导报，1990年6月。
[111] Mansfield,Edwin and Wagner,Samuel,'Organizational and Strategic Factors Associated with Probabilities of Success in Industrial R&D',Journal of Business,
Vol.48,No.2,April,1975,pp.179-198
[112] Marquis,D.G.and Straight Jr.,D.M.,'Organizational Factors in Project Performance',in Research Program Effectiveness,M.C.Yovits,et al,eds.,New York: Gordon and Breach,1966,pp.441-458
[113] Martin Bell,"Learning and the Accumulation of Work and Indigenous Technological capability in The Third World",Editted by M.Fransman and K.King, 1984,PP.187-221．
[114] MCEVILY.B.And ZAHEER,A.(1999) ,Bridging Ties: A source of firm Heterogeneity In competitive capabilities,(C) SMJ 20: 1133-1156．
[115] Meyer,Marc H.,Alvin P.Lehnerd,The Power of Product Platforms: Building Value and Cost Leadership,New York: The Free Press,1997．
[116] Meyer,Marc H.,and James M.Utterback (1993) ,'The product family and the dynamics of core capability',Sloan Management Review,Spring 1993,pp.29-47．
[117] Meyers,P.W.Non-Linear Learning in Large Technological Firm: Period four Implies Chaos,Resarch Policy,1990,Vol.19:97-115．
[118] Mintzberg,H.,Mintzberg on Management,New York: Free Press,1989
[119] Mintzberg,H.(1987) ,Crafting strategy,HBR.64(4) ,pp66-75．
[120] Mintzberg,H.and Water,J.A.(1985) .Of strategies deliberate and emergent, SMJ,6(3) ,pp257-272．
[121] Mitchell,G.And Hamilton,W.(1988) Managing R&D as a strategic opetion, Research-Technology management,31,15-22．
[122] Mordka,Irwin,'A Comparison of a Research and Development Laboratory's Organization Structures',IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,Vol. EM-14,No.4,December,1967,pp.170-176
[123] Mowery,D.C.,J.E.Oxley and B.S.Silverman(1996) ,Strategic alliances and interfirm knowledge transfer,SMJ,Winter Special Issue,17,pp77~92．
[124] Nadlar,D.A.,M.S.Gerstein and R.B.Shaw,Organizational Architecture: Design for Changing Organizations,San Francisco: Jossey-Bass,1992
[125] Nagarajan ,A.and W.Mitchell(1998) ,Evolutionary diffusion: Internal and external methods used to acquire encompassing ,complementary,and incremental technological changes in the Lithotripsy industry,SMJ,19:1063-1077．
[126] Nelson,R.and Winter,S.(1977) ,In search of a Useful Theory of Innovation, Research Policy,Vol.6,pp.36-76．
[127] Nelson,R.and Winter,S.(1982) .An evolutionary theory of Economic change, Harvard University Press,Cambridge,MA.
[128] Nonaka (1995) ,The knowledge-creation company,Oxford University Press,New York.
[129] Osterlund,J.,'Competence Management by Informatics in R&D: The Corporate Level',IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,Vol.44,No.2,May,1997, pp.135-145
[130] Paolillo,J.G.and Brown,W.B.,'How Organizational Factors Affect R&D Innovation',Research Management,Vol.21,No.2,March,1978,pp.12-15
[131] Parahald,C.K.and G.Hamel(1990) ,"The Core Competence of the corporation", Research-Technology Management,Vol.36,No.6,November-Dcember,PP.40-48．
[132] Parker,Glenn M.,'Cross-Functional Teams: Working with Allies,Enemies and Other Strangers',San Francisco,CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers,1994
[133] Parker,R.C.,'Human Aspects of R&D Organization',R&D Management,Vol.7, No.3,June,1977,pp.167-172
[134] Parnaby,J.,'Designing Effective Organizations',International Journal of Technology Management,Vol.6,Nos.1/2,1991,pp.15-32
[135] Patel,Pari,and Keith Pavitt (1997) ,'The technological competencies of the world's largest firms: complex and path-dependent,but not much variety', Research Policy 26:141-156
[136] Paul S.Adler and Aaron Sbenbar(1990) ,"Adapting Your Technological Base: The Organizational Challenge",Sloan Management Review,Vol.25．
[137] Pavitt,K.(1984) ,Sectoral Patterns of Technical Change: Towards a Taxonomy and a theory,Research Policy,Vol.13,pp.343-74．
[138] Pearson,A.W.,Green,Timothy and Ball,D.F.,'A Model for Studying Organizational Effects of an Increase in the Size of R&D Projects',IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,Vol.EM-26,No.1,February,1979,pp. 14-21
[139] Pelled,Lisa H.and Adler,Paul S.,'Antecedents of Intergroup Conflict in Multifunctional Product Development Teams: A Conceptual Model',IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,Vol.41,No.1,February,1994,pp. 21-28
[140] Penrose.E.(1959) .The Theory of the Growth of the firm.Basil Blackwell. London.
