基于路段饱和度的动态交通拥挤定价研究
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摘要
由于国民经济的快速增长,城市人口剧增,居民的出行需求也逐渐扩大,生活水平的提高使得人们对交通的需求量扩大,交通供给无法满足巨大的交通需求,产生了严重的交通问题,为了很好的调整交通需求,学者们提出了拥挤收费政策,作为交通需求管理的有效手段。目前国内外学者仅仅对拥挤收费在静态层面进行了较全面的研究,然而静态拥挤收费在实际应用中受到很大的限制,其理论假设条件苛刻,因此提出动态拥挤收费原理。本文总结介绍了国内外实施拥挤收费的情况,以及各个地方拥挤收费带来缓解交通拥挤的效果,引出需要研究基于路段饱和度的动态拥挤收费的必要性。
本文对拥挤收费定价模型类型做了比较,选取最优定价模型作为路段收费费率的定价模型,并比较了常用的短时交通流量预测模型,分析了各种预测方法的利与弊,最终构建出瞬时动态配流模型的变分不等式模型,对路段交通流量进行预测。分析影响路段阻抗大小的各种因素,强调了饱和度对阻抗大小影响的重要性,并且将路段实时变化的交通流量,按照其计算出来的饱和度值大小分为四个等级,每个等级收取一个的固定拥挤费用,将路段阻抗和最优拥挤定价模型共同建立实时路段阻抗的拥挤定价模型。
最后用具体案例验证模型的可行性,对给出的路网结构进行瞬时动态配流分析,使用修正投影算法对模型进行求解,得到每个时刻进入每个路段的流量,每个时刻每条路段的交通流量。并且对成都市靠近市区的三条道路：抚琴西路、文华路和百寿路进行交通流调查,将调查的交通流数据进行处理,拟合出瞬时路段阻抗函数参数值,得到该路网的路段阻抗函数。并根据路段交通流量,计算出实时路段的饱和度,通过饱和度路阻拥挤定价模型,得到每个路段实时的道路拥挤收费价格。
Due to the rapid growth of the national economy, the sharp increase in the urban population, the travel needs of the residents have gradually expanded, and the improvement of living standards makes it expand traffic demand and traffic supply is unable to meet the huge demand of traffic, resulting in a serious traffic problems, in order toadjust traffic demand, the scholars proposed congestion pricing policy, as an effective means of transportation demand management. Scholars only in a static level of congestion pricing was more comprehensive study, however static congestion pricing subject to considerable limitations in the practical application of theoretical assumptions harsh conditions, so the proposed dynamic congestion pricing principle.This paper summarizes at home and abroad to implement congestion pricing, as well as various the place crowded charges brought alleviate the effects of traffic congestion, leads to the need to study the necessity of dynamic congestion pricing based on sections of the saturation.
Type of congestion pricing pricing model compared to select the optimal pricing model as the congestion charge rate pricing model, and compare the commonly used term traffic flow prediction model to analyze the pros and cons of the various forecasting methods, and ultimately buildthe instantaneous dynamic assignment model variational inequalities model sections traffic flow forecast. The analysis of the various factors that affect the size of the sections of impedance, emphasizing the saturation degree of the importance of the size of the impedance, and will change in real time road traffic flow, the saturation values calculated in accordance with its size is divided into four levels, each level receive a fixed congestion costs, the sections of impedance and optimal congestion pricing model to establish the impedance of the real-time road congestion pricing model.
Finally, specific cases to verify the feasibility of the model, the instantaneous dynamic with flow analysis, using a modified projection algorithm to solve the model, every moment into each section of the traffic on a given road network structure, each moment of each section of the traffic flow. And Chengdu, close to the city's three roads:Zither West Wenhua Road and Baishou, road traffic flow survey, the survey traffic flow data processing, fitting the instantaneous link impedance function parameter values, get the road network sections of impedance function. And in accordance with the sections of the traffic flow, calculate the real-time section of the saturation resistance saturation Road congestion pricing model, get the each link real-time road congestion pricing Price.
