恒定负荷有氧耐力运动对大鼠白细胞介素影响的研究
|
摘要
随着分子及细胞生物学的理论与技术的发展及应用，对运动与免疫的研究也越来越深入。由于近年白介素的发现，人们有关运动对免疫系统的作用的认识也取得了突破性的进展，某些方面已达到了分子水平。本实验主要研恒定负荷有氧运动条件下肌体白细胞介素的应答性和适应性的变化特征。
本实验以SD大鼠为研究对象，将动物分为安静对照组、运动前即刻即刻组，运动后即刻即刻组和运动后3小时即刻组。又根据运动时间的不同分为零周起点组、1周运动组、2周运动组、3周运动组、4周运动组等19个组。探讨恒定负荷有氧耐力训练对大鼠血清白细胞介素一(IL-1)、白细胞介素二(IL-2)、白细胞介素六(IL-6)活性的影响，试图为运动对免疫的影响提供实验依据。实验结果如下：
1．一次急性运动后即刻，与安静对照组相比，运动后即刻血清IL—1水平明显升高(P＜0.01)，经过3小时的休息后，血清IL—1的水平虽然明显下降(P＜0.05)，但仍高于运动前安静时的水平(P＜0.05)，整个曲线呈现明显的先上升后下降的变化趋势，而定量负荷有氧耐力运动四周，除WK3-3H外其他四周各组都呈现出：“升—升—降”的趋势，三、四周各组的上升更为明显，表明适量的有氧运动可以有效的激活肌体的免疫系统，增强了免疫细胞对细胞间传递物质IL-1的分泌，并且随着时间的延续IL-1水平持续升高，推测IL-1的升高可能与肌体的免疫力增强呈一定相关性。
2．一次急性运动后即刻，与安静对照组相比，血清IL-2水平有下降趋势，经过3小时的休息后，血清IL-2水平虽然有回升趋势，但是依然没有恢复到运动前安静时的水平，整个变化趋势呈“V”形，同时变化不明显，不具有统计学上的意义(P＞0.05)，而零周和第一周与此十分相似，只是变化幅度更大，三周和四周的变化不太明显，基本上成一条直线型。表明肌体IL-2水平相对比较稳定，一
华南师范大学体育科学学院硕士学位论文 张蕾 一2一
次有氧运动对之影响不大，有氧耐力运动可以提高肌体的免疫能力是一个长期的
积累效应，并且与适宜的刺激强度有关。
3．一次急性运动后即刻，血清IL七水平明显升高，经过3小时的休息后，血
清见一6的水平有持续升高趋势，但都不具有统计学上的显著性差异（P＞0刀5），
整个变化趋势呈直线上升型。WK与 WKO的白细胞介导素六（IL－6）有着相
似的变化趋势一WK的变化幅度更大一些，第二周各组 n－6水平显著下降，而
第三周、第四周大鼠白细胞介导素六（IL七）水平的变化并不是太明显，与 WKO－R
相比没有显著性差异，估计是因为己经适应了有氧运动的结果。表明：肌体IL－6
水平对有氧运动有应答性升高并且有超量恢复的趋势，但是有氧耐力运动对肌体
免疫力的调节是否与血清IL七水平相关，还需要进行长期的观察和测定。
4．安静生长对照组四周的血浆白细胞介素水平的变化趋势，IL－l的变化如
下：第一周和第二周大鼠 IL－l水平与零周比无显著性差异（P＞0刀5），第三周和
第四周的大鼠IL－l水平除了WK4R没有显著性差异外，其他各组与起点组相比，
都具有高度显著性差异（P＜0刀1）而1＊－2与1＊－6的第四周水平与起始水平无显
著性差异（P＞0对引。推测是一方面是因为随着时间的延长，大鼠的年龄的增长，
大鼠的免疫力的增强与IL－l的水平的升高呈正相关。另一方面是经过两周的运
动方式和生活环境的适应，恒定负荷的有氧耐力运动对大鼠造成的刺激已不那么
强烈，年龄的增长对IL－2和IL－6水平影响不大。
因此，我们认为：①恒定负荷有氧运动可以提高血浆IL－1的活性从而可以
达到免疫调节作用。②在对一次恒定负荷有氧运动的应答过程中可发现IL－l水
平呈先升后降、IL－2水平呈先降后升而IL七水平呈持续上升变化趋势。③在对
四周恒定负荷有氧运动的适应过程中可发现IL－l水平持续上升、IL－2水平呈先
升后降至起始水平，而L－6水平则在第一周升高而第二周显著下降，后逐渐上
升至起始水平。因IL－6是肌肉损伤指标之一，提示第h周可能有短暂的疲劳积
累和肌肉损伤，运动训练周期应遵循着“升一降一升”的训练模式，有助于疲劳
的消除，而不是恒定负荷贯穿始终。④运动时间越长、运动水平越高，n－l和 IL－2
运动前后对比变化幅度越小，而安静时的水平比同组不运动组鼠要高（IL－1）或
不变＊L2人 提示ILl IL2变化幅度可否作为评价运动员运动能力的指标。
⑤肌体的免疫系统对恒定负荷有氧运动的适应性变化大致可分为激活、补偿、去
补偿、复归4个阶段。
Due to the development and application of theory and technology in the field of molecule and cell biology, the research of exercise and immunology is going deeper. The discovery of interleukin in recent years has led to a groundbreaking progress in people's understanding of the functions of immune system. In some areas people have been able to understand its working on the level of molecule. This study tries to observe the responsive and recovery characteristics of immune function of IL induced by eternally aerobic exercise.
