电力网络静态等值研究
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摘要
对互联系统进行各种不同运行状态下的众多分析计算往往会受到计算机容量的限制或耗费显著的计算机求解时间，因此常常求助于等值方法来缩小系统规模。各种等值方法在电力系统离线、在线分析上有着广泛的应用。本文对静态等值研究中所关心的问题做了比较全面的论述。在静态等值过程中基本节点和基本支路的选择是进行等值计算的第一步，本文采用灵敏度分析方法对这个问题做深入的讨论；静态等值的特点决定了在等值过程中出现非线性误差的情况不可避免，本文对等值计算时产生非线性误差的机理作深入的分析，从而作为对常规WARD等值进行改进的依据。在实际应用中，扩展WARD等值在很多情况下通常能够较好的满足分析计算的精度要求，本文详细叙述了该方法的推导、改进过程，同时根据笔者实际所参与的科研项目的需要，对该方法进行了编程实现，并采用IEEE-57系统进行仿真计算，根据仿真结果进一步讨论WARD等值中所要顾及的一系列问题，所编程序能够应用于笔者所参与的科研项目。
It is always restricted by the capability of computers and consumes much calculation time in various analyses of interconnected network which operates in different states. And it often turns to static equivalent methods to reduce the scale of interconnected system to solve this problem. The static equivalent methods are widely used in off-line or on-line analyses of power system. The basic problems of static equivalence are generally discussed in this paper. The selection of basic nodes and basic buses is the first step in reducing a interconnected network by using equivalent methods. This problem is deeply discussed based on a sensitivity analysis method in this paper. The non-linear errors are inevitable which are resulted by the characteristic of static equivalence. The mechanics of the production of non-linear errors is deeply discussed based on the analysis of normal Ward equivalence. And this becomes the theoretical base to improve the normal Ward equivalence. In practical application, the extended War
d equivalence can obtain satisfying precision in many cases. The particular deducing and improving course is described in this paper. And considering the actual requirement, it is programmed to solve the practical reducing problems and the emulating calculation is carried out with IEEE-57 system. The results of emulating calculation are used to proceed more analyses of the problems of Ward equivalence.
It is always restricted by the capability of computers and consumes much calculation time in various analyses of interconnected network which operates in different states. And it often turns to static equivalent methods to reduce the scale of interconnected system to solve this problem. The static equivalent methods are widely used in off-line or on-line analyses of power system. The basic problems of static equivalence are generally discussed in this paper. The selection of basic nodes and basic buses is the first step in reducing a interconnected network by using equivalent methods. This problem is deeply discussed based on a sensitivity analysis method in this paper. The non-linear errors are inevitable which are resulted by the characteristic of static equivalence. The mechanics of the production of non-linear errors is deeply discussed based on the analysis of normal Ward equivalence. And this becomes the theoretical base to improve the normal Ward equivalence. In practical application, the extended War
d equivalence can obtain satisfying precision in many cases. The particular deducing and improving course is described in this paper. And considering the actual requirement, it is programmed to solve the practical reducing problems and the emulating calculation is carried out with IEEE-57 system. The results of emulating calculation are used to proceed more analyses of the problems of Ward equivalence.
引文
[1]诸骏伟．电力系统分析(上册)[M]．北京：水利电力出版社，1995．11
[2]吴际舜．电力系统静态安全分析．上海：上海交通大学出版社，1985
[3]吴际舜，侯志俭．等值电网的静态安全分析．电力系统自动化，No．5，1983
[4]贺培蓉．天津地区电力系统潮流计算的等值．天津电力调度所，1983
[5]A.Monticelli, S.deckmann,A.Garcia, B.Stott,"Real-time External Equivalents for Static Security Analysis". IEEE Trans.Vol.PAS-98.No.2,1979.
[6]A.j.Calvaer, P.L.Boulanger,"Application of External Equivalents in the Case of Machine Outages in the Study System".IFAC Symposium,1980.
[7]E.C.Housos,G, Irisarri,R.m.Portor,A.M.Sasson,"Steady State Network Equivalents for Power System Planning Applications",IEEE R\Trans.,Vos.PAS-99,No.6,1980
[8]S.C.Savulescu,"Equivalents for Security Analysis of Power Systems".IEEE Trans.Vos. PAS-100.N.5,1981.