[141] Peter F.Drucker,Management Challenges for the 21st Century,Butterworth Heinemann,1999
[142] Porter,M.E(1980) ,Competitive Strategy,New York:Free Press,1980．
[143] Porter,M.E.Competitive Advantage,The Free Press,1985,pp.170-207．
[144] Porter,M.E.(1987) ,From Competitive Advantage to Competitive strategy, Harvard Business Review,May-June 1987,pp43-59．
[145] Prahalad,C.K.and Hamel,G.(1990) The core competence of the corporation. HBR,May-June.
[146] Prahalad,C.K.and Hamel,G.(1997) 竞争大未来，昆仑出版社，北京。
[147] Prather,Charles W.,'Innovation Teams: Member Interactions',R&D Innovator, Vol.4,No.1,January,1995,pp.9-10
[148] Quinn,J.B.,Outsoursing Innovation: The New Engine of Growth.SMR,Summer 2000
[149] Rao,P.M.,'Financial Planning Issues Concerning Funding,Pricing and Organization of Corporate R&D Activity: A Case Study',R&D Management,Vol.20, No.4,October,1990,pp.329-335
[150] Roberts,E.B.,'Stimulating Technological Innovation-Organizational Approaches',Research Management,Vol.22,No.6,November,1979,pp.26-30
[151] Roberts,E.B.,'The Problem of Aging Organizations',in The Science of Managing Organized Technology,M.J.Cetron and J.D.Goldhar,eds.,New York: Gordon and Breach,1970,pp.1557-1568
[152] Robertson,Paul L.and Langlois,Richard N.,'Innovation,Networks,and Vertical Integration',Research Policy,Vol.24,No.4,July,1995,pp.543-562
[153] Rosenberg,N(1982) ,Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics. Cambridge University Press.
[154] Rothwell,R.and Whiston,T.G.,'Design,Innovation and Corporate Integration',R&D Management,Vol.20,No.3,July,1990,pp.193-201
[155] Roussell,P.,Saad,K.And Erickson,T.(1991) ,Third Generration R&D:Managing the Link to corporate strategy,HBS for AD Little.
[156] Royse,M.A.,'Dysfunctional Organization of Research and Development Departments',Rubber World,Vol.166,September,1972,pp.75-76
[157] Rubenstein,A.H.,'Organizational Factors Affecting Research and Development Decision-Making in Large Decentralized Companies',Management Science,Vol.10,No.4,July,1964,pp.618-633
[158] Saleh.S.D and Wang.C.K(1993) ,"The Management of Innovation: Strategy, Structure and Organizational Climate",IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,Vol.40,No.1
[159] Sanchez,R.,A.Heene and H.Thomas (eds.)(1996) ,Dynamics of Competence-based Competition: Theory and Practice in the New Strategic Management.Pergamon,Oxford.
[160] Schumpeter,J.A.(1934) .Theory of economic development.Harvard University Press,Cambridge,MA.
[161] Senge,P.M.,第五项修炼，上海三联书店,PP35~90．
[162] Shapiro.C.(1989) ,The theory of business strategy ,Rand Journal Economics ,20(1) .pp.125-137
[163] Shenas,D.G.and Derahhshan,S.,'Technological Interdependence and Company Organization: The Case of Simultaneous Engineering in the Car Industry', International Journal of Vehicle Design,Vol.13,Nos.5/6,1992,pp.533-541
[164] Shepard,H.A.,'Patterns of Organization for Applied Research and Development',Journal of Business,Vol.29,No.1,January,1956,pp.52-58
[165] Singh,K.and Mitchell(1996) .Precarious collaboration: business survival after partners shut down or form new partnerships,SMJ,Summer special issue,17, pp.95-115
[166] Song,X.Michael,Montoya-Weiss,Mitzi M.and Schmidt,Jeffrey B., 'Antecedents and Consequences of Cross-Functional Cooperation: A Comparison of R&D,Manufacturing,and Marketing Perspectives',Journal of Product Innovation Management,Vol.14,No.1,January,1997,pp.35-47．
[167] Spender J.C.(1996) ,Making Knowledge the basis of a Dynamic Theory of the firm,Strategic Management Journal,Vol.17(Winter Special Issue),45-62．
[168] Strebel,Paul,'Organizing for Innovation Over an Industry Cycle',Strategic Management Journal,Vol.8,No.2,March-April,1987,pp.117-124
[169] Teece,D.J.Pisano,G.and Shuen,A.(1997) Dynamic Capabilities ,SMJ.Vol.18:7,509-533．
[170] Teece,D.J.Pisano,G.and Shuen,A.(1997) Dynamic Capabilities,SMJ.Vol.18:7, 509-533．
[171] Teece. D.J(1984).Economic analysis and strategic management, California Management Review, 26(3),pp. 87-110.
