基于二次电光效应的电控全息光开关的研究
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摘要
超大规模的并行计算机系统要求其内部通信网络具有特别高的通信容量和速度。而与此同时传统的“电互连”方式在带宽、互连密度、时钟歪斜、功率损耗、抗干扰性等方面暴露出难以克服的缺陷,已成为并行机系统性能提高的严重障碍。光互连以光作为传递信息的载体,有望彻底解决高性能计算和超高速交换系统中普遍存在的电子瓶颈问题,实现通信系统中的大容量、高速率、低能耗的数据交换。在光互连系统中必须要解决的关键技术之一就是光交换,而光开关是光交换的关键器件。全息光开关凭借其高速度、高可靠性和高拓展性等优势,在光通信网络及超级并行计算系统中将有广阔的应用前景。光互连与光交换已成为近年来的研究热点。论文围绕应用需求,针对电控全息光开关器件及其控制系统的研制展开了理论与实验研究,所取得的结果主要有如下几个方面:
1.论文对光互连与光交换技术的国内外发展进行了回顾与分析,重点综述了体全息存储与热固定技术、电控全息光开关器件等课题在近几年取得的一系列重要进展;对几类典型光开关的性能参数进行了分析与比较。
2.根据电控全息光开关的技术原理,选择顺电相Mn: KLTN (0.25%, mol)晶体作为存储介质。分别对反射型和透射型体全息相位光栅的衍射效率进行了计算,分析了记录光入射角、光栅厚度和外加场强等参数对衍射效率的影响。结果表明,适当设置这些参数,有利于光栅衍射效率的提高。完成了亚微米体全息相位栅的记录实验,并获得了90.6%的高衍射效率。在全息光栅的读出实验中,验证了体光栅严格的角度选择性。
3.将有限元方法应用于对光折变现象的研究。在记录光束之间存在能量耦合的情况下,利用FlexPDE程序对大调制度条件下的带输运模型进行了求解,研究了体全息光栅热固定过程中离子栅的形成,实时动态获取了各参量在晶体内部的空间分布及时间演化的图像。与其他数值求解方法相比,该方法大大降低了模型的求解难度。
4.通过与电子栅的暗衰减规律进行类比,基于离子迁移的物理模型,从理论上建立了体全息光栅热固定寿命的模型,并推导了热固定寿命的解析表达式。分析讨论了离子栅寿命对光栅间距、保存温度以及离子浓度的依赖关系,结论与已有理论及实验结果相一致。设计实验完成了体全息光栅的热固定,验证了热固定寿命理论公式的正确性。
5.将理论与实验相结合研究了电控全息光开关的时间响应特性。从理论上分析了引起电控全息光开关时间延迟的因素,通过测试获得了光开关实验系统切换光信号的边沿曲线。结果显示,本文所设计的光开关实验系统交换速度达到300ns。分析认为,该速度指标与理论值相比还有较大的提升空间。
6.根据电控全息光开关的工作需求和时间响应特性,采用雪崩晶体管串与Marx级联电路相结合的方案,设计了可靠性强的高压高速脉冲控制信号发生器。利用PSPICE软件对电路进行了仿真,结果显示,利用所设计的电路可产生千伏级的纳秒脉冲控制信号,能较好的满足电控全息光开关的控制需求。在印刷电路板上将电控部分与开关模块集成,初步设计了一个2×2端口的电控全息光开关系统。
Very large scale parallel computer system requires the interior communication network to have very high capacity and speed. However, the traditionary electronic interconnections bring much insurmountable defect simultaneously in some aspects such as bandwidth, interconnection density, clock skew, power attenuation, anti-interference feature, etc. that has been handicapping the capability improvement of the parallel computer system seriously. The optical interconnections transmit the information with light as the carrier, which is a hopeful way to absolutely solve the ubiquitous electronic bottleneck in the high performance computer system and hyper-speed switching system, and to realise the data switching with high capacity, high speed and low power consumption. One of the critical technologies to be overcome in the optical interconnections is photonic switching; and optical switch is the vital device. Because of the virtues of high speed, high stability, high expansibility, etc., the holographic optical switch has a bright future in the applications of optical communication and the high performance computer system. The optical interconnections and photonic switching have been under the intensive research in recent years. According to the application requirement, the electro-holographic optical switch and its control system are researched theoretically and experimentally in this dissertation, and the main achievements are listed as follows:
1. The dissertation begins with the reviewing and analyzing the history of optical interconnections and photonic switching, especially the significant development in recent years of the technology of volume holographic storage and thermal fixing, and the device of electro-holographic optical switch. Comparison and analysis of the performance parameters of several typical optical switches are presented.
