量子通信实验系统中若干关键问题的研究
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摘要
量子通信是量子论与信息论相结合的产物,也是通信与信息领域研究的热点前沿。按量子通信的载体来分,可分为基于分立变量的量子通信和基于连续变量的量子通信两大类。在分立变量量子通信中,基于光纤的单光子量子密钥分配已率先走向实用化。连续变量量子通信正成为目前的研究热点,且取得了许多重要成果。
本论文的第二章对量子通信中所涉及到的量子力学的基本概念和原理做出简单的概述,其中包括量子比特、态迭加原理,测不准原理、量子态不可克隆定理、量子力学中的纠缠等。
第三章对基于光纤的单光子量子密钥分配实验系统中的有关问题进行了研究。首先阐述了量子密钥分配中的BB84、B92及Ekert91等三个基本协议的偏振编码与相位编码的工作过程。其次介绍基于光纤的“Plug and Play”单光子通信实验系统。然后对其中的关键器件的工作特性和系统工作时序进行了论述,提出了系统工作电路的有关参数。安全性和码率是量子密钥分配系统中始终必须关注的两个重要问题。对于目前存在的几种Eve攻击策略进行了讨论。最后指出量子密钥分配系统的安全性不仅依赖于量子力学的基本原理,还依赖于具体的技术手段。
第四章论述了量子密钥分配实验系统中的单光子探测器的有关问题。由于目前的单光子探测器必须采用“Geiger”工作模式,为了降低误计数,就必须设置长达几微秒的不工作的“死时间”,因而从根本上限制了系统密钥分配的码率。本文提出了一种采用多端口分束器与多雪崩二极管(APD)结合构成快速单光子探测器的新方法。这种探测器的每一端口均配置有APD,各端口时分工作,通过时钟信号与逻辑判决电路,将依次输入各端口的单光子脉冲信号依次转换为电信号输出并计数。应用这种单光子探测器可以提高单光子探测器的探测速率,进而提高量子密钥分配的码率。在未来可将分束器、光开关、控制电路甚至APD进行光电子集成构成快速单光子探测器模块。
由于上述的快速单光子探测器可以对脉冲包含的光子进行计数,因而我们提出了对Eve攻击的物理检测的新方法。如果Eve采用“PNS”攻击,将引起平均光子数的改变;如果采用“截收-重发”攻击,则会扰动光子数的泊松分布。
第五章则重点论述了用于连续变量量子通信的光孤子脉冲源的研制的有关问题。以Cr~(4+):YAG晶体作为工作物质的飞秒脉冲激光器能产生光纤通信波段的具有强相干性能的激光以满足连续变量量子通信的需要。
Cr~(4+):YAG是一种Kerr介质,其对光脉冲时域内的自相位调制(SPM)和腔内负群速度色散(N-GVD)效应达到平衡时,将会产生孤子锁模,输出几十飞秒的光孤子脉冲。半导体可饱和吸收镜(SESAM)起到了启动这种过程并且稳定光孤子脉冲的作用,但其弛豫时间的长短对光孤子脉冲的宽度并无多大影响。对1520nm波段的SESAM的结构进行了初步设计。也论述了激光晶体正色散的产生机制。在采用Sellmeier公式对熔融石英材料的各阶色散值进行数值计算的基础上,得出了棱镜对色散补偿的公式。
依据理论分析和数值计算对Cr~(4+):YAG飞秒脉冲激光器光路结构的优化设计进行了研究。提出了在腔内插入一薄聚焦透镜代替另一折叠镜以降低光路复杂性。为研究起色散补偿作用的棱镜对对腔的稳定性和像散带来的影响,导出了棱镜对的光传输矩阵。通过编程计算得出了连续运转和锁模运转两种工作方式下的不同参数的谐振腔稳区图,对激光器工作点的选择做出了论述。定义了像散补偿失配因子F,做出了像散补偿区域分布图。指出F＜0.05的区域具有良好的像散补偿特性,也是激光器光路结构参数设计必须要考虑的重要方面。论证了改变泵浦光聚焦透镜的位置可实现泵浦光与腔内振荡光的匹配。
As a result of integrating quantum mechanics and information theory, quantum communication is also a hot research topic for the information science. It can be categorized into two branches by the carrier of information, the discrete quantum communication and continuous variable quantum communication. Among discrete quantum communication, based on fiber network, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) has firstly been applied for the actual goal. Continuous variable quantum communication is becoming a focus in the information field, and many important outcomes have been obtained.
In the second chapter, some fundamental quantum mechanics concepts and theories involved with quantum communications are introduced, such as qubit, state superposition principle, uncertainty principle, no-cloning theorem and entanglement.
Some correlative problems existing in QKD system for the single-photon transmission in optical fiber have been researched in the third chapter. First, operation procedures of three basic protocols including BB84, B92 and Ekert91, based on the polarization and phase coding, have been elaborated. Next, we have expatiated on the 'Plug and Play' QKD scheme for the single-photon communication in optical fiber. Then properties of some key elements and work scheduling are thoroughly discussed, thus we have set down parameters of the drive circuit of an experimental system. Security and code rate must be considered all the while for an actual QKD system, and all of Eve's possible attack strategies have been demonstrated. Last, we have pointed out that the security relies on not only those quantum theorems but also effective technical means.