This research object is SD rats, which have been divided into four groups : 1. Control (WK-R) 2. rats killed before exercise (WK-B) 3. rats killed immediately after exercise (WK-A) 4. rats killed 3 hours after exercise (WK-3h).The rats were randomly divided into 19 groups in all according to the length of time used for exercise: 1. zero week (WKO) 2. one week (WK1) 3. two weeks (WK2) 4. three weeks (WK3) 5. four weeks (WK4). We observe the experimental study about effects on interleukin (IL-1^ IL-2> IL-6)of rats after eternally aerobic exercise and try to provide experimental evidence for the effect of exercise on the immune system . The results are as follows:
1. The activity of serum IL-1 of WKO-A is significantly higher than that of WKO-R(P<0.01) and after 3 hours' rest, the activity of serum IL-1 of WKO-3h is significantly lower than that of WKO-A(P<0.05),but it is still significantly higher than that of WKO-R(P< 0.01) .The curves show a tendency of rising at first and going down later. During the four weeks of eternally aerobic exercise, all groups except WK3-3H show a tendency of rise-rise-dropping ". The rising of WK3 and WK4 is more obvious. It shows that adequate aerobic exercise can effectively activate immune system, increase IL-1 secretion which is the medium between immune cells and prolong the rise in the IL-1 level. It suggests certain relevance between the strengthening of the immune system and the rise of serum IL-1 level.
2. The activity of serum IL-2 of WKO-A is lower than that of WKO-R, and after 3 hours' rest the activity of serum IL-2 about WKO-3h is higher than that of WKO-A. However, it is still lower than that of WKO-R. The curves show a tendency of lowering down at first and rising later with no significant change (P>0.05). The result of WKO and WK1 are very similar to the above-mentioned tendency, but they have experienced greater change. The changes occurred in WK3 and WK4 are not noticeable, and can be illustrated by a straight line. It shows that serum IL-2 is comparatively stable and has not been affected by the aerobic exercise. The improvement of immune system motivated by aerobic exercise is the result of a long-term accumulation, and it is also related to the proper stimulating intensity.
3. The activity of serum IL-6 of WKO-A is significantly higher than that of WKO-R, the activity of serum IL-6 of WKO-3h is still higher than that of WKO-A and WKO-R, but with no significant change(P>0.05). The curves show a tendency
of sharp rising. WKO and WK1 are similar in the changes of their IL-6, but the change of WK1 is greater. IL-6 level shows a noticeable decline in WK2. It shows no obvious changes in WK3 and WK4, which might be the result of the rats' accommodation to the aerobic exercise. The result shows that IL-6 responds to aerobic exercise with a rise and manifests a tendency of continuing rise after 3 hours. Nonetheless, whether the influence of aerobic exercise on the immunity of body is linked with the serum IL-6 level or not needs long-term observation and tests.