本文对拥挤收费定价模型类型做了比较,选取最优定价模型作为路段收费费率的定价模型,并比较了常用的短时交通流量预测模型,分析了各种预测方法的利与弊,最终构建出瞬时动态配流模型的变分不等式模型,对路段交通流量进行预测。分析影响路段阻抗大小的各种因素,强调了饱和度对阻抗大小影响的重要性,并且将路段实时变化的交通流量,按照其计算出来的饱和度值大小分为四个等级,每个等级收取一个的固定拥挤费用,将路段阻抗和最优拥挤定价模型共同建立实时路段阻抗的拥挤定价模型。
最后用具体案例验证模型的可行性,对给出的路网结构进行瞬时动态配流分析,使用修正投影算法对模型进行求解,得到每个时刻进入每个路段的流量,每个时刻每条路段的交通流量。并且对成都市靠近市区的三条道路：抚琴西路、文华路和百寿路进行交通流调查,将调查的交通流数据进行处理,拟合出瞬时路段阻抗函数参数值,得到该路网的路段阻抗函数。并根据路段交通流量,计算出实时路段的饱和度,通过饱和度路阻拥挤定价模型,得到每个路段实时的道路拥挤收费价格。
Due to the rapid growth of the national economy, the sharp increase in the urban population, the travel needs of the residents have gradually expanded, and the improvement of living standards makes it expand traffic demand and traffic supply is unable to meet the huge demand of traffic, resulting in a serious traffic problems, in order toadjust traffic demand, the scholars proposed congestion pricing policy, as an effective means of transportation demand management. Scholars only in a static level of congestion pricing was more comprehensive study, however static congestion pricing subject to considerable limitations in the practical application of theoretical assumptions harsh conditions, so the proposed dynamic congestion pricing principle.This paper summarizes at home and abroad to implement congestion pricing, as well as various the place crowded charges brought alleviate the effects of traffic congestion, leads to the need to study the necessity of dynamic congestion pricing based on sections of the saturation.
Type of congestion pricing pricing model compared to select the optimal pricing model as the congestion charge rate pricing model, and compare the commonly used term traffic flow prediction model to analyze the pros and cons of the various forecasting methods, and ultimately buildthe instantaneous dynamic assignment model variational inequalities model sections traffic flow forecast. The analysis of the various factors that affect the size of the sections of impedance, emphasizing the saturation degree of the importance of the size of the impedance, and will change in real time road traffic flow, the saturation values calculated in accordance with its size is divided into four levels, each level receive a fixed congestion costs, the sections of impedance and optimal congestion pricing model to establish the impedance of the real-time road congestion pricing model.
Finally, specific cases to verify the feasibility of the model, the instantaneous dynamic with flow analysis, using a modified projection algorithm to solve the model, every moment into each section of the traffic on a given road network structure, each moment of each section of the traffic flow. And Chengdu, close to the city's three roads:Zither West Wenhua Road and Baishou, road traffic flow survey, the survey traffic flow data processing, fitting the instantaneous link impedance function parameter values, get the road network sections of impedance function. And in accordance with the sections of the traffic flow, calculate the real-time section of the saturation resistance saturation Road congestion pricing model, get the each link real-time road congestion pricing Price.
引文
[1]Dafermos S C, Sparrow F T.1971. Optimal resource allocation and toll patterns in user-optimized transportation networks. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy,5:198-200.
[2]Smith M J.1979. The marginal cost taxation of a transportation network. Transportation Research,1313:237-242.
[3]Yang H, Huang H J.1999. Carpooling and congestion pricing in a multilane highway with highoccupancy-vehicle lanes. Transportation Research Part A,33:139-155.
[4]Wie B W.1993. A differential game model of Nashi equilibrium on a congested traffic network. Networks,23:557-565.
[5]Liu L N, Boyce D E.2002. Variational inequality formulation of the system-optimal travel choice problem and efficient congestion tolls for a general transportation networks with multiple time periods. Regional Science and Urban Economics,32:627-625.
[6]Arnott R, de Palma A, Lindsey R.1990. Departure time and route choice for the morning commute. Transportation Research Part B,24:209-228.
[7]Henderson P J F.1974. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology of Transport. Amsterdam:North-Holland Publishing. Co.