Some problems involving with the single-photon detector have been treated in the forth chapter. Because the present single-photon detector must work on the 'Geiger' mode, which dead time should be set up to several micro-seconds to reduce error counts, the code rate is too low to suit practical applications for QKD system. A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector. This quick detector is composed of a multi-port optic fiber splitter and many Avalanche Photo-diodes (APD). All of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal. The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector. The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses. The optoelectronic integration for the optic fiber splitter, logic discriminating and deciding unit, optical switch, even APDs, can be adopted for the reliable detector module in the future.
The quick detector can count on photons of a faint laser pulse, thus a new method has been proposed on physical detection to Eve's attacks. If Eve takes the 'PNS' attack strategy, the mean number of photons will decrease, while he employs 'intercept-resend' strategy, the poisson distribution of the number of photons must be disturbed.
Some problems on developing an optical soltion source are researched in the fifth chapter for continuous variable quantum communicatios. The femto-second laser to use Cr~(4+):YAG crystal as active matter can provide soliton pulses with strong coherent characteristic for optic-fiber communication band.
Cr~(4+):YAG crystal is a Kerr media. When Self-phase modulation (SPM) in time domain to an optical pulse balances with negative group velocity dispersion (GVD) effect, soliton mode-locking will occur within resonator, and femto-second order of magnitude soliton pulses can be obtained. Semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) only stirs up this process and stabilize the soliton, but its longer relexation time will take no action to the width of a soliton pulse. We have designed a SESAM operating in 1520nm band. Mechanism for inducing the positive dispersion rests with the gain of a laser crystal. The formula of dispersion compensation is deduced for a pair of prisms by calculating fuse silca's dispersion according to Sellmeier expressions.
Optium design of the optics structure for the femto-second laser aimed at Cr~(4+):YAG crystal is investigated by theoretical analysis and numerical calculation. So as to reduce the complexity, a thin focus lens is plugged into the resonator to replace the fold-mirror. The pair of prisms can affect the stability and astigmatism besides the dispersion compensation, so the optics transmission matrix is achieved to eliminate them. The stability diagrams are obtained for continue-wave-operation and mode-lock-operation with diverse parameters by computer programming, and the way for, selecting the work point is described. The un-match factor (F) of the astigmatism compensation is defined, and the area distribution diagram is painted according to it. The excellent astigmatism compensation can be possessed for running laser on the stable area with F<0.05. The match of pump and oscillating laser beams within the cavity will come true by changing the position of the focus lens.
本论文的第二章对量子通信中所涉及到的量子力学的基本概念和原理做出简单的概述,其中包括量子比特、态迭加原理,测不准原理、量子态不可克隆定理、量子力学中的纠缠等。
第三章对基于光纤的单光子量子密钥分配实验系统中的有关问题进行了研究。首先阐述了量子密钥分配中的BB84、B92及Ekert91等三个基本协议的偏振编码与相位编码的工作过程。其次介绍基于光纤的“Plug and Play”单光子通信实验系统。然后对其中的关键器件的工作特性和系统工作时序进行了论述,提出了系统工作电路的有关参数。安全性和码率是量子密钥分配系统中始终必须关注的两个重要问题。对于目前存在的几种Eve攻击策略进行了讨论。最后指出量子密钥分配系统的安全性不仅依赖于量子力学的基本原理,还依赖于具体的技术手段。
第四章论述了量子密钥分配实验系统中的单光子探测器的有关问题。由于目前的单光子探测器必须采用“Geiger”工作模式,为了降低误计数,就必须设置长达几微秒的不工作的“死时间”,因而从根本上限制了系统密钥分配的码率。本文提出了一种采用多端口分束器与多雪崩二极管(APD)结合构成快速单光子探测器的新方法。这种探测器的每一端口均配置有APD,各端口时分工作,通过时钟信号与逻辑判决电路,将依次输入各端口的单光子脉冲信号依次转换为电信号输出并计数。应用这种单光子探测器可以提高单光子探测器的探测速率,进而提高量子密钥分配的码率。在未来可将分束器、光开关、控制电路甚至APD进行光电子集成构成快速单光子探测器模块。
由于上述的快速单光子探测器可以对脉冲包含的光子进行计数,因而我们提出了对Eve攻击的物理检测的新方法。如果Eve采用“PNS”攻击,将引起平均光子数的改变;如果采用“截收-重发”攻击,则会扰动光子数的泊松分布。
第五章则重点论述了用于连续变量量子通信的光孤子脉冲源的研制的有关问题。以Cr~(4+):YAG晶体作为工作物质的飞秒脉冲激光器能产生光纤通信波段的具有强相干性能的激光以满足连续变量量子通信的需要。
Cr~(4+):YAG是一种Kerr介质,其对光脉冲时域内的自相位调制(SPM)和腔内负群速度色散(N-GVD)效应达到平衡时,将会产生孤子锁模,输出几十飞秒的光孤子脉冲。半导体可饱和吸收镜(SESAM)起到了启动这种过程并且稳定光孤子脉冲的作用,但其弛豫时间的长短对光孤子脉冲的宽度并无多大影响。对1520nm波段的SESAM的结构进行了初步设计。也论述了激光晶体正色散的产生机制。在采用Sellmeier公式对熔融石英材料的各阶色散值进行数值计算的基础上,得出了棱镜对色散补偿的公式。
依据理论分析和数值计算对Cr~(4+):YAG飞秒脉冲激光器光路结构的优化设计进行了研究。提出了在腔内插入一薄聚焦透镜代替另一折叠镜以降低光路复杂性。为研究起色散补偿作用的棱镜对对腔的稳定性和像散带来的影响,导出了棱镜对的光传输矩阵。通过编程计算得出了连续运转和锁模运转两种工作方式下的不同参数的谐振腔稳区图,对激光器工作点的选择做出了论述。定义了像散补偿失配因子F,做出了像散补偿区域分布图。指出F＜0.05的区域具有良好的像散补偿特性,也是激光器光路结构参数设计必须要考虑的重要方面。论证了改变泵浦光聚焦透镜的位置可实现泵浦光与腔内振荡光的匹配。