[172] Teece. D.J(1988).Technological change and nature of firm, In G. Dosi(eds):Technical change and economic theory. Pinter Publisher s, New York, pp256-281.
[173] Thomas Durand (1997), "Strategizing foe Innovation:Competence Analysis in Assessing Strategic Change", Competence-Based Strategic Management, John Wiley&Sons Ltd.
[174] Tidd, J., Bessant, J., Pavitt, K. (1997) Managing Innovation, John Wiley & Sons.
[175] Tidd, J. From Knowledge management to strategic competence, pp3-25, Imperial Collage Press.
[176] Tushman, M.L.,and P. Anderson. "Technological discontinuities and organizational environments." Administrative Science Quarterly 31:439-65,1986.
[177] Tushman, M.L. and O'Reilly, A. C., Winning through Innovation, Harvard Business School Press, 1996.
[178] Twiss, B. (1980) The Management of Technological Innovation, Longman,Harlow.
[179] Tyler, B.B. and Steensma, H.K(1995) Evaluating technological collaborative opportunitics: a cognitive modeling perstective, SMJ, 16,43-70.
[180] UNESCAP(1989), An Overview of the framework for technology-based development.
[181] Veugelers, R., Internal R&D expenditures and external technology sourcing, Research Policy, 26(1997),303-315.
[182] Walker, G., B. Kogut, and W. Shan(1997),Social Capital, Structural holes and the formation an industrial network. (C) Organization Science,8, pp. 109-125.
[183] Wernerfelt, B. (1984).A resource-based view of the firm, SMJ. 5(2),pp171-180.
[184] Williamson, O.E. (1985).The economic Institutions of capitalism. New York:Free Press, 1985.
[185] Williamson, O.E. (1991).Strategizing, economizing, and economic organization. SMJ. Winter Special Issue, 12. pp75-94
[186] 丸山伸朗(1992)，中国工业化与产业技术进步，中国人民大学出版社，P93。
[187] 王毅，以能力为基础的战略管理，浙江大学博士论文，2000，7
[188] 史东辉，后起国工业化引论，上海财经大学出版社，1999，65-78。
[189] 叶明(1995)，“中国大中型企业科技队伍创新能力研究”， 科研管理，Vol．16，No．1，PP．8-14。
[190] 许庆瑞，王伟强，小企业特质及创新行为研究，科技管理研究，1992年，第五期。
[191] 许庆瑞，陈劲，中国企业的技术创新与技术管理展望，管理工程学报，1997，增刊
[192] 许庆瑞，研究、发展与技术创新管理，北京：高等教育出版社，2000。
[193] 吴晓波，二次创新的进化过程，科研管理，1995(2)：27-35。
[194] 张纲、郭斌(1997)，“技术、技术资源与技术能力”，自然辩证法通讯，No．5，PP．37-43。
[195] 张明玉，技术跨越战略与企业跨越式发展，中国软科学，1999，12。
[196] 张维迎，博弈论与信息经济学，上海三联书店，1996。
[197] 陈劲(1994)，“从技术引进到自主创新的学习模式”，科研管理，Vol．15，No．2。
[198] 陈劲，2000年，国家技术发展系统初探，科学出版社，北京。
[199] 许庆瑞，魏江，企业技术创新机制的概念、内容及模式，《科学学与科学技术管理》，天津，1994。
[200] 陈劲，浙江省大型企业技术创新高标定位分析，，科研管理，1998，2。
[201] 周传典，王治国，从技术引进走向技术创新，北京师范大学出版社，北京，1998。
[202] 周贵荣(1989)，“增强大中型企业的技术开发能力”，科学学与科学技术管理，Vol．10，No．11，PP．1。
[203] 周景勤(1996)，“企业的技术竞争及其发展趋势”，中国工业经济，No．10，PP．85-90。
[204] 郑友敬，技术进步与产业发展，社会科学文献出版社，北京，1995，66~68。
[205] 姬旭升，长虹告诉中国，中国青年出版社，北京，1998年，8~98。
[206] 郭斌，《基于核心能力的企业组合创新理论与实证研究》浙江大学博士学位论文，1998。
[207] 郭斌，许庆瑞，魏江，组织技术能力的研究框架，科学学研究，1996(2)
[208] 龚益(1993)，区域技术进步的不均等性测度，数量经济、技术经济研究，第3期
[209] 潘惠，《企业技术能力提高的机制与途径》，浙江大学硕士学位论文，2000，3。
[210] 魏江，《企业技术能力：增长过程、机理与模式》，浙江大学博士学位论文，1997年6月。