[8]Laih C H.1994. Queuing at a bottleneck with single and multi-step tolls. Transportation Research Part A,28:197-208.
[9]Yang H, Huang H J.1997. Analysis of time varying of a bottleneck with elastic demand using optimal control theory. Transportation Research Part B,31:425-440.
[10]Yang H, Bell M G H. Traffic restraint, road pricing and network equivibrium[J].7Transportation Research,1997,31B:303-314.
[11]Ferrari P. Road pricing and networks equilibrium[J]. Transportation Research,1995,29B:357-372.
[12]Ferrari P. Capacity constraints in urban transport networks [J]. Transportation Research,1997,31B:291-301.
[13]Verhoef E T.2002a. Second-best congestion pricing in general networks, Heuristic algorithms for finding second-best toll levels and toll points. Transportation Research Part B,36:707-729.
[14]Verhoef E T.2002b. Second-best congestion pricing in general static transportation networks with elastic demands. Regional Science and Urban Economics,32:281-310.
[15]Yang H, Huang H J.2004. The multi-class, multi-criteria traffic network equilibrium and systems optimum problem. Transportation Research Part B,38:1-15.
[16]陆华普.基于交通需求产生机理分析的大城市交通拥挤对策研究[J].道路交通与安全,2003.02.
[17]黄海军.公共与个体竞争交通系统的定价研究[J].管理科学学报,1996,6.
[18]吴子啸,黄海军.瓶颈道路使用收费的理论及模型[J].系统工程理论与实践,2000.01,第1期：130-133.
[19]晏克非,张国强,覃煜.基于车辆动态导航的拥挤定价.交通运输工程学报,2001,09,1(3)：74-76.
[20]谷强,李志纯.混合交通平衡下的道路收费策略.重庆交通学院学报.2002.1：15-19.
[21]Cervero R. Transit-supportive development in the United States: experiences and prospects [M]. Washington D C:Federal Transit Administration,1993.
[22]宴克非.交通需求管理理论与方法[M].上海：同济大学出版社,2012.
[23]Texas Transportation Institute(TTI). Annual Urban Mobility Report[R]. College Station, TX, USA.2004-2007.
[24]蒋海娟,滕伟宁.从上海市拟启动“交通拥挤收费政策”引发的思考[J].广西大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2010年,32(1)：71-73.
[25]任华玲,高自友.关于流量传播约束的分析[J].土木工程学报,第36卷第1期,2003年1月,26-29.
[26]李艳红,袁振洲,靳雄焕.基于自由流时间的交通拥挤收费费率研究[J].公路交通科技,第26卷第6期,2009年6月.
[27]李冬梅.高速公路拥挤收费费率研究[D].东南大学硕士学位论文,2004年4月.
[28]赵跃伟.城市道路拥挤收费理论研究[D].北京交通大学硕士学位论文,2007年12月.
[29]任华玲,高自友.瞬时动态用户最优问题的统一模型及算法研究[J].土木工程学报,第36卷第7期,2003年7月.
[30]沈颖,朱翀,徐英俊.道路饱和度计算方法研究.交通与安全.2007,(1)：125-129.
[31]戴继峰,赵延峰,张国华,周乐.机动车流路段阻抗函数参数标定与校核方法研究[J].城市交通,第5卷第1期,2007年1月.
[32]朱广芹,佟光霁,代磊磊.城市道路交通拥挤收费的博弈分析[J].系统工程理论与实践,第29卷第7期,2009年7月.
[33]高自友,宋一凡,四兵峰.城市交通连续平衡网络设计理论方法[M].中国铁道出版社,2000.
[34]费翔,孙有望.上海实行道路电子收费的可行性及效益分析[J].上海铁道大学学报,1999年2月.
[35]李斌,黄海军.新加坡道路拥挤收费系统的实践和经验[J].公路交通科技,2000年3月.
[36]何胜学.道路拥挤收费定价分析[J].上海理工大学学报,2005年1月.
[37]李星,刘灿齐.拥挤道路使用收费理论与方法探索[J].交通与运输,2005年12月.