4. In the tendency of change in the serum interleukin (WK-R) during the four weeks, the changes in IL-1 are as follows: There is no significant change among WK1 and WK2 .WKO (P>0.05). The activity of serum IL-1 of WK3-all and WK4-all is significantly higher than that of WKO-R except WK4-R and WK4- (P<0.01) .But there is no significant change in IL-2 and IL-6 ever since the first week(P>0.05). We believe that on the one hand , as time goes by, the age of rats has in
本实验以SD大鼠为研究对象，将动物分为安静对照组、运动前即刻即刻组，运动后即刻即刻组和运动后3小时即刻组。又根据运动时间的不同分为零周起点组、1周运动组、2周运动组、3周运动组、4周运动组等19个组。探讨恒定负荷有氧耐力训练对大鼠血清白细胞介素一(IL-1)、白细胞介素二(IL-2)、白细胞介素六(IL-6)活性的影响，试图为运动对免疫的影响提供实验依据。实验结果如下：
1．一次急性运动后即刻，与安静对照组相比，运动后即刻血清IL—1水平明显升高(P＜0.01)，经过3小时的休息后，血清IL—1的水平虽然明显下降(P＜0.05)，但仍高于运动前安静时的水平(P＜0.05)，整个曲线呈现明显的先上升后下降的变化趋势，而定量负荷有氧耐力运动四周，除WK3-3H外其他四周各组都呈现出：“升—升—降”的趋势，三、四周各组的上升更为明显，表明适量的有氧运动可以有效的激活肌体的免疫系统，增强了免疫细胞对细胞间传递物质IL-1的分泌，并且随着时间的延续IL-1水平持续升高，推测IL-1的升高可能与肌体的免疫力增强呈一定相关性。
2．一次急性运动后即刻，与安静对照组相比，血清IL-2水平有下降趋势，经过3小时的休息后，血清IL-2水平虽然有回升趋势，但是依然没有恢复到运动前安静时的水平，整个变化趋势呈“V”形，同时变化不明显，不具有统计学上的意义(P＞0.05)，而零周和第一周与此十分相似，只是变化幅度更大，三周和四周的变化不太明显，基本上成一条直线型。表明肌体IL-2水平相对比较稳定，一
华南师范大学体育科学学院硕士学位论文 张蕾 一2一
次有氧运动对之影响不大，有氧耐力运动可以提高肌体的免疫能力是一个长期的
积累效应，并且与适宜的刺激强度有关。
3．一次急性运动后即刻，血清IL七水平明显升高，经过3小时的休息后，血
清见一6的水平有持续升高趋势，但都不具有统计学上的显著性差异（P＞0刀5），
整个变化趋势呈直线上升型。WK与 WKO的白细胞介导素六（IL－6）有着相
似的变化趋势一WK的变化幅度更大一些，第二周各组 n－6水平显著下降，而
第三周、第四周大鼠白细胞介导素六（IL七）水平的变化并不是太明显，与 WKO－R
相比没有显著性差异，估计是因为己经适应了有氧运动的结果。表明：肌体IL－6
水平对有氧运动有应答性升高并且有超量恢复的趋势，但是有氧耐力运动对肌体
免疫力的调节是否与血清IL七水平相关，还需要进行长期的观察和测定。
4．安静生长对照组四周的血浆白细胞介素水平的变化趋势，IL－l的变化如
下：第一周和第二周大鼠 IL－l水平与零周比无显著性差异（P＞0刀5），第三周和
第四周的大鼠IL－l水平除了WK4R没有显著性差异外，其他各组与起点组相比，
都具有高度显著性差异（P＜0刀1）而1＊－2与1＊－6的第四周水平与起始水平无显
著性差异（P＞0对引。推测是一方面是因为随着时间的延长，大鼠的年龄的增长，
大鼠的免疫力的增强与IL－l的水平的升高呈正相关。另一方面是经过两周的运
动方式和生活环境的适应，恒定负荷的有氧耐力运动对大鼠造成的刺激已不那么
强烈，年龄的增长对IL－2和IL－6水平影响不大。
因此，我们认为：①恒定负荷有氧运动可以提高血浆IL－1的活性从而可以
达到免疫调节作用。②在对一次恒定负荷有氧运动的应答过程中可发现IL－l水
平呈先升后降、IL－2水平呈先降后升而IL七水平呈持续上升变化趋势。③在对
四周恒定负荷有氧运动的适应过程中可发现IL－l水平持续上升、IL－2水平呈先
升后降至起始水平，而L－6水平则在第一周升高而第二周显著下降，后逐渐上
升至起始水平。因IL－6是肌肉损伤指标之一，提示第h周可能有短暂的疲劳积
累和肌肉损伤，运动训练周期应遵循着“升一降一升”的训练模式，有助于疲劳
的消除，而不是恒定负荷贯穿始终。④运动时间越长、运动水平越高，n－l和 IL－2
运动前后对比变化幅度越小，而安静时的水平比同组不运动组鼠要高（IL－1）或
不变＊L2人 提示ILl IL2变化幅度可否作为评价运动员运动能力的指标。
⑤肌体的免疫系统对恒定负荷有氧运动的适应性变化大致可分为激活、补偿、去
补偿、复归4个阶段。
Due to the development and application of theory and technology in the field of molecule and cell biology, the research of exercise and immunology is going deeper. The discovery of interleukin in recent years has led to a groundbreaking progress in people's understanding of the functions of immune system. In some areas people have been able to understand its working on the level of molecule. This study tries to observe the responsive and recovery characteristics of immune function of IL induced by eternally aerobic exercise.