[9]F.F.Wu, A.Monticelli, "Critical Review of External Network moadling for On-line Security Analysis" , Electical Power Energy System, 1983, 5, PP,222-235。
[10]S.Deckwann, A.Pixxolante, A.Monticelli, B.Stott And O.Alsac "Studies On Power System Load Flow Equivalencing" IEEE Trans, POWER APRSYST. Vol.PAS-99, PP2292-2300, 1980。
[11]R.A.M.van Amerongen,h. P. van Meeteren,"A Generlized Wrd Equivalent for Security Analysis",IEEE Trans,Vol.PSD-101 ,No6,1982.
[12]F.FWu,"Final Report of Probabilistecd Steady-state and Dynamic Security Assessment",University of California,Berkley, March, 1984.
[13]Whetton.R, Jones.M, Murray.D,"The use of Ward and Mellor Structured Methodology for the design of a complex real time system",Computer Aided Software Engineering Tools for Real-Time Control, IEE Colloquium on, 24 Apr 1991. Pages:5/1 - 5/4
[14]邵玉槐，李肖伟，程晋生．REI等值法用于多点配电系统短路计算的研究．中国电机工程学报，VOL20(4)，2000．4
[15]Oatts, M.L.Erwin,S.R. Hart,J.L. "Application of the REI Equivalent for Operations Planning Analysis of Interchange Schedules" .Power System, IEEE Trans On , Vol: 5 ISSUE: 2, MAY 1990 PAGE(S): 547-555
[16]Oatts.M.L, Erwin.S.R,Hart.J.L,"Application of the REI equivalent for operations planning analysis of interchange schedules",Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on ,
Volume: 5, Issue: 2, May 1990 .Pages:547-555
[17]Oatts.M.L,Erwin.S.R,Hart.J.L,"Application of the REI equivalent for operations planning analysis of interchange schedules",Power Industry Computer Application Conference, 1989. PICA '89, Conference Papers, 1-5 May 1989 .Pages:424-430
[18]Huang.G, Abur.A,"A multilevel REI-based aggregation/disaggregation method for fast parallel power flow computation",Circuits and Systems, 1989., Proceedings of the 32nd Midwest Symposium on, 14-16 Aug. 1989.Pages: 16-19 vol. 1
[19]E.Housos, H.Hrisarri, "Real Time Result with On-line Network Equivalents for Control Center Applications", IEEE TRANS.
[20]Lo.K.L, Peng.L.J,Macqueen.J.F, Ekwue.A.O, Cheng. D.T.Y,"Hybrid approach using counterpropagation neural network for power-system network reduction",Generation, Transmission and Distribution, IEE Proceedings , Volume: 144 , Issue: 2 , March 1997.Pages: 169-174
[21]Fu Ying Chung, T.S.,"An innovative fast voltage security assessment based on a hybrid ANN external equivalent approach",Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, 2000. IEEE, Volume: 2,23-27 Jan. 2000 .Pages:987-992 vol.2
[22]Palacio.N.J.O, Almeida.K.C, Zurn.H.H,"Short term hydrothermal scheduling under bilateral contracts",Power Tech Proceedings, 2001 IEEE Porto, Volume: 1 , 10-13 Sept. 2001 .Pages:6 pp. vol. 1
[23]Patton.A.D,Sung.S.K,"A transmission network model for multi-area reliability studies",Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on , Volume: 8 , Issue: 2 , May 1993 .Pages:459-465
[24]申鼎发，刘虹．静态等值的一种新方法．上海电力学院学报，1997．02．
[25]吴杰，单渊达．静态网络等值中基本节点的选择．江苏电机工程，1995．04
[26]Shoults.R.R, Bierck.W.J.Jr,"Buffer system selection of a steady-state external equivalent model for real-time power flow using an automated sensitivity analysis procedure",Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on, Volume: 3, Issue: 3, Aug. 1988 Pages:1104-1111
[27]孙宏斌，张伯明，相年德．Word型等值的非线性误差分析与应用．电力系统自动化，Vol20(9)，1996．9
[28]吴际舜．静态安全分析用的改进拓扑等值．电子计算机在线应用论文集，中国电机工程学会自动化及电子计算机专业委员会，1982
[29]王玮，徐丽杰，王林．采用可变等值注入法的等值潮流算法．中国电力，1998．12
[30]J.F. Dopazo, G.Irisarri, A.M.Sasson, "Real-Time Extennal System Equivalent for On-line Contingency Analysis" , IEEE Trans, Vol, PAS-98, NO.6,1979。
[31]Lo, K.L.Peng, L.J Macqueen, J.F. Ekwue, A.O. Dandachi, N.H. Extended Ward Equivalent of External Ssysten for On-line Security Analysis.Advances In Power System Control, Operation And Management, 1993.APSCOM-93., 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON, 7-10 DEC 1993 PAGE(S): 54-59 Vol.
