华北部分地区马铃薯贮藏病害的调查及干腐病的初步研究
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摘要
2008年5月～2009年5月在的察右前旗、张北县、集宁区、大同市、武川县、左云县、右玉县进行了马铃薯贮藏期病害的调查,并对病样的病原菌进行了分离、鉴定和致病性测定。
调查结果表明,贮藏期马铃薯有4种真菌病害和3种细菌病害,分别为:干腐病(Fusarium spp.)、黑痣病(Rhizoctonia solani)、晚疫病(Phytophthora infestans)、早疫病(Alternaria solani)、环腐病(Clavibacter michiganense subsp. sepedonicus)、软腐病(Erwinia carotovora var. carotovora)、疮痂病(Streptomyces scabies)。
经鉴定,引起马铃薯干腐病的病原菌有4种:茄病镰刀菌蓝色变种(Fusarium solani var.coeruleum)、锐顶镰刀菌(Fusarium acuminatum)、接骨木镰刀菌(Fusarium sambucinum)、茄类镰刀菌(Fusarium solani)。
茄病镰刀菌蓝色变种(Fusarium solani var.coeruleum)菌丝生长的最适环境为18℃、pH10;接骨木镰刀菌(Fusarium sambucinum)菌丝生长的最适环境为23℃、pH10;锐顶镰刀菌(Fusarium acuminatum)菌丝生长的最适环境为25℃、pH8;在碳源氮源的利用方面,接骨木镰刀菌(Fusarium sambucinum)能够很好的利用葡萄糖,锐顶镰刀菌(Fusarium acuminatum)能够很好的利用淀粉,茄病镰刀菌的蓝色变种(Fusarium solani var.coeruleum)对淀粉、果糖、葡萄糖、麦芽糖的利用无差异性;三种病原菌都不能很好的利用硫酸铵作为氮源,接骨木镰刀菌(Fusarium sambucinum)对硝酸钠、尿素、蛋白胨的利用无差异性,锐顶镰刀菌(Fusarium acuminatum)能够很好的利用尿素、蛋白胨,茄病镰刀菌蓝色变种(Fusarium solani var.coeruleum)能够很好的利用硝酸钠。
在调查7个马铃薯品种整个贮藏期病害发展情况中得知,布尔班克品种的感病率最低,为6.89%,底希瑞最高,为61.1%。在调查马铃薯不同类型贮窖及窖内温湿度对病害的影响中可知,小型直筒地下贮窖马铃薯感病率为26.11%;小型直筒型半地下贮窖马铃薯感病率为40.5%;小型非字型半地下贮窖马铃薯感病率为44.96%;大型非字型地下贮窖马铃薯感病率为44.11%;大型现代化贮库马铃薯感病率为43.32%。马铃薯贮藏病害的发生情况,是由温湿度共同决定的。
通过室内毒力测定结果得出,戴挫霉对茄病镰刀菌蓝色变种(Fusarium solani var.coeruleum)、接骨木镰刀菌(Fusarium sambucinum)、锐顶镰刀菌(Fusarium acuminatum)的抑制效果最好,EC50最低;平均值为0.2846μg/mL。
The patato storage diseases were investigated from May 2008 to May 2009 in Chayouqian Qi, Zhangbei County, Jining area, Datong city, Wuchuan County, Zuoyun County, Youyu County. The samples were collected, the pathogens on samples were isolated, purified and identified.
Four fungi diseases and three bacteria diseases of potato were found in Huabei area including Fusarium spp, Rhizoctonia solani, Phytophthora infestans, Alternaria solani, Clavibacter michiganense subsp. sepedonicus, Erwinia carotovora var. carotovora and Streptomyces scabies .
Four species pathogens of potato dry rot disease were found. They were Fusarium solani var. coeruleum, Fusarium acuminatum, Fusarium sambucinum and Fusarium solani.
The biological test showed that 18℃and pH 10 were optimum for mycelium growth of Fusarium solani var.coeruleum; 23℃and pH 10 were optimum for mycelium growth of Fusarium sambucinum; 25℃and pH 8 were optimum for mycelium growth of Fusarium acuminatum. Glucose were the best C sources in axenic culture of Fusarium sambucinum, Starch were the best C sources in axenic culture of Fusarium acuminatum, Starch fructose glucose and maltose of carbon sources had no obvious difference on the growth of Fusarium solani var. coeruleum.Three kinds of pathogens could not use ammonium sulfate as nitrogen source; Sodium nitrate, urea and peptone sources had no obvious difference on the growth of Fusarium sambucinum.Urea and Peptone were the best N sources in axenic culture of Fusarium acuminatum; Sodium nitrateere the best N sources in axenic culture of Fusarium solani var. coeruleum.
Investigation of seven varieties of potato in the storage showed that the infection rate of Buerbanke was the lowest 6.89%,the infection rate of Dixirui was the highest 61.1%. Different types of storage pits had different effects on the potato disease incidence. Potato disease incidence in small-scale straight underground storage pit was 26.77%; incidence in small straight-type semi-underground storage pits was 40.5%; incidence in small fei-shaped semi-underground storage was 44.96%; incidence in large fei-shaped underground storage was 44.11%; incidence in large modern potato storage pit was 43.32%. Diseases development was mainly determined by the temperature and humidity.