This research object is SD rats, which have been divided into four groups : 1. Control (WK-R) 2. rats killed before exercise (WK-B) 3. rats killed immediately after exercise (WK-A) 4. rats killed 3 hours after exercise (WK-3h).The rats were randomly divided into 19 groups in all according to the length of time used for exercise: 1. zero week (WKO) 2. one week (WK1) 3. two weeks (WK2) 4. three weeks (WK3) 5. four weeks (WK4). We observe the experimental study about effects on interleukin (IL-1^ IL-2> IL-6)of rats after eternally aerobic exercise and try to provide experimental evidence for the effect of exercise on the immune system . The results are as follows:
1. The activity of serum IL-1 of WKO-A is significantly higher than that of WKO-R(P<0.01) and after 3 hours' rest, the activity of serum IL-1 of WKO-3h is significantly lower than that of WKO-A(P<0.05),but it is still significantly higher than that of WKO-R(P< 0.01) .The curves show a tendency of rising at first and going down later. During the four weeks of eternally aerobic exercise, all groups except WK3-3H show a tendency of rise-rise-dropping ". The rising of WK3 and WK4 is more obvious. It shows that adequate aerobic exercise can effectively activate immune system, increase IL-1 secretion which is the medium between immune cells and prolong the rise in the IL-1 level. It suggests certain relevance between the strengthening of the immune system and the rise of serum IL-1 level.
2. The activity of serum IL-2 of WKO-A is lower than that of WKO-R, and after 3 hours' rest the activity of serum IL-2 about WKO-3h is higher than that of WKO-A. However, it is still lower than that of WKO-R. The curves show a tendency of lowering down at first and rising later with no significant change (P>0.05). The result of WKO and WK1 are very similar to the above-mentioned tendency, but they have experienced greater change. The changes occurred in WK3 and WK4 are not noticeable, and can be illustrated by a straight line. It shows that serum IL-2 is comparatively stable and has not been affected by the aerobic exercise. The improvement of immune system motivated by aerobic exercise is the result of a long-term accumulation, and it is also related to the proper stimulating intensity.
3. The activity of serum IL-6 of WKO-A is significantly higher than that of WKO-R, the activity of serum IL-6 of WKO-3h is still higher than that of WKO-A and WKO-R, but with no significant change(P>0.05). The curves show a tendency
of sharp rising. WKO and WK1 are similar in the changes of their IL-6, but the change of WK1 is greater. IL-6 level shows a noticeable decline in WK2. It shows no obvious changes in WK3 and WK4, which might be the result of the rats' accommodation to the aerobic exercise. The result shows that IL-6 responds to aerobic exercise with a rise and manifests a tendency of continuing rise after 3 hours. Nonetheless, whether the influence of aerobic exercise on the immunity of body is linked with the serum IL-6 level or not needs long-term observation and tests.
4. In the tendency of change in the serum interleukin (WK-R) during the four weeks, the changes in IL-1 are as follows: There is no significant change among WK1 and WK2 .WKO (P>0.05). The activity of serum IL-1 of WK3-all and WK4-all is significantly higher than that of WKO-R except WK4-R and WK4- (P<0.01) .But there is no significant change in IL-2 and IL-6 ever since the first week(P>0.05). We believe that on the one hand , as time goes by, the age of rats has in
引文
[1] Shephard RJ.Exercise in the prevention and treatment of cancer Sports Medicine, 1993,15:258-280
[2] 杨锡让、傅浩坚主编。运动生理学进展：质疑与思考。北京体育大学出版社，2000
[3] Smith,J,A.Guidelines, Standard, and perspectives in eercise immunology, Med. Sci Sports.Exer. 1995,27(4):496-505
[4] Mackinnon,LT. Current challenges and future expectations in exercise immunology:Back to the future. Med. Sci. Sports.Exer. 1994,26(2): 191-194
