基于跨国技术联盟的合作创新机理研究
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摘要
在经济全球化和技术日趋复杂化、交叉化趋势的共同作用下,在高技术产业领域,跨国技术联盟日趋增多、合作创新正在成为主要的创新方式。研发是跨国技术联盟的核心职能之一,也是跨国技术联盟全球竞争优势的主要源泉。企业为了适应世界市场的复杂性,同时为了充分利用世界各国的科技资源,降低产品研发过程中的成本和风险,一改传统以自我为核心的观念,积极组建跨国技术联盟,在全球范围内有组织地安排科研结构,以从事新技术、新产品的合作创新。
论文首先对跨国技术联盟、创新网络、社会资本、组织学习与合作创新的相关文献进行综述,通过探索性案例的研究,在此基础上明确研究要素,并分析要素之间的逻辑关系;对研究要素进行界定,提出要素的度量维度;构建基于跨国技术联盟的合作创新机理概念模型,并提出22条理论假设;对汽车行业和通信行业进行了问卷调研,进行实证研究,检验结果表明22条假设中有15条通过;最后对检验结果进行讨论,进一步明确本文研究理论价值和实践意义。
The development trend of economic globalization makes the relationship among the enterprises change from pure competition to competing and win-win, and with the development of the international technology alliance, cooperation and innovation become a major innovative ways. As a new model to form the technology innovation for enterprises, international technology alliance’s appearance is not due to factors by accident, but the inevitable trend of the development of the social environment such as technological innovation, economic globalization, political integration and so on. International technology alliance is a synthesis of two trends including international innovation in multinational and strategic alliance, and its content more and more focused on the fact of cooperative innovation. The rise of international technology alliance innovation makes the pattern of global competition changed a lot and provides the unprecedented strategic opportunity for the development strategy of enterprise internationalization.
International technology alliance is an organization that multinational corporations work on their innovation resources to integrate, and division of work together to complete Innovations for the common goal of innovation, and also a new technical innovation morphology. Currently, Scholars around the international technology alliance launched a comprehensive study from different perspectives of organizational forms, the causes and nature of resources and competitive advantage, risk control and so on. International technology alliance achieves technological innovation together through innovative resource sharing and mutual complementarity, that is, cooperation and innovation. The perspective of cooperation innovation theories perspective include transaction costs, resources and capacity, industrial organization theory, cluster innovation .
Transnational technology alliance innovation network is a kind of cooperative relationship between enterprise and other organizations established by the enterprise's multinational technical league , and it improves enterprise's innovative effect by the way of sharing and disseminating technological knowledge, information and resources among the members of the organization .International technology alliance innovation network is an economic network, it can be divided into internal and external innovation networks, In the empirical research process, in order to better reflect the integrity of collaborative innovation ,We have considered internal and external innovation networks innovation network as a whole network, and the method of overall network analysis has been used to divide International technology alliance innovation network into the network measure and network quality from two dimensions of degree.
The social capital of international technology alliance is embedded in the alliance network; it will help the alliance obtain the potential ability of social and economic resources. As the concept of embedded, The social capital of international technology alliance can be used for different levels of analysis, including individual , members of the internal, between members and union and so on, and to do the research from the three dimensions of structure capital, cognition capital and relation capital.
International technology alliance organizational learning is a kind of learning that the union carried out as the study subject, it is a process that Union members learn from the union and the member companies to the alliance according to their actual needs. The mechanism, process and content of international technology alliance learning are different form individual learning, group learning and organizational learning. The concept of union is located in the core position, individual learning, group learning and organizational learning are parallel with the same level, overlap among the three levels, the project carries on the study absorption and promotion mutually through international technology alliance.
Based on a global scale, international technology alliance innovation gains and disposes high quality resources in global scale through alliance internal joint mechanism as well as outside alliance aims to break through the alliance enterprises’limits of the existing resources and capabilities, and it can make full use of the advantage of the league of innovation network, and other elements of social capital to expand, strengthen the alliance learning, promoting their own standards. International technology alliance cooperative innovation extends the knowledge sources, information sources and technical sources ,and raise the input level of human, material, financial, technical capacity and other resources so that alliance, and alliance with outside organizations to form a huge network of knowledge transactions, then the enterprise may through the alliance widely use the exterior knowledge, the information and the technology to construct its own innovation structure, dispose the enterprise technological innovation resources effectively, and raise the cooperation innovation efficiency.