The toxicity evaluation results were obtained through laboratory test 22.2% Imazalil against three kinds of potato dry rot pathogens were the best,EC50 was minimum; average value was 0.2846μg/mL.
调查结果表明,贮藏期马铃薯有4种真菌病害和3种细菌病害,分别为:干腐病(Fusarium spp.)、黑痣病(Rhizoctonia solani)、晚疫病(Phytophthora infestans)、早疫病(Alternaria solani)、环腐病(Clavibacter michiganense subsp. sepedonicus)、软腐病(Erwinia carotovora var. carotovora)、疮痂病(Streptomyces scabies)。
经鉴定,引起马铃薯干腐病的病原菌有4种:茄病镰刀菌蓝色变种(Fusarium solani var.coeruleum)、锐顶镰刀菌(Fusarium acuminatum)、接骨木镰刀菌(Fusarium sambucinum)、茄类镰刀菌(Fusarium solani)。
茄病镰刀菌蓝色变种(Fusarium solani var.coeruleum)菌丝生长的最适环境为18℃、pH10;接骨木镰刀菌(Fusarium sambucinum)菌丝生长的最适环境为23℃、pH10;锐顶镰刀菌(Fusarium acuminatum)菌丝生长的最适环境为25℃、pH8;在碳源氮源的利用方面,接骨木镰刀菌(Fusarium sambucinum)能够很好的利用葡萄糖,锐顶镰刀菌(Fusarium acuminatum)能够很好的利用淀粉,茄病镰刀菌的蓝色变种(Fusarium solani var.coeruleum)对淀粉、果糖、葡萄糖、麦芽糖的利用无差异性;三种病原菌都不能很好的利用硫酸铵作为氮源,接骨木镰刀菌(Fusarium sambucinum)对硝酸钠、尿素、蛋白胨的利用无差异性,锐顶镰刀菌(Fusarium acuminatum)能够很好的利用尿素、蛋白胨,茄病镰刀菌蓝色变种(Fusarium solani var.coeruleum)能够很好的利用硝酸钠。
在调查7个马铃薯品种整个贮藏期病害发展情况中得知,布尔班克品种的感病率最低,为6.89%,底希瑞最高,为61.1%。在调查马铃薯不同类型贮窖及窖内温湿度对病害的影响中可知,小型直筒地下贮窖马铃薯感病率为26.11%;小型直筒型半地下贮窖马铃薯感病率为40.5%;小型非字型半地下贮窖马铃薯感病率为44.96%;大型非字型地下贮窖马铃薯感病率为44.11%;大型现代化贮库马铃薯感病率为43.32%。马铃薯贮藏病害的发生情况,是由温湿度共同决定的。
通过室内毒力测定结果得出,戴挫霉对茄病镰刀菌蓝色变种(Fusarium solani var.coeruleum)、接骨木镰刀菌(Fusarium sambucinum)、锐顶镰刀菌(Fusarium acuminatum)的抑制效果最好,EC50最低;平均值为0.2846μg/mL。
The patato storage diseases were investigated from May 2008 to May 2009 in Chayouqian Qi, Zhangbei County, Jining area, Datong city, Wuchuan County, Zuoyun County, Youyu County. The samples were collected, the pathogens on samples were isolated, purified and identified.
Four fungi diseases and three bacteria diseases of potato were found in Huabei area including Fusarium spp, Rhizoctonia solani, Phytophthora infestans, Alternaria solani, Clavibacter michiganense subsp. sepedonicus, Erwinia carotovora var. carotovora and Streptomyces scabies .
Four species pathogens of potato dry rot disease were found. They were Fusarium solani var. coeruleum, Fusarium acuminatum, Fusarium sambucinum and Fusarium solani.
The biological test showed that 18℃and pH 10 were optimum for mycelium growth of Fusarium solani var.coeruleum; 23℃and pH 10 were optimum for mycelium growth of Fusarium sambucinum; 25℃and pH 8 were optimum for mycelium growth of Fusarium acuminatum. Glucose were the best C sources in axenic culture of Fusarium sambucinum, Starch were the best C sources in axenic culture of Fusarium acuminatum, Starch fructose glucose and maltose of carbon sources had no obvious difference on the growth of Fusarium solani var. coeruleum.Three kinds of pathogens could not use ammonium sulfate as nitrogen source; Sodium nitrate, urea and peptone sources had no obvious difference on the growth of Fusarium sambucinum.Urea and Peptone were the best N sources in axenic culture of Fusarium acuminatum; Sodium nitrateere the best N sources in axenic culture of Fusarium solani var. coeruleum.
Investigation of seven varieties of potato in the storage showed that the infection rate of Buerbanke was the lowest 6.89%,the infection rate of Dixirui was the highest 61.1%. Different types of storage pits had different effects on the potato disease incidence. Potato disease incidence in small-scale straight underground storage pit was 26.77%; incidence in small straight-type semi-underground storage pits was 40.5%; incidence in small fei-shaped semi-underground storage was 44.96%; incidence in large fei-shaped underground storage was 44.11%; incidence in large modern potato storage pit was 43.32%. Diseases development was mainly determined by the temperature and humidity.
The toxicity evaluation results were obtained through laboratory test 22.2% Imazalil against three kinds of potato dry rot pathogens were the best,EC50 was minimum; average value was 0.2846μg/mL.
引文
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