[5] Nieman.DC.Exercise,upper respiratory tract infection,and the immune system, Med. Sci.Sports. Exer. 1994.26(2): 128-139
[6] 矫玮，关于当前对运动员免疫能力研究的思考；运动生理学进展 2000：347-350
[7] 郝选明、万文君，对运动性免疫抑制现象机理与意义的思考；运动生理学进展 2000：360-367
[8] 王丙云．中国免疫学杂志，1997，13：5～8
[9] 茅子均，等．中国病理生理杂志，1986，2(3)：171～173
[10] 赵育莹，等．中国免疫学杂志，1996，12(3)：186～187
[11] 徐瑛，等．上海医学，1990，13(6)：346
[12] Szondy, Z.E. The effect o glutatmine concertration on the activity of carbamoyl-phos phate syn-thase and on the incorporation of [3H] thymidine into DNA in rat mesenteric lymphocytes itimulated by phytohaemag lutinin.Biochem J 1989, 261:979-9833
[13] 吴敏毓 刘恭植。医学免疫学。中国科学技术大学出版社。1999
[14] 刘建欣 郑昌学。现代免疫学。清华大学出版社2001年
[15] Burke. Glutamine-enriched TPN supports gutimmune function. Archisurg,198,124:1396-13994
[16] Newsholme,E. A,etal. Properties of glutamine release from muscle and its importances for the im-mune system. Nutri, 1990,14:63-675
[17] Burke. Glutamine-enriched TPN supports gutimmune function. Archisurg,198,124:1396-13994
[18] 周光炎。免疫学原理。上海科学技术文献出版社。2000年
[19] 许贤豪。神经免疫学。北京医科大学中国协和医科大学联合出版社。1993
[20] Well-trained and ever-trained athletes.Int J Sport oMed, 1994, 15 S142-S1476
[21] 沙继斌，等．运动、白细胞、免疫调节[J]．天津体育学院学报，1998：13(3)：8～10
[22] 袁家齐，等．慢跑对中老年人免疫功能的影响[J]．中国运动医学杂志，1984：3(1)：41～47
[23] Nieman, DavidC. Exerase, infection and immunity, Int J Sport oMed. 1994, 15:S131-S141
[24] Cannon.J.Getal.Physiological mechanisms contributing to increased interleukin-1 secretion J.Appl. Physiol 1986,65(5): 1869-1874
[25] 陈佩杰，等．大强度训练后机体免疫机能的变化及其和垂体—肾上腺皮质系统的可能关系[J]．体育科学，1995：15(2)：51～54。
[26] 李骁君，王瑞元．长时间大强度游泳训练对儿少运动员免疫机能的影响．北京体育大学学报，2001：24(4)481-484
[27] 姚毓才，张宝慧．运动训练对小鼠NK细胞杀伤功能和脾细胞IL-2产生能力的影响．中国运动医学杂志 1995，14(1)：17-20
[28] Cannon J G, MeydaniSN, Fielding RA, etal. Acute phase response in exercise.Associations between vitaminE,cytokines,andmuscle proteolysis. AmJ Physiol, 1991,260(6Pt2): 1235-1240
[29] Cannon JG, Kluger MJ.End ogenous pyrogen activity in human plasma after exercise.Science, 1983 220 9(4597) :617-619
[30] 梁开录，耿排力，杜寿昌运动与免疫机能[J]中国运动医学杂志，1996，9(1)：34 36．
[31] 周志宏，石幼琪，刘建红，等．补肾益元方对运动小鼠免疫功能的影响．中国运动医学杂志，2000：19(2)：202-204
[32] Simon HB The immunology of exercise JANAV 1984,252: 2735-2742.
[33] 宋亚军，急性亚极量运动对小鼠红细胞免疫功能的影响：济宁师专学报。1999，20(3)
[34] 陈秀英，一次急性运动对大鼠血浆白细胞介素的影响；北京体育大学学报。2000，23(3)：347-348
[35] Dripps DJ. Brandhuber BJ, Thompson RC, et al. Interleukin-1 (IL-1)receptor antagonist binds to the 80-K DA IL-1 receptor but doesnot initiate IL-1 signal transduction.JBiol Chem,1991,266(16):10331-10336.
[36] Hannum CH, Wilcox CJ, Arend WP, et al. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist of a human interleukin-1 in hibitor. Natur 1990,343(6256):336-340.
[37] 冯建英，陈吉隶运动与免疫[J]中国运动医学杂志，1992，11(4)：226
[38] 郭建军，杨则宜，杨志勇，等．不同训练强度对大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞分泌免疫细胞因子影响的研究[J]．中国运动医学杂志，1999，18(2)：121～122．
[39] Smith.J,A.Guidelines,Standard,and.perspectives.in.exercise.immunology, Med. Sci. Sports.Exer. 1995,27(4):496-505
[40] Nieman, DC.Exercise,upper respiratory tract infection and the immune system, Med, Sci.Sports.Exer. 1994,26(2)128-139
[41] 黄朝晖，等急性疲劳性运动后外周血T淋巴细胞功能活性及血浆皮质醇胰岛素水平的时相变化[J] 北京体育大学硕士论文，1994
[42] 何伟．运动与白细胞介素[J]．中国运动医学杂志，1995，14(4)．：233-237
[43] 陈佩杰．运动免疫学研究进展[J]，体育科学，2000：20(6)41-44
[44] Mackinnon,LT. Current challenges and future expectations in exercise immunology:Back to the future,Med,Sci. Sports.Exer. 1994,26(2): 191-194
[45] 何龙，曹雪涛．细胞因子自分泌现象及其生理和病理意义[J]上海免疫学杂志，1994，14(3)：184．
[46] 冯建英．急性运动对小鼠免疫细胞功能的影响[J]．中国运动医学杂志，1992，11(2)
[47] 陈佩杰．老年人长跑锻炼后白细胞介素1的变化及其和糖皮质激素受体的可能关系[J]．生理学报，1992，44(2)：197．
[48] Immunologic mediators asparameters of the reaction to strenuous exercise.Int J Sports Med, 1991,12 S 9-15
[49] Haahr PM,Pedersen BK,Fomsgaard A,et al. Effect of physical exercise on in vitro production of intefieukin-6,tumorne crosis factor-alpha, interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma. Int J Sports Med, 1991,12(2):223-227
[50] Plewa,M.C. Altered host response and special in fections in the elderly.Emerg.Ned.NorthAm. 1990; 8:193～206.