Based on the definition and dimension division of international technology alliance innovation network, social capital, organizational learning and collaborative innovation and
According to the results of literature review and exploratory case studies, this article will build conceptual model of collaborative innovation mechanism in international technology alliance foundation, analyze the role of relations between elements of dimensions to reveal the mechanism between the elements, and put forward hypotheses. It will be measured from two degree angle, that is network measurement and network quality, respectively, both with the structure of capital, knowledge capital, relational capital, relations, and make assumptions; In the same angle, the relationship of the two with the organizational learning and cooperative performance will analyzed respectively, and assumptions will be made; From the degree angle of structural capital, cognitive capital and relational capital, this article will analyze the relationship of each of the three with the organizational learning and cooperation and innovation performance respectively and make assumptions; From the organizational learning perspective to analyze the relationship between innovation performance and cooperation, and make assumptions; It will analyze the intermediary role of social capital on the relationship between innovation networks and organizational learning and make assumptions; analyze the intermediary role of organizational learning on the relationship between innovation networks and cooperative performance and make assumptions; analyze the intermediary role of organizational learning on the relationship between social capital and cooperative performance and make assumptions.
According to some familiar indicator of measurement, this study designed the scale and collected data by measuring on network measurement, degree of network quality, structural capital, cognitive capital, relational capital, organizational learning and cooperative innovation performance in dimensions. Using statistic analysis software such as SPSS 13.0 and LISREL 8.70, the author analyzed the data, and discussed the inspection results. The empirical test shows that 15 of the 22 hypothesisses are adopted, and the rest are not. To the hypothesis adopted, this paper discussed its significance. To the hypothesis failed, this paper found the reason with the experience of the Chinese enterprises participated in international technology alliance. Finally, all of the hypothesisses were researched in three fields: construction of innovation networks, cultivation of social capital, and the path of organizational learning in international technology alliance.
The result shows that: with the cooperative innovation in international technology alliance, network measurement positively relates to structural capital, cognitive capital and cooperative innovation performance significantly, and degree of network quality significantly positively relates to structural capital, cognitive capital, relational capital, organizational learning and cooperative innovation performance significantly. Both of structural capital and cognitive capital positively relate to organizational learning and cooperative innovation performance significantly. There is no positive correlation between relational capital and organizational learning. Both of relational capital and organizational learning positively relate to cooperative innovation performance significantly. Structural capital plays the intermediary role in the positive correlation among network measurement, degree of network quality and organizational learning. Cognitive capital plays the intermediary role in the correlation between degree of network quality and organizational learning, but it plays nothing in the correlation between network measurement and organizational learning. Relational capital plays nothing in the correlation among network measurement, degree of network quality and organizational learning. Organizational learning plays the intermediary role in the correlation among degree of network quality, structural capital and cognitive capital, but it plays nothing in the correlation among network measurement, relational capital and cooperative innovation performance.
The innovations of this research were as follows:
(1)This paper surpassed the malpractice in the previous research by constructing and verifying the entire model of relationship among innovation network, social capital, organizational learning and cooperative innovation performance. We made the study more specific and the result more useful by creatively constructing the model of relationship among innovation, social capital and cooperative innovation performance. With the development of the international technology alliance, cooperative innovation has become the main method. We put cooperative innovation performance as dependent variable during the whole research, and it makes the result more valuable.
(2)This study verified the intermediary role in the entire model. Many scholars have studied the relationship among innovation network, social capital, organizational learning and cooperative innovation performance, but most studies are generally only on two or three of them, and very few people has researched it based on all of them. In particular, the conceptual model in this paper has broken through the traditional way by proposing two intermediate variables. We proposed that social capital played the intermediary role in the relationship between innovation network and organizational learning, and organizational learning played the intermediary role in both the relationship between innovation network and cooperative innovation and the relationship between social capital and cooperative innovation. All of these have made the path more specific, the point more detailed, and the research system more scientific and reasonable.
