机械产品研发项目的进度计划管理研究
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摘要
全球化竞争的日益加剧对机械制造企业的产品研发效率提出了越来越高的要求,如何缩短产品研发的项目周期,加快新产品的上市时间,成为企业亟待解决的难题。目前企业中大约有70%的研发项目不能按时完成,使新产品无法按预定计划上市,错失了新产品在市场中的先机。导致此问题的根本原因之一是在产品研发项目管理的过程中,项目的进度计划通常由项目管理人员凭经验制定,任务分解的主观性强,任务间的耦合迭代被忽视,使任务的逻辑顺序、任务的工时估算等不准确,导致在实际执行过程中出现设计任务过度迭代、资源冲突、任务拖期等问题,计划的可执行性差,最终导致项目拖期。在机械制造企业中75%的设计活动是基于实例的设计,也就是说,多数产品研发项目是基于变型设计开展的。对基于变型设计的产品研发项目,在其开展之前,为进度计划的制定提供依据的产品的研发过程、产品结构的基本构成、零部件设计的技能需求等信息是已知的。因此,本文重点研究基于产品研发过程、产品结构树等数据和信息编制机械产品研发项目进度计划的方法,使进度计划更科学,更符合产品研发实际,提高计划的可执行性。
在机械产品研发项目中,产品研发过程、产品结构和交付物是工作分解结构(Work Breakdown Structure, WBS)中任务分解的依据,基于此构建了产品研发的WBS分解模型,提出了具体的研发任务分解过程和研发任务的标识制定规则。根据产品结构树层次性和复杂性的特点,研究了基于产品结构树的零部件研发任务的分解方法,制定了零部件和任务之间的一系列映射规则,构建了映射的数学模型和映射算法的流程,实现了基于产品结构树的WBS自动分解,提高了研发项目任务分解的规范化、准确性和分解效率。
为清晰的描述和方便的分析研发项目中任务之间的信息交互关系,结合WBS分层的特点,提出了基于分层设计结构矩阵的建模方法,实现了WBS中任意层次、任意部分研发任务对应设计结构矩阵模型的构建,以及模型随任务的逐层分解不断扩展,降低了模型的构建难度,同时提高了模型的构建效率。在分层设计结构矩阵建模的基础上,重点研究了耦合任务集的规划排序,提出了基于可达矩阵的耦合任务集识别方法,研究了基于聚类分析法的耦合任务合并重组策略,构建了基于数量依赖和信息依赖双次序指标的耦合任务集割裂算法,实现了耦合任务的规划排序。
为解决研发项目中的耦合任务贫信息、小样本事件、不确定性的工时预测问题,结合耦合任务集工时的离散型和振荡性等特点提出了基于振幅压缩灰色预测模型的耦合任务集工时预测方法。采用了平滑性算子对振荡序列进行平滑性处理运算,推导构建了振荡序列的离散灰色预测DGM(1,1)模型,建立了耦合任务集工时灰色模拟预测的过程步骤。此工时灰色预测方法有效的减少了耦合任务集工时估算过程中灰因素的影响,提高了工时估算的准确性。
在产品研发项目中任务间的时序优先关系是广义优先关系(generalized precedence relations, GPRs),即任务间存在开始-开始、开始-结束、结束-开始、结束-结束四种时序优先关系,且每种时序优先关系包含有最小／最大时滞要求。基于此研究了考虑研发任务间GPRs下的多模式柔性资源受限项目调度问题,分析了广义优先关系条件下任务开始时间对应的时间窗,构建了GPRs下多模式柔性资源受限项目调度问题的数学模型,使用遗传算法对其进行求解,提出了相应的编码和解码方法,确定了项目任务的开始／结束时间、执行模式、资源分配方案,完成了对进度计划的编制,获得了最终可执行的总工期最短的项目进度计划。
在前面理论研究的基础上,分析了研发项目进度计划管理的业务流程,扩展了产品全生命周期管理系统的体系架构,开发实现了项目进度计划管理的主要功能模块,并在某企业的海上风力发电机组研发项目中成功实施应用。
Increasingly intense global competition is calling for higher and higher product development efficiency of machinery manufacturing enterprise. Thus, it has become an urgent problem to find out the way to shorten project cycle of product development and accelerate the speed to push new product into market. But at present, about70%of the research and development (R&D) project in the enterprise can't be completed on time. As a result, the new product can't be pushed into market as planned, missing the best opportunities. One of the most fundamental reasons leading to this problem is that the project schedule is usually developed by project managers according to their experiences during the product R&D project management process, which leads to strong subjectivity of task decomposition, ignorance of coupling iteration between tasks, resulting in the inaccuracy of logical order and duration estimation. The project will be delayed due to the poor enforceability of the schedule, where occurs too much task iteration, resource conflict and task delay.75%of design activities are based on case in the machinery manufacturing enterprise, which is to say that most product R&D projects are based on variant design. For those projects, the data and information, providing basis for creating the schedule, is known before the project is started, such as product R&D process, basic composition of product structure, skill requirements for parts design. Therefore, the method of developing machinery product R&D project schedule is proposed, which is based on the data and information such as product R&D process and product structure tree. In this way, the project schedule will be more consistent with actual R&D process and executable, with less subjectivity and more scientificity.