2. According to the technical principle of electro-holographic optical switch, the photorefractive crystal Mn: KLTN (0.25%, mol) in paraelectric phase is selected as the storage medium. The diffraction efficiency of volume holographic phase grating of reflecting-type and transmitting-type is calculated, respectively. The influences on diffraction efficiency from the factors, such as the incident angle of recording beams, the thickness of grating and the applied electric field, are analyzed. It is found that the properly evaluated influencing factors are advantageous to increase the grating diffraction efficiency. A sub-micron volume holographic phase grating was recorded and the tested diffraction efficiency is 90.6%. The strict reading angle selectivity of volume grating is validated in the experiments of grating reading out.
3. The finite element method is introduced into researching the photorefractive phenomenon. Considerating the energy coupling between the record beams, the band transport model under large modulation depths is solved with FlexPDE program. The forming of ionic grating is investigated in the process of thermal fixing of the volume holographic grating. The distributions and time evolvement of parameters in the crystal are displayed on real time and dynamically. By comparison with others, the finite element method reduces the difficulty greatly of solving the model.
4. By analogy with the dark decay of electronic grating, based on the physical model of ion transporting, a model and analytic expression of the lifetime of thermal fixed volume holograms is established theoretically. The factors, such as grating spacing, temperature and ion density, which may have influences on the storage time of ionic grating are analyzed and discussed. The conclusions accord with the published theory and experimental results well. Experiments have been designed to thermally fix the volume holographic grating and validate the theoretical expression.
5. The time response characteristic of the electro-holographic optical switch is investigated theoretically and experimentally. The factors causing time delay to electro-holographic optical switch are analysed theoretically and the edge curves of the light signal that switched by the optical switch system are tested. The results reveal that the response speed of the designed optical switch experiment system can reach 300ns. The analysis figures that there is great room for improvement in the tested speed index compared with the theoretical value.
6. Based on the requirements and the time response characteristics of electro-holographic optical switch, a reliable high-voltage fast pulse signal generator was designed, utilizing the multistage Marx generator as well as the bipolar junction transistors operated in avalanche mode. The circuit is simulated with PSPICE program, and the results indicate that the designed circuit could generate kilo-voltage nanosecond pulse control signal that can match the applications requirement of electro- holographic optical switch well. Integrating the electronic control part with the switch module on PCB, a 2×2 system of electro-holographic optical switch is designed preliminarily.
1.论文对光互连与光交换技术的国内外发展进行了回顾与分析,重点综述了体全息存储与热固定技术、电控全息光开关器件等课题在近几年取得的一系列重要进展;对几类典型光开关的性能参数进行了分析与比较。
2.根据电控全息光开关的技术原理,选择顺电相Mn: KLTN (0.25%, mol)晶体作为存储介质。分别对反射型和透射型体全息相位光栅的衍射效率进行了计算,分析了记录光入射角、光栅厚度和外加场强等参数对衍射效率的影响。结果表明,适当设置这些参数,有利于光栅衍射效率的提高。完成了亚微米体全息相位栅的记录实验,并获得了90.6%的高衍射效率。在全息光栅的读出实验中,验证了体光栅严格的角度选择性。
3.将有限元方法应用于对光折变现象的研究。在记录光束之间存在能量耦合的情况下,利用FlexPDE程序对大调制度条件下的带输运模型进行了求解,研究了体全息光栅热固定过程中离子栅的形成,实时动态获取了各参量在晶体内部的空间分布及时间演化的图像。与其他数值求解方法相比,该方法大大降低了模型的求解难度。
4.通过与电子栅的暗衰减规律进行类比,基于离子迁移的物理模型,从理论上建立了体全息光栅热固定寿命的模型,并推导了热固定寿命的解析表达式。分析讨论了离子栅寿命对光栅间距、保存温度以及离子浓度的依赖关系,结论与已有理论及实验结果相一致。设计实验完成了体全息光栅的热固定,验证了热固定寿命理论公式的正确性。
5.将理论与实验相结合研究了电控全息光开关的时间响应特性。从理论上分析了引起电控全息光开关时间延迟的因素,通过测试获得了光开关实验系统切换光信号的边沿曲线。结果显示,本文所设计的光开关实验系统交换速度达到300ns。分析认为,该速度指标与理论值相比还有较大的提升空间。
6.根据电控全息光开关的工作需求和时间响应特性,采用雪崩晶体管串与Marx级联电路相结合的方案,设计了可靠性强的高压高速脉冲控制信号发生器。利用PSPICE软件对电路进行了仿真,结果显示,利用所设计的电路可产生千伏级的纳秒脉冲控制信号,能较好的满足电控全息光开关的控制需求。在印刷电路板上将电控部分与开关模块集成,初步设计了一个2×2端口的电控全息光开关系统。