(3) Based on international technology alliance, the foundation of the model made the research more empirically targeted. There is very little study about how an enterprise realizes the cooperative innovation and how the organizational learning mechanism works in the international technology alliance. Taking domestic international technology alliance as evidence, this paper reached the conclusion by researching the relationships among all the factors based on the basic theory. The result can lead a new way to do the empirical qualitative research of the international technology alliance and be more practically guiding.
论文首先对跨国技术联盟、创新网络、社会资本、组织学习与合作创新的相关文献进行综述,通过探索性案例的研究,在此基础上明确研究要素,并分析要素之间的逻辑关系;对研究要素进行界定,提出要素的度量维度;构建基于跨国技术联盟的合作创新机理概念模型,并提出22条理论假设;对汽车行业和通信行业进行了问卷调研,进行实证研究,检验结果表明22条假设中有15条通过;最后对检验结果进行讨论,进一步明确本文研究理论价值和实践意义。
The development trend of economic globalization makes the relationship among the enterprises change from pure competition to competing and win-win, and with the development of the international technology alliance, cooperation and innovation become a major innovative ways. As a new model to form the technology innovation for enterprises, international technology alliance’s appearance is not due to factors by accident, but the inevitable trend of the development of the social environment such as technological innovation, economic globalization, political integration and so on. International technology alliance is a synthesis of two trends including international innovation in multinational and strategic alliance, and its content more and more focused on the fact of cooperative innovation. The rise of international technology alliance innovation makes the pattern of global competition changed a lot and provides the unprecedented strategic opportunity for the development strategy of enterprise internationalization.
International technology alliance is an organization that multinational corporations work on their innovation resources to integrate, and division of work together to complete Innovations for the common goal of innovation, and also a new technical innovation morphology. Currently, Scholars around the international technology alliance launched a comprehensive study from different perspectives of organizational forms, the causes and nature of resources and competitive advantage, risk control and so on. International technology alliance achieves technological innovation together through innovative resource sharing and mutual complementarity, that is, cooperation and innovation. The perspective of cooperation innovation theories perspective include transaction costs, resources and capacity, industrial organization theory, cluster innovation .
Transnational technology alliance innovation network is a kind of cooperative relationship between enterprise and other organizations established by the enterprise's multinational technical league , and it improves enterprise's innovative effect by the way of sharing and disseminating technological knowledge, information and resources among the members of the organization .International technology alliance innovation network is an economic network, it can be divided into internal and external innovation networks, In the empirical research process, in order to better reflect the integrity of collaborative innovation ,We have considered internal and external innovation networks innovation network as a whole network, and the method of overall network analysis has been used to divide International technology alliance innovation network into the network measure and network quality from two dimensions of degree.
The social capital of international technology alliance is embedded in the alliance network; it will help the alliance obtain the potential ability of social and economic resources. As the concept of embedded, The social capital of international technology alliance can be used for different levels of analysis, including individual , members of the internal, between members and union and so on, and to do the research from the three dimensions of structure capital, cognition capital and relation capital.
International technology alliance organizational learning is a kind of learning that the union carried out as the study subject, it is a process that Union members learn from the union and the member companies to the alliance according to their actual needs. The mechanism, process and content of international technology alliance learning are different form individual learning, group learning and organizational learning. The concept of union is located in the core position, individual learning, group learning and organizational learning are parallel with the same level, overlap among the three levels, the project carries on the study absorption and promotion mutually through international technology alliance.
Based on a global scale, international technology alliance innovation gains and disposes high quality resources in global scale through alliance internal joint mechanism as well as outside alliance aims to break through the alliance enterprises’limits of the existing resources and capabilities, and it can make full use of the advantage of the league of innovation network, and other elements of social capital to expand, strengthen the alliance learning, promoting their own standards. International technology alliance cooperative innovation extends the knowledge sources, information sources and technical sources ,and raise the input level of human, material, financial, technical capacity and other resources so that alliance, and alliance with outside organizations to form a huge network of knowledge transactions, then the enterprise may through the alliance widely use the exterior knowledge, the information and the technology to construct its own innovation structure, dispose the enterprise technological innovation resources effectively, and raise the cooperation innovation efficiency.