In mechanical product R&D projects, the tasks of work breakdown structure (WBS) can be decomposed according to the product R&D process, the product structure and the deliverables, based on which, a product R&D WBS decomposition model is proposed. A specific R&D task decomposition process is put forward, and the identification generation rules of R&D task are defined. According to the hierarchy and complexity of the product structure tree, a decomposition method of parts R&D task based on product structure tree is presented. The mapping rules between components and tasks are developed. The mathematical models of mapping and the process of mapping algorithm are established. The automatic WBS decomposition based on product structure tree is achieved, and the standardization, efficiency, and accuracy of the R&D project task decomposition is improved.
Considering the hierarchy of WBS, the modeling method based on DSM is proposed to clearly describe and conveniently analysis the information interaction between R&D project tasks, which realizes the construction of DSM corresponding to any level or part of tasks and the extension of models with the step-by-step evolution of R&D process, reduces the modeling difficulty and improves the modeling efficiency. On the basis of modelling with hierarchical DSM, the planning and sequencing of coupled task sets is researched. The recognition method of coupled task sets based on reachability matrix is presented. The merging and reorganizing strategy of coupled task sets based on clustering methodology is put forward. The tearing algorithm of coupled task set is proposed to realize planning and sequencing of the coupled tasks, which is based on dual order indexes--number dependence and information dependence.
In order to solve the problem of task duration predicting in R&D project with poor information, small sample event and uncertainty, a method based on grey prediction model of amplitude compression is put forward to predicting the duration of coupled task set, in consideration of discreteness and oscillation features of coupled task set duration. The smooth operator is used to enhance the degree of oscillation sequence. The discrete grey prediction model DGM(1,1) for oscillation sequence is established, and the steps of grey prediction for coupled task set duration is set up. The prediction method will reduce the effect of grey factors in coupled task set duration prediction, and improve the accuracy of duration prediction.
Generalized precedence relations (GPRs) exist between tasks in product R&D project, including four sequential precedence relations as start to start, start to end, end to start, end to end. Each of these relations contain minimum and maximum lags requirement. Accordingly, Multi-mode flexible resource-constrained project scheduling problem with consideration of GPRs between R&D tasks is studied. The time window of task start time with GPRs is analyzed. The mathematical model of multi-mode flexible resource-constrained project scheduling problem with generalized precedence relations is established, and a genetic algorithm is proposed to solve the model. The corresponding encoding and decoding method is presented. Then, the start/end time, the execution mode and resource allocation scheme of project tasks is identifies. The project schedule development is finished and the executable project schedule whose duration is shortest is obtained.
At last, based on previous theoretical research, the operation flow of R&D project scheduling management is analyzed. The system structure of the product life cycle management system is extended. The main functional modules of project scheduling management is developed, and was successfully applied in an offset wind turbine R&D project.
在机械产品研发项目中,产品研发过程、产品结构和交付物是工作分解结构(Work Breakdown Structure, WBS)中任务分解的依据,基于此构建了产品研发的WBS分解模型,提出了具体的研发任务分解过程和研发任务的标识制定规则。根据产品结构树层次性和复杂性的特点,研究了基于产品结构树的零部件研发任务的分解方法,制定了零部件和任务之间的一系列映射规则,构建了映射的数学模型和映射算法的流程,实现了基于产品结构树的WBS自动分解,提高了研发项目任务分解的规范化、准确性和分解效率。
为清晰的描述和方便的分析研发项目中任务之间的信息交互关系,结合WBS分层的特点,提出了基于分层设计结构矩阵的建模方法,实现了WBS中任意层次、任意部分研发任务对应设计结构矩阵模型的构建,以及模型随任务的逐层分解不断扩展,降低了模型的构建难度,同时提高了模型的构建效率。在分层设计结构矩阵建模的基础上,重点研究了耦合任务集的规划排序,提出了基于可达矩阵的耦合任务集识别方法,研究了基于聚类分析法的耦合任务合并重组策略,构建了基于数量依赖和信息依赖双次序指标的耦合任务集割裂算法,实现了耦合任务的规划排序。
为解决研发项目中的耦合任务贫信息、小样本事件、不确定性的工时预测问题,结合耦合任务集工时的离散型和振荡性等特点提出了基于振幅压缩灰色预测模型的耦合任务集工时预测方法。采用了平滑性算子对振荡序列进行平滑性处理运算,推导构建了振荡序列的离散灰色预测DGM(1,1)模型,建立了耦合任务集工时灰色模拟预测的过程步骤。此工时灰色预测方法有效的减少了耦合任务集工时估算过程中灰因素的影响,提高了工时估算的准确性。
在产品研发项目中任务间的时序优先关系是广义优先关系(generalized precedence relations, GPRs),即任务间存在开始-开始、开始-结束、结束-开始、结束-结束四种时序优先关系,且每种时序优先关系包含有最小／最大时滞要求。基于此研究了考虑研发任务间GPRs下的多模式柔性资源受限项目调度问题,分析了广义优先关系条件下任务开始时间对应的时间窗,构建了GPRs下多模式柔性资源受限项目调度问题的数学模型,使用遗传算法对其进行求解,提出了相应的编码和解码方法,确定了项目任务的开始／结束时间、执行模式、资源分配方案,完成了对进度计划的编制,获得了最终可执行的总工期最短的项目进度计划。
在前面理论研究的基础上,分析了研发项目进度计划管理的业务流程,扩展了产品全生命周期管理系统的体系架构,开发实现了项目进度计划管理的主要功能模块,并在某企业的海上风力发电机组研发项目中成功实施应用。