[38]王健,胡云权,徐亚国.拥挤定价理论发展及对我国城市交通管理的启示[J].交通运输系统工程与信息,2003年3月.
[39]刘振光,刘延平.北京市市区实行道路收费制度的外部性原因探讨[J].技术经济,2003年8月.
[40]裴玉龙,盖春英.考虑收费影响的公路路段行程时间函数研究[J].中国公路学报,2003年16期.
[41]傅白白,刘法胜,冯恩民.交通网络费用函数的标定与分析[J].交通运输系统工程与信息,2003年3月.
[42]Smith MJ. The existence, uniqueness and stability of traf-fic equilibrium[J]. Transportation Research-B,1979,13.
[43]任福田,任杰,刘国新,等译.道路通行能力手册.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1991年.
[44]王炜,过秀成.交通工程学.南京：东南大学出版社,2000年.
[45]石征华,侯忠生.城市快速路拥挤度判别方法研究[J].交通与计算机,2006年.
[46]郝媛,徐天东,孙立军.城市快速路常发性交通拥挤分析[J].交通与计算机,2007年.
[47]周溪召,张华歆.基于拥挤收费的动态出发时间选择[J].上海理工大学学报,2005年.
[48]周溪召,刘振,张华歆.拥挤交通网络中组合交通出行,OD,路径分配与收费定价模型.系统管理学报,2007年.
[49]徐循初.城市道路与交通规划[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社.2005年.
[50]蒲云,蒲素.大规模动态交通网络路径选择模型分析[J].西南交通大学学报,第33卷第4期,1998年8月.
[51]王进,史其信.短时交通流预测模型综述[J].中国公共安全(学术卷),第一卷,2005年6月.
[2]Smith M J.1979. The marginal cost taxation of a transportation network. Transportation Research,1313:237-242.
[3]Yang H, Huang H J.1999. Carpooling and congestion pricing in a multilane highway with highoccupancy-vehicle lanes. Transportation Research Part A,33:139-155.
[4]Wie B W.1993. A differential game model of Nashi equilibrium on a congested traffic network. Networks,23:557-565.
[5]Liu L N, Boyce D E.2002. Variational inequality formulation of the system-optimal travel choice problem and efficient congestion tolls for a general transportation networks with multiple time periods. Regional Science and Urban Economics,32:627-625.
[6]Arnott R, de Palma A, Lindsey R.1990. Departure time and route choice for the morning commute. Transportation Research Part B,24:209-228.
[7]Henderson P J F.1974. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology of Transport. Amsterdam:North-Holland Publishing. Co.
[8]Laih C H.1994. Queuing at a bottleneck with single and multi-step tolls. Transportation Research Part A,28:197-208.
[9]Yang H, Huang H J.1997. Analysis of time varying of a bottleneck with elastic demand using optimal control theory. Transportation Research Part B,31:425-440.
[10]Yang H, Bell M G H. Traffic restraint, road pricing and network equivibrium[J].7Transportation Research,1997,31B:303-314.
[11]Ferrari P. Road pricing and networks equilibrium[J]. Transportation Research,1995,29B:357-372.
[12]Ferrari P. Capacity constraints in urban transport networks [J]. Transportation Research,1997,31B:291-301.
[13]Verhoef E T.2002a. Second-best congestion pricing in general networks, Heuristic algorithms for finding second-best toll levels and toll points. Transportation Research Part B,36:707-729.
[14]Verhoef E T.2002b. Second-best congestion pricing in general static transportation networks with elastic demands. Regional Science and Urban Economics,32:281-310.
[15]Yang H, Huang H J.2004. The multi-class, multi-criteria traffic network equilibrium and systems optimum problem. Transportation Research Part B,38:1-15.
[16]陆华普.基于交通需求产生机理分析的大城市交通拥挤对策研究[J].道路交通与安全,2003.02.
[17]黄海军.公共与个体竞争交通系统的定价研究[J].管理科学学报,1996,6.
[18]吴子啸,黄海军.瓶颈道路使用收费的理论及模型[J].系统工程理论与实践,2000.01,第1期：130-133.
[19]晏克非,张国强,覃煜.基于车辆动态导航的拥挤定价.交通运输工程学报,2001,09,1(3)：74-76.