Based on the definition and dimension division of international technology alliance innovation network, social capital, organizational learning and collaborative innovation and
According to the results of literature review and exploratory case studies, this article will build conceptual model of collaborative innovation mechanism in international technology alliance foundation, analyze the role of relations between elements of dimensions to reveal the mechanism between the elements, and put forward hypotheses. It will be measured from two degree angle, that is network measurement and network quality, respectively, both with the structure of capital, knowledge capital, relational capital, relations, and make assumptions; In the same angle, the relationship of the two with the organizational learning and cooperative performance will analyzed respectively, and assumptions will be made; From the degree angle of structural capital, cognitive capital and relational capital, this article will analyze the relationship of each of the three with the organizational learning and cooperation and innovation performance respectively and make assumptions; From the organizational learning perspective to analyze the relationship between innovation performance and cooperation, and make assumptions; It will analyze the intermediary role of social capital on the relationship between innovation networks and organizational learning and make assumptions; analyze the intermediary role of organizational learning on the relationship between innovation networks and cooperative performance and make assumptions; analyze the intermediary role of organizational learning on the relationship between social capital and cooperative performance and make assumptions.
According to some familiar indicator of measurement, this study designed the scale and collected data by measuring on network measurement, degree of network quality, structural capital, cognitive capital, relational capital, organizational learning and cooperative innovation performance in dimensions. Using statistic analysis software such as SPSS 13.0 and LISREL 8.70, the author analyzed the data, and discussed the inspection results. The empirical test shows that 15 of the 22 hypothesisses are adopted, and the rest are not. To the hypothesis adopted, this paper discussed its significance. To the hypothesis failed, this paper found the reason with the experience of the Chinese enterprises participated in international technology alliance. Finally, all of the hypothesisses were researched in three fields: construction of innovation networks, cultivation of social capital, and the path of organizational learning in international technology alliance.
The result shows that: with the cooperative innovation in international technology alliance, network measurement positively relates to structural capital, cognitive capital and cooperative innovation performance significantly, and degree of network quality significantly positively relates to structural capital, cognitive capital, relational capital, organizational learning and cooperative innovation performance significantly. Both of structural capital and cognitive capital positively relate to organizational learning and cooperative innovation performance significantly. There is no positive correlation between relational capital and organizational learning. Both of relational capital and organizational learning positively relate to cooperative innovation performance significantly. Structural capital plays the intermediary role in the positive correlation among network measurement, degree of network quality and organizational learning. Cognitive capital plays the intermediary role in the correlation between degree of network quality and organizational learning, but it plays nothing in the correlation between network measurement and organizational learning. Relational capital plays nothing in the correlation among network measurement, degree of network quality and organizational learning. Organizational learning plays the intermediary role in the correlation among degree of network quality, structural capital and cognitive capital, but it plays nothing in the correlation among network measurement, relational capital and cooperative innovation performance.
The innovations of this research were as follows:
(1)This paper surpassed the malpractice in the previous research by constructing and verifying the entire model of relationship among innovation network, social capital, organizational learning and cooperative innovation performance. We made the study more specific and the result more useful by creatively constructing the model of relationship among innovation, social capital and cooperative innovation performance. With the development of the international technology alliance, cooperative innovation has become the main method. We put cooperative innovation performance as dependent variable during the whole research, and it makes the result more valuable.
(2)This study verified the intermediary role in the entire model. Many scholars have studied the relationship among innovation network, social capital, organizational learning and cooperative innovation performance, but most studies are generally only on two or three of them, and very few people has researched it based on all of them. In particular, the conceptual model in this paper has broken through the traditional way by proposing two intermediate variables. We proposed that social capital played the intermediary role in the relationship between innovation network and organizational learning, and organizational learning played the intermediary role in both the relationship between innovation network and cooperative innovation and the relationship between social capital and cooperative innovation. All of these have made the path more specific, the point more detailed, and the research system more scientific and reasonable.
(3) Based on international technology alliance, the foundation of the model made the research more empirically targeted. There is very little study about how an enterprise realizes the cooperative innovation and how the organizational learning mechanism works in the international technology alliance. Taking domestic international technology alliance as evidence, this paper reached the conclusion by researching the relationships among all the factors based on the basic theory. The result can lead a new way to do the empirical qualitative research of the international technology alliance and be more practically guiding.
引文
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