[51] Goldfarb AH.Nutritional antioxidants as therapeutic and preventive modalities in exercise-induced muscle damage.Can J Appl Physiol 1999,24(3):249-2666
[52] Keast. D.K,etal,Exercise and immune response sports Med,1988,5:248-267
[53] Ben-Yehuda,A.and M.E.Weksler. Immuesencence:mechamsms and clinicalimplications.Cancer Invert. 1992,(10):525-531
[54] Szondy, Z,E The effect oglutatmine concertration on the activity of [3H] thymidine into DNA in rat mesenteric lymphocytes itimulated by phytohaemag lutinin. Biochem J 1989,261:979-983
[55] 浦钧宗，唐培，冯建英．不同训练量对动物免疫指标影响的研究[J]中国运动医学杂志，1996，15(3)：170 173
[56] Espersen GT, Elbaek A,Ernst E,et al. Effect of physical exercise on cytokines and lymphocyte subpopulations in human peripheral blood. APMIS, 1990,98(5):395-400
[57] BagbyGJ,Sawaya DE,CrouchLD,etal.Prior exercise suppresses the plama tumor necrosis fator response to bacterial lipopoly-saccharide.Japple Physiol, 1994,77(3):1542-1547
[58] 石真玉，杨品良 白细胞介素及运动和营养对白细胞介素的影响 成都体育学院 2003．
[59] Bruunsgaard H,GalboH, Halkjaer-Kristensen J,Johansen TL, Mac Lean DA,Pedersen BK.Exercise-induced increase in interleuking-6 is releated to muscle damage.J Physiol Lond. 1997,499:833-841
[60] Evans WJ.Meredith CN.Cannon JG; etal. Metabolic changes following eccentric exercise in trained and untrained men.J Appl Physiol, 1986,61(5): 1864-1868
[61] Ben-Yehuda,A,and M,E,Weksler. Immuesenscence: mechanisms and clinical implications.Cancer Invert. 1992:10:525-531
[62] Plewa,M. C.Altered host response and special infections in the elderly. Emerg.Ned. NorthAm.
1990(8): 193-206
[63] Cannon J G, MeydaniSN, Fielding RA, etal. Acute phase response in exercise. Associations between vitaminE,cytokines,andmuscle proteolysis. AmJ Physiol, 1991,260(6Pt2):1235-1240
[64] Goldfarb AH.Nutritional antioxidants as therapeutic and preventive modalities in exercise-induced muscle damage. Can J Apple Physiol, 1999,24(3):249-266.
[65] Sprenger H, JacobsC, NainM, etal. Enhanced release of cytokines, interleukin-2 receptors,and neopterin after long-distance running.Clin Immunol immunopathol, 1992,63(2): 188-195
[66] 毕蕾等，免疫系统与神经内分泌系统间的调节环路；上海免疫学杂志，1997
[67] 郝选明、万文君，对运动时神经、内分泌、免疫系统间相互作用的思考；运动生理学进展 2000：360-367
[68] 林学颜 张玲。现代细胞与分子免疫学。科学出版社。1999
[69] 姜文凯，叶灯辉，运动·健康·内分泌调理[M]。北京：人民体育出版社，1995，76-139
[70] 常波等，运动对细胞因子的影响：吉林体育学院学报，1998，1：59
[71] 王国志，：运动与免疫；湖北体育科技第，2001：20(4)16-64
[72] David C, Nieman Exercise.infection and immunity [J] .Int J Sports Med, 1994, 15: S131-141
[73] 王沛，不同负荷的运动训练对大鼠T淋巴细胞亚群的影响[J]体育学刊．2001(8)：80-83
[74] 何伟 黄朝晖 急性运动对人体细胞免疫功能的影响 [J]武汉体育学院学报．2002(36)：55-57
[2] 杨锡让、傅浩坚主编。运动生理学进展：质疑与思考。北京体育大学出版社，2000
[3] Smith,J,A.Guidelines, Standard, and perspectives in eercise immunology, Med. Sci Sports.Exer. 1995,27(4):496-505