[20]谷强,李志纯.混合交通平衡下的道路收费策略.重庆交通学院学报.2002.1：15-19.
[21]Cervero R. Transit-supportive development in the United States: experiences and prospects [M]. Washington D C:Federal Transit Administration,1993.
[22]宴克非.交通需求管理理论与方法[M].上海：同济大学出版社,2012.
[23]Texas Transportation Institute(TTI). Annual Urban Mobility Report[R]. College Station, TX, USA.2004-2007.
[24]蒋海娟,滕伟宁.从上海市拟启动“交通拥挤收费政策”引发的思考[J].广西大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2010年,32(1)：71-73.
[25]任华玲,高自友.关于流量传播约束的分析[J].土木工程学报,第36卷第1期,2003年1月,26-29.
[26]李艳红,袁振洲,靳雄焕.基于自由流时间的交通拥挤收费费率研究[J].公路交通科技,第26卷第6期,2009年6月.
[27]李冬梅.高速公路拥挤收费费率研究[D].东南大学硕士学位论文,2004年4月.
[28]赵跃伟.城市道路拥挤收费理论研究[D].北京交通大学硕士学位论文,2007年12月.
[29]任华玲,高自友.瞬时动态用户最优问题的统一模型及算法研究[J].土木工程学报,第36卷第7期,2003年7月.
[30]沈颖,朱翀,徐英俊.道路饱和度计算方法研究.交通与安全.2007,(1)：125-129.
[31]戴继峰,赵延峰,张国华,周乐.机动车流路段阻抗函数参数标定与校核方法研究[J].城市交通,第5卷第1期,2007年1月.
[32]朱广芹,佟光霁,代磊磊.城市道路交通拥挤收费的博弈分析[J].系统工程理论与实践,第29卷第7期,2009年7月.
[33]高自友,宋一凡,四兵峰.城市交通连续平衡网络设计理论方法[M].中国铁道出版社,2000.
[34]费翔,孙有望.上海实行道路电子收费的可行性及效益分析[J].上海铁道大学学报,1999年2月.
[35]李斌,黄海军.新加坡道路拥挤收费系统的实践和经验[J].公路交通科技,2000年3月.
[36]何胜学.道路拥挤收费定价分析[J].上海理工大学学报,2005年1月.
[37]李星,刘灿齐.拥挤道路使用收费理论与方法探索[J].交通与运输,2005年12月.
[38]王健,胡云权,徐亚国.拥挤定价理论发展及对我国城市交通管理的启示[J].交通运输系统工程与信息,2003年3月.
[39]刘振光,刘延平.北京市市区实行道路收费制度的外部性原因探讨[J].技术经济,2003年8月.
[40]裴玉龙,盖春英.考虑收费影响的公路路段行程时间函数研究[J].中国公路学报,2003年16期.
[41]傅白白,刘法胜,冯恩民.交通网络费用函数的标定与分析[J].交通运输系统工程与信息,2003年3月.
[42]Smith MJ. The existence, uniqueness and stability of traf-fic equilibrium[J]. Transportation Research-B,1979,13.
[43]任福田,任杰,刘国新,等译.道路通行能力手册.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1991年.
[44]王炜,过秀成.交通工程学.南京：东南大学出版社,2000年.
[45]石征华,侯忠生.城市快速路拥挤度判别方法研究[J].交通与计算机,2006年.
[46]郝媛,徐天东,孙立军.城市快速路常发性交通拥挤分析[J].交通与计算机,2007年.
[47]周溪召,张华歆.基于拥挤收费的动态出发时间选择[J].上海理工大学学报,2005年.
[48]周溪召,刘振,张华歆.拥挤交通网络中组合交通出行,OD,路径分配与收费定价模型.系统管理学报,2007年.
[49]徐循初.城市道路与交通规划[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社.2005年.
[50]蒲云,蒲素.大规模动态交通网络路径选择模型分析[J].西南交通大学学报,第33卷第4期,1998年8月.
[51]王进,史其信.短时交通流预测模型综述[J].中国公共安全(学术卷),第一卷,2005年6月.