[32]Machowski.J, Cichy. A, Gubina. F, Omahen. P,"Extemal subsystem equivalent model for steady-state and dynamic security assessment",Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on, Volume: 3, Issue: 4, Nov. 1988 .Pages:1456-1463
[33]Lo.K.L,Peng.L.J, Macqueen.J.F, Ekwue.A.O, Dandachi.N.H."Extended Ward equivalent of external system for on-line security analysis",Advances in Power System Control, Operation and Management, 1993. APSCOM-93., 2nd International Conference on, 7-10 Dec 1993 Pages:54-59 vol. 1
[34]Chung.T.S., Fu.Y, "A fast voltage security assessment method via extended Ward equivalent and neural network approach",Power Engineering Review, IEEE, Volume: 19, Issue: 10, Oct. 1999 .Pages:40-43
[35]Shangyou Hao,Papalexopoulos.A,"External network modeling for optimal power flow applications",Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on , Volume: 10 , Issue: 2 , May 1995 Pages:825-837
[2]吴际舜．电力系统静态安全分析．上海：上海交通大学出版社，1985
[3]吴际舜，侯志俭．等值电网的静态安全分析．电力系统自动化，No．5，1983
[4]贺培蓉．天津地区电力系统潮流计算的等值．天津电力调度所，1983
[5]A.Monticelli, S.deckmann,A.Garcia, B.Stott,"Real-time External Equivalents for Static Security Analysis". IEEE Trans.Vol.PAS-98.No.2,1979.
[6]A.j.Calvaer, P.L.Boulanger,"Application of External Equivalents in the Case of Machine Outages in the Study System".IFAC Symposium,1980.
[7]E.C.Housos,G, Irisarri,R.m.Portor,A.M.Sasson,"Steady State Network Equivalents for Power System Planning Applications",IEEE R\Trans.,Vos.PAS-99,No.6,1980
[8]S.C.Savulescu,"Equivalents for Security Analysis of Power Systems".IEEE Trans.Vos. PAS-100.N.5,1981.
[9]F.F.Wu, A.Monticelli, "Critical Review of External Network moadling for On-line Security Analysis" , Electical Power Energy System, 1983, 5, PP,222-235。
[10]S.Deckwann, A.Pixxolante, A.Monticelli, B.Stott And O.Alsac "Studies On Power System Load Flow Equivalencing" IEEE Trans, POWER APRSYST. Vol.PAS-99, PP2292-2300, 1980。
[11]R.A.M.van Amerongen,h. P. van Meeteren,"A Generlized Wrd Equivalent for Security Analysis",IEEE Trans,Vol.PSD-101 ,No6,1982.
[12]F.FWu,"Final Report of Probabilistecd Steady-state and Dynamic Security Assessment",University of California,Berkley, March, 1984.
[13]Whetton.R, Jones.M, Murray.D,"The use of Ward and Mellor Structured Methodology for the design of a complex real time system",Computer Aided Software Engineering Tools for Real-Time Control, IEE Colloquium on, 24 Apr 1991. Pages:5/1 - 5/4
[14]邵玉槐，李肖伟，程晋生．REI等值法用于多点配电系统短路计算的研究．中国电机工程学报，VOL20(4)，2000．4
[15]Oatts, M.L.Erwin,S.R. Hart,J.L. "Application of the REI Equivalent for Operations Planning Analysis of Interchange Schedules" .Power System, IEEE Trans On , Vol: 5 ISSUE: 2, MAY 1990 PAGE(S): 547-555
[16]Oatts.M.L, Erwin.S.R,Hart.J.L,"Application of the REI equivalent for operations planning analysis of interchange schedules",Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on ,
Volume: 5, Issue: 2, May 1990 .Pages:547-555
[17]Oatts.M.L,Erwin.S.R,Hart.J.L,"Application of the REI equivalent for operations planning analysis of interchange schedules",Power Industry Computer Application Conference, 1989. PICA '89, Conference Papers, 1-5 May 1989 .Pages:424-430
[18]Huang.G, Abur.A,"A multilevel REI-based aggregation/disaggregation method for fast parallel power flow computation",Circuits and Systems, 1989., Proceedings of the 32nd Midwest Symposium on, 14-16 Aug. 1989.Pages: 16-19 vol. 1
[19]E.Housos, H.Hrisarri, "Real Time Result with On-line Network Equivalents for Control Center Applications", IEEE TRANS.