Increasingly intense global competition is calling for higher and higher product development efficiency of machinery manufacturing enterprise. Thus, it has become an urgent problem to find out the way to shorten project cycle of product development and accelerate the speed to push new product into market. But at present, about70%of the research and development (R&D) project in the enterprise can't be completed on time. As a result, the new product can't be pushed into market as planned, missing the best opportunities. One of the most fundamental reasons leading to this problem is that the project schedule is usually developed by project managers according to their experiences during the product R&D project management process, which leads to strong subjectivity of task decomposition, ignorance of coupling iteration between tasks, resulting in the inaccuracy of logical order and duration estimation. The project will be delayed due to the poor enforceability of the schedule, where occurs too much task iteration, resource conflict and task delay.75%of design activities are based on case in the machinery manufacturing enterprise, which is to say that most product R&D projects are based on variant design. For those projects, the data and information, providing basis for creating the schedule, is known before the project is started, such as product R&D process, basic composition of product structure, skill requirements for parts design. Therefore, the method of developing machinery product R&D project schedule is proposed, which is based on the data and information such as product R&D process and product structure tree. In this way, the project schedule will be more consistent with actual R&D process and executable, with less subjectivity and more scientificity.
In mechanical product R&D projects, the tasks of work breakdown structure (WBS) can be decomposed according to the product R&D process, the product structure and the deliverables, based on which, a product R&D WBS decomposition model is proposed. A specific R&D task decomposition process is put forward, and the identification generation rules of R&D task are defined. According to the hierarchy and complexity of the product structure tree, a decomposition method of parts R&D task based on product structure tree is presented. The mapping rules between components and tasks are developed. The mathematical models of mapping and the process of mapping algorithm are established. The automatic WBS decomposition based on product structure tree is achieved, and the standardization, efficiency, and accuracy of the R&D project task decomposition is improved.
Considering the hierarchy of WBS, the modeling method based on DSM is proposed to clearly describe and conveniently analysis the information interaction between R&D project tasks, which realizes the construction of DSM corresponding to any level or part of tasks and the extension of models with the step-by-step evolution of R&D process, reduces the modeling difficulty and improves the modeling efficiency. On the basis of modelling with hierarchical DSM, the planning and sequencing of coupled task sets is researched. The recognition method of coupled task sets based on reachability matrix is presented. The merging and reorganizing strategy of coupled task sets based on clustering methodology is put forward. The tearing algorithm of coupled task set is proposed to realize planning and sequencing of the coupled tasks, which is based on dual order indexes--number dependence and information dependence.
In order to solve the problem of task duration predicting in R&D project with poor information, small sample event and uncertainty, a method based on grey prediction model of amplitude compression is put forward to predicting the duration of coupled task set, in consideration of discreteness and oscillation features of coupled task set duration. The smooth operator is used to enhance the degree of oscillation sequence. The discrete grey prediction model DGM(1,1) for oscillation sequence is established, and the steps of grey prediction for coupled task set duration is set up. The prediction method will reduce the effect of grey factors in coupled task set duration prediction, and improve the accuracy of duration prediction.
Generalized precedence relations (GPRs) exist between tasks in product R&D project, including four sequential precedence relations as start to start, start to end, end to start, end to end. Each of these relations contain minimum and maximum lags requirement. Accordingly, Multi-mode flexible resource-constrained project scheduling problem with consideration of GPRs between R&D tasks is studied. The time window of task start time with GPRs is analyzed. The mathematical model of multi-mode flexible resource-constrained project scheduling problem with generalized precedence relations is established, and a genetic algorithm is proposed to solve the model. The corresponding encoding and decoding method is presented. Then, the start/end time, the execution mode and resource allocation scheme of project tasks is identifies. The project schedule development is finished and the executable project schedule whose duration is shortest is obtained.
At last, based on previous theoretical research, the operation flow of R&D project scheduling management is analyzed. The system structure of the product life cycle management system is extended. The main functional modules of project scheduling management is developed, and was successfully applied in an offset wind turbine R&D project.
引文
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