As a result of integrating quantum mechanics and information theory, quantum communication is also a hot research topic for the information science. It can be categorized into two branches by the carrier of information, the discrete quantum communication and continuous variable quantum communication. Among discrete quantum communication, based on fiber network, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) has firstly been applied for the actual goal. Continuous variable quantum communication is becoming a focus in the information field, and many important outcomes have been obtained.
In the second chapter, some fundamental quantum mechanics concepts and theories involved with quantum communications are introduced, such as qubit, state superposition principle, uncertainty principle, no-cloning theorem and entanglement.
Some correlative problems existing in QKD system for the single-photon transmission in optical fiber have been researched in the third chapter. First, operation procedures of three basic protocols including BB84, B92 and Ekert91, based on the polarization and phase coding, have been elaborated. Next, we have expatiated on the 'Plug and Play' QKD scheme for the single-photon communication in optical fiber. Then properties of some key elements and work scheduling are thoroughly discussed, thus we have set down parameters of the drive circuit of an experimental system. Security and code rate must be considered all the while for an actual QKD system, and all of Eve's possible attack strategies have been demonstrated. Last, we have pointed out that the security relies on not only those quantum theorems but also effective technical means.
Some problems involving with the single-photon detector have been treated in the forth chapter. Because the present single-photon detector must work on the 'Geiger' mode, which dead time should be set up to several micro-seconds to reduce error counts, the code rate is too low to suit practical applications for QKD system. A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector. This quick detector is composed of a multi-port optic fiber splitter and many Avalanche Photo-diodes (APD). All of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal. The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector. The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses. The optoelectronic integration for the optic fiber splitter, logic discriminating and deciding unit, optical switch, even APDs, can be adopted for the reliable detector module in the future.
The quick detector can count on photons of a faint laser pulse, thus a new method has been proposed on physical detection to Eve's attacks. If Eve takes the 'PNS' attack strategy, the mean number of photons will decrease, while he employs 'intercept-resend' strategy, the poisson distribution of the number of photons must be disturbed.
Some problems on developing an optical soltion source are researched in the fifth chapter for continuous variable quantum communicatios. The femto-second laser to use Cr~(4+):YAG crystal as active matter can provide soliton pulses with strong coherent characteristic for optic-fiber communication band.
Cr~(4+):YAG crystal is a Kerr media. When Self-phase modulation (SPM) in time domain to an optical pulse balances with negative group velocity dispersion (GVD) effect, soliton mode-locking will occur within resonator, and femto-second order of magnitude soliton pulses can be obtained. Semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) only stirs up this process and stabilize the soliton, but its longer relexation time will take no action to the width of a soliton pulse. We have designed a SESAM operating in 1520nm band. Mechanism for inducing the positive dispersion rests with the gain of a laser crystal. The formula of dispersion compensation is deduced for a pair of prisms by calculating fuse silca's dispersion according to Sellmeier expressions.
Optium design of the optics structure for the femto-second laser aimed at Cr~(4+):YAG crystal is investigated by theoretical analysis and numerical calculation. So as to reduce the complexity, a thin focus lens is plugged into the resonator to replace the fold-mirror. The pair of prisms can affect the stability and astigmatism besides the dispersion compensation, so the optics transmission matrix is achieved to eliminate them. The stability diagrams are obtained for continue-wave-operation and mode-lock-operation with diverse parameters by computer programming, and the way for, selecting the work point is described. The un-match factor (F) of the astigmatism compensation is defined, and the area distribution diagram is painted according to it. The excellent astigmatism compensation can be possessed for running laser on the stable area with F<0.05. The match of pump and oscillating laser beams within the cavity will come true by changing the position of the focus lens.
引文
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