[4] Mackinnon,LT. Current challenges and future expectations in exercise immunology:Back to the future. Med. Sci. Sports.Exer. 1994,26(2): 191-194
[5] Nieman.DC.Exercise,upper respiratory tract infection,and the immune system, Med. Sci.Sports. Exer. 1994.26(2): 128-139
[6] 矫玮，关于当前对运动员免疫能力研究的思考；运动生理学进展 2000：347-350
[7] 郝选明、万文君，对运动性免疫抑制现象机理与意义的思考；运动生理学进展 2000：360-367
[8] 王丙云．中国免疫学杂志，1997，13：5～8
[9] 茅子均，等．中国病理生理杂志，1986，2(3)：171～173
[10] 赵育莹，等．中国免疫学杂志，1996，12(3)：186～187
[11] 徐瑛，等．上海医学，1990，13(6)：346
[12] Szondy, Z.E. The effect o glutatmine concertration on the activity of carbamoyl-phos phate syn-thase and on the incorporation of [3H] thymidine into DNA in rat mesenteric lymphocytes itimulated by phytohaemag lutinin.Biochem J 1989, 261:979-9833
[13] 吴敏毓 刘恭植。医学免疫学。中国科学技术大学出版社。1999
[14] 刘建欣 郑昌学。现代免疫学。清华大学出版社2001年
[15] Burke. Glutamine-enriched TPN supports gutimmune function. Archisurg,198,124:1396-13994
[16] Newsholme,E. A,etal. Properties of glutamine release from muscle and its importances for the im-mune system. Nutri, 1990,14:63-675
[17] Burke. Glutamine-enriched TPN supports gutimmune function. Archisurg,198,124:1396-13994
[18] 周光炎。免疫学原理。上海科学技术文献出版社。2000年
[19] 许贤豪。神经免疫学。北京医科大学中国协和医科大学联合出版社。1993
[20] Well-trained and ever-trained athletes.Int J Sport oMed, 1994, 15 S142-S1476
[21] 沙继斌，等．运动、白细胞、免疫调节[J]．天津体育学院学报，1998：13(3)：8～10
[22] 袁家齐，等．慢跑对中老年人免疫功能的影响[J]．中国运动医学杂志，1984：3(1)：41～47
[23] Nieman, DavidC. Exerase, infection and immunity, Int J Sport oMed. 1994, 15:S131-S141
[24] Cannon.J.Getal.Physiological mechanisms contributing to increased interleukin-1 secretion J.Appl. Physiol 1986,65(5): 1869-1874
[25] 陈佩杰，等．大强度训练后机体免疫机能的变化及其和垂体—肾上腺皮质系统的可能关系[J]．体育科学，1995：15(2)：51～54。
[26] 李骁君，王瑞元．长时间大强度游泳训练对儿少运动员免疫机能的影响．北京体育大学学报，2001：24(4)481-484
[27] 姚毓才，张宝慧．运动训练对小鼠NK细胞杀伤功能和脾细胞IL-2产生能力的影响．中国运动医学杂志 1995，14(1)：17-20
[28] Cannon J G, MeydaniSN, Fielding RA, etal. Acute phase response in exercise.Associations between vitaminE,cytokines,andmuscle proteolysis. AmJ Physiol, 1991,260(6Pt2): 1235-1240
[29] Cannon JG, Kluger MJ.End ogenous pyrogen activity in human plasma after exercise.Science, 1983 220 9(4597) :617-619
[30] 梁开录，耿排力，杜寿昌运动与免疫机能[J]中国运动医学杂志，1996，9(1)：34 36．
[31] 周志宏，石幼琪，刘建红，等．补肾益元方对运动小鼠免疫功能的影响．中国运动医学杂志，2000：19(2)：202-204
[32] Simon HB The immunology of exercise JANAV 1984,252: 2735-2742.
[33] 宋亚军，急性亚极量运动对小鼠红细胞免疫功能的影响：济宁师专学报。1999，20(3)
[34] 陈秀英，一次急性运动对大鼠血浆白细胞介素的影响；北京体育大学学报。2000，23(3)：347-348
[35] Dripps DJ. Brandhuber BJ, Thompson RC, et al. Interleukin-1 (IL-1)receptor antagonist binds to the 80-K DA IL-1 receptor but doesnot initiate IL-1 signal transduction.JBiol Chem,1991,266(16):10331-10336.
[36] Hannum CH, Wilcox CJ, Arend WP, et al. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist of a human interleukin-1 in hibitor. Natur 1990,343(6256):336-340.