Very large scale parallel computer system requires the interior communication network to have very high capacity and speed. However, the traditionary electronic interconnections bring much insurmountable defect simultaneously in some aspects such as bandwidth, interconnection density, clock skew, power attenuation, anti-interference feature, etc. that has been handicapping the capability improvement of the parallel computer system seriously. The optical interconnections transmit the information with light as the carrier, which is a hopeful way to absolutely solve the ubiquitous electronic bottleneck in the high performance computer system and hyper-speed switching system, and to realise the data switching with high capacity, high speed and low power consumption. One of the critical technologies to be overcome in the optical interconnections is photonic switching; and optical switch is the vital device. Because of the virtues of high speed, high stability, high expansibility, etc., the holographic optical switch has a bright future in the applications of optical communication and the high performance computer system. The optical interconnections and photonic switching have been under the intensive research in recent years. According to the application requirement, the electro-holographic optical switch and its control system are researched theoretically and experimentally in this dissertation, and the main achievements are listed as follows:
1. The dissertation begins with the reviewing and analyzing the history of optical interconnections and photonic switching, especially the significant development in recent years of the technology of volume holographic storage and thermal fixing, and the device of electro-holographic optical switch. Comparison and analysis of the performance parameters of several typical optical switches are presented.
2. According to the technical principle of electro-holographic optical switch, the photorefractive crystal Mn: KLTN (0.25%, mol) in paraelectric phase is selected as the storage medium. The diffraction efficiency of volume holographic phase grating of reflecting-type and transmitting-type is calculated, respectively. The influences on diffraction efficiency from the factors, such as the incident angle of recording beams, the thickness of grating and the applied electric field, are analyzed. It is found that the properly evaluated influencing factors are advantageous to increase the grating diffraction efficiency. A sub-micron volume holographic phase grating was recorded and the tested diffraction efficiency is 90.6%. The strict reading angle selectivity of volume grating is validated in the experiments of grating reading out.
3. The finite element method is introduced into researching the photorefractive phenomenon. Considerating the energy coupling between the record beams, the band transport model under large modulation depths is solved with FlexPDE program. The forming of ionic grating is investigated in the process of thermal fixing of the volume holographic grating. The distributions and time evolvement of parameters in the crystal are displayed on real time and dynamically. By comparison with others, the finite element method reduces the difficulty greatly of solving the model.
4. By analogy with the dark decay of electronic grating, based on the physical model of ion transporting, a model and analytic expression of the lifetime of thermal fixed volume holograms is established theoretically. The factors, such as grating spacing, temperature and ion density, which may have influences on the storage time of ionic grating are analyzed and discussed. The conclusions accord with the published theory and experimental results well. Experiments have been designed to thermally fix the volume holographic grating and validate the theoretical expression.
5. The time response characteristic of the electro-holographic optical switch is investigated theoretically and experimentally. The factors causing time delay to electro-holographic optical switch are analysed theoretically and the edge curves of the light signal that switched by the optical switch system are tested. The results reveal that the response speed of the designed optical switch experiment system can reach 300ns. The analysis figures that there is great room for improvement in the tested speed index compared with the theoretical value.
6. Based on the requirements and the time response characteristics of electro-holographic optical switch, a reliable high-voltage fast pulse signal generator was designed, utilizing the multistage Marx generator as well as the bipolar junction transistors operated in avalanche mode. The circuit is simulated with PSPICE program, and the results indicate that the designed circuit could generate kilo-voltage nanosecond pulse control signal that can match the applications requirement of electro- holographic optical switch well. Integrating the electronic control part with the switch module on PCB, a 2×2 system of electro-holographic optical switch is designed preliminarily.
引文
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