[20]Lo.K.L, Peng.L.J,Macqueen.J.F, Ekwue.A.O, Cheng. D.T.Y,"Hybrid approach using counterpropagation neural network for power-system network reduction",Generation, Transmission and Distribution, IEE Proceedings , Volume: 144 , Issue: 2 , March 1997.Pages: 169-174
[21]Fu Ying Chung, T.S.,"An innovative fast voltage security assessment based on a hybrid ANN external equivalent approach",Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, 2000. IEEE, Volume: 2,23-27 Jan. 2000 .Pages:987-992 vol.2
[22]Palacio.N.J.O, Almeida.K.C, Zurn.H.H,"Short term hydrothermal scheduling under bilateral contracts",Power Tech Proceedings, 2001 IEEE Porto, Volume: 1 , 10-13 Sept. 2001 .Pages:6 pp. vol. 1
[23]Patton.A.D,Sung.S.K,"A transmission network model for multi-area reliability studies",Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on , Volume: 8 , Issue: 2 , May 1993 .Pages:459-465
[24]申鼎发，刘虹．静态等值的一种新方法．上海电力学院学报，1997．02．
[25]吴杰，单渊达．静态网络等值中基本节点的选择．江苏电机工程，1995．04
[26]Shoults.R.R, Bierck.W.J.Jr,"Buffer system selection of a steady-state external equivalent model for real-time power flow using an automated sensitivity analysis procedure",Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on, Volume: 3, Issue: 3, Aug. 1988 Pages:1104-1111
[27]孙宏斌，张伯明，相年德．Word型等值的非线性误差分析与应用．电力系统自动化，Vol20(9)，1996．9
[28]吴际舜．静态安全分析用的改进拓扑等值．电子计算机在线应用论文集，中国电机工程学会自动化及电子计算机专业委员会，1982
[29]王玮，徐丽杰，王林．采用可变等值注入法的等值潮流算法．中国电力，1998．12
[30]J.F. Dopazo, G.Irisarri, A.M.Sasson, "Real-Time Extennal System Equivalent for On-line Contingency Analysis" , IEEE Trans, Vol, PAS-98, NO.6,1979。
[31]Lo, K.L.Peng, L.J Macqueen, J.F. Ekwue, A.O. Dandachi, N.H. Extended Ward Equivalent of External Ssysten for On-line Security Analysis.Advances In Power System Control, Operation And Management, 1993.APSCOM-93., 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON, 7-10 DEC 1993 PAGE(S): 54-59 Vol.
[32]Machowski.J, Cichy. A, Gubina. F, Omahen. P,"Extemal subsystem equivalent model for steady-state and dynamic security assessment",Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on, Volume: 3, Issue: 4, Nov. 1988 .Pages:1456-1463
[33]Lo.K.L,Peng.L.J, Macqueen.J.F, Ekwue.A.O, Dandachi.N.H."Extended Ward equivalent of external system for on-line security analysis",Advances in Power System Control, Operation and Management, 1993. APSCOM-93., 2nd International Conference on, 7-10 Dec 1993 Pages:54-59 vol. 1
[34]Chung.T.S., Fu.Y, "A fast voltage security assessment method via extended Ward equivalent and neural network approach",Power Engineering Review, IEEE, Volume: 19, Issue: 10, Oct. 1999 .Pages:40-43
[35]Shangyou Hao,Papalexopoulos.A,"External network modeling for optimal power flow applications",Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on , Volume: 10 , Issue: 2 , May 1995 Pages:825-837