[37] 冯建英，陈吉隶运动与免疫[J]中国运动医学杂志，1992，11(4)：226
[38] 郭建军，杨则宜，杨志勇，等．不同训练强度对大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞分泌免疫细胞因子影响的研究[J]．中国运动医学杂志，1999，18(2)：121～122．
[39] Smith.J,A.Guidelines,Standard,and.perspectives.in.exercise.immunology, Med. Sci. Sports.Exer. 1995,27(4):496-505
[40] Nieman, DC.Exercise,upper respiratory tract infection and the immune system, Med, Sci.Sports.Exer. 1994,26(2)128-139
[41] 黄朝晖，等急性疲劳性运动后外周血T淋巴细胞功能活性及血浆皮质醇胰岛素水平的时相变化[J] 北京体育大学硕士论文，1994
[42] 何伟．运动与白细胞介素[J]．中国运动医学杂志，1995，14(4)．：233-237
[43] 陈佩杰．运动免疫学研究进展[J]，体育科学，2000：20(6)41-44
[44] Mackinnon,LT. Current challenges and future expectations in exercise immunology:Back to the future,Med,Sci. Sports.Exer. 1994,26(2): 191-194
[45] 何龙，曹雪涛．细胞因子自分泌现象及其生理和病理意义[J]上海免疫学杂志，1994，14(3)：184．
[46] 冯建英．急性运动对小鼠免疫细胞功能的影响[J]．中国运动医学杂志，1992，11(2)
[47] 陈佩杰．老年人长跑锻炼后白细胞介素1的变化及其和糖皮质激素受体的可能关系[J]．生理学报，1992，44(2)：197．
[48] Immunologic mediators asparameters of the reaction to strenuous exercise.Int J Sports Med, 1991,12 S 9-15
[49] Haahr PM,Pedersen BK,Fomsgaard A,et al. Effect of physical exercise on in vitro production of intefieukin-6,tumorne crosis factor-alpha, interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma. Int J Sports Med, 1991,12(2):223-227
[50] Plewa,M.C. Altered host response and special in fections in the elderly.Emerg.Ned.NorthAm. 1990; 8:193～206.
[51] Goldfarb AH.Nutritional antioxidants as therapeutic and preventive modalities in exercise-induced muscle damage.Can J Appl Physiol 1999,24(3):249-2666
[52] Keast. D.K,etal,Exercise and immune response sports Med,1988,5:248-267
[53] Ben-Yehuda,A.and M.E.Weksler. Immuesencence:mechamsms and clinicalimplications.Cancer Invert. 1992,(10):525-531
[54] Szondy, Z,E The effect oglutatmine concertration on the activity of [3H] thymidine into DNA in rat mesenteric lymphocytes itimulated by phytohaemag lutinin. Biochem J 1989,261:979-983
[55] 浦钧宗，唐培，冯建英．不同训练量对动物免疫指标影响的研究[J]中国运动医学杂志，1996，15(3)：170 173
[56] Espersen GT, Elbaek A,Ernst E,et al. Effect of physical exercise on cytokines and lymphocyte subpopulations in human peripheral blood. APMIS, 1990,98(5):395-400
[57] BagbyGJ,Sawaya DE,CrouchLD,etal.Prior exercise suppresses the plama tumor necrosis fator response to bacterial lipopoly-saccharide.Japple Physiol, 1994,77(3):1542-1547
[58] 石真玉，杨品良 白细胞介素及运动和营养对白细胞介素的影响 成都体育学院 2003．
[59] Bruunsgaard H,GalboH, Halkjaer-Kristensen J,Johansen TL, Mac Lean DA,Pedersen BK.Exercise-induced increase in interleuking-6 is releated to muscle damage.J Physiol Lond. 1997,499:833-841
[60] Evans WJ.Meredith CN.Cannon JG; etal. Metabolic changes following eccentric exercise in trained and untrained men.J Appl Physiol, 1986,61(5): 1864-1868
[61] Ben-Yehuda,A,and M,E,Weksler. Immuesenscence: mechanisms and clinical implications.Cancer Invert. 1992:10:525-531
[62] Plewa,M. C.Altered host response and special infections in the elderly. Emerg.Ned. NorthAm.
1990(8): 193-206
[63] Cannon J G, MeydaniSN, Fielding RA, etal. Acute phase response in exercise. Associations between vitaminE,cytokines,andmuscle proteolysis. AmJ Physiol, 1991,260(6Pt2):1235-1240
[64] Goldfarb AH.Nutritional antioxidants as therapeutic and preventive modalities in exercise-induced muscle damage. Can J Apple Physiol, 1999,24(3):249-266.
[65] Sprenger H, JacobsC, NainM, etal. Enhanced release of cytokines, interleukin-2 receptors,and neopterin after long-distance running.Clin Immunol immunopathol, 1992,63(2): 188-195
[66] 毕蕾等，免疫系统与神经内分泌系统间的调节环路；上海免疫学杂志，1997
[67] 郝选明、万文君，对运动时神经、内分泌、免疫系统间相互作用的思考；运动生理学进展 2000：360-367
[68] 林学颜 张玲。现代细胞与分子免疫学。科学出版社。1999
[69] 姜文凯，叶灯辉，运动·健康·内分泌调理[M]。北京：人民体育出版社，1995，76-139
[70] 常波等，运动对细胞因子的影响：吉林体育学院学报，1998，1：59
[71] 王国志，：运动与免疫；湖北体育科技第，2001：20(4)16-64
[72] David C, Nieman Exercise.infection and immunity [J] .Int J Sports Med, 1994, 15: S131-141
[73] 王沛，不同负荷的运动训练对大鼠T淋巴细胞亚群的影响[J]体育学刊．2001(8)：80-83
[74] 何伟 黄朝晖 急性运动对人体细胞免疫功能的影响 [J]武汉体育学院学报．2002(36)：55-57