基于丹顶鹤保护的扎龙自然保护区保护成效研究
|
摘要
基于1979-2012的数据,通过动物、种群、人的层面从宏观、微观的角度对基于丹顶鹤保护的扎龙保护区保护成效进行了分析,主要研究内容包括(1)丹顶鹤种群保护成效分析；(2)丹顶鹤种群遗传多样性保护成效分析；(3)丹顶鹤生境保护成效分析；(4)丹顶鹤观赏旅游与保护教育成效初步分析。
(1)丹顶鹤种群保护成效
自然保护区建立至今,丹顶鹤野生种群数量先升后降,近十年来呈大幅度波动下降状态；营巢数量的变化趋势与种群同步。分布区面积先增后降,分布区域先由东南向西北偏移,后渐向局址区域集中；繁殖种群表现出由聚集分布向非聚集分布即随机分布或均匀分布过渡的趋势。种群数量与水鸟鸟类群落的丰富度显著正相关、与多样性和均匀性高度正相关。大面积火烧和大面积湿地补水是环境质量变化的主要影响因素之一,野生丹顶鹤种群尚能通过微调其空间分布型的方式适应环境质量的变化,大面积火烧能促使丹顶鹤繁殖种群聚集分布,大面积湿地补水能促使丹顶鹤繁殖种群偏离聚集分布。
自然保护区建立至今,人工辅助繁育种群的孵化成功率一直高于野生丹顶鹤,年均为77.41%；孵化成活量整体呈上升趋势,总计孵化914只,年均约27只,近十年来维持在30-50只之间；2002年以来,训飞规模在逐年提高,近年来维持在每年100-120只；共放飞117只,年均约8只,放飞数量逐年提高,近年来维持在每年10只以上。
(2)丹顶鹤种群遗传多样性保护成效
在扎龙自然保护区,其野生群体和人工辅助繁育群体都表现出了相对较高的期望杂合度和等位基因丰富度,表明无论是就地保护的野生种群还是人工繁育种群目前还维持一个相对较高的遗传多样性水平。尤其重要的是人工辅助繁育种群基本维持了与野生种群相当的遗传多样性水平,并没有与野生种群发生遗传分化。因此,在扎龙自然保护区发展人工辅助繁育种群对整个扎龙保护区野生丹顶鹤种群的保护和恢复是非常必要的。从种群遗传多样性保护的角度讲,在扎龙自然保护区丹顶鹤种群其保护成效是显著的。
(3)丹顶鹤生境保护成效
自然保护区成立以来,土地面积和主要环境气候因子变化明显。保护区内的芦苇沼泽面积呈波动式地上升趋势,水域面积呈下降趋势,草原面积呈下降至稳定趋势。年均温呈规律波动式的上升趋势,平均为4.31℃；年日照时数年度变化不明显,平均为2828.93时；年降水量稍降,平均为437.06mm；年蒸发量呈明显的下降趋势,平均为1374.67mm；相关分析表明：年降水量与年蒸发量、年日照时数均呈实负相关关系；
湿地生态补水以来,保护区内芦苇沼泽面积、明水面(湖泡与河流)面积均呈大幅度波动式地上升趋势,但尚未达1999年的状态；补水前后,鸟类的种类分布截然不同,相似性为0.4355；鸟类群落的丰富度、均匀度和多样性间的差异显著(P<0.05),补水后明显低于补水前。
从保护区的功能区划来看,经历了总面积、空间分布、功能区类型、功能区面积等方面的巨大变化；功能区划的基本依据以核心区能大致涵盖丹顶鹤的空间分布为主,目前保护区核心区基本涵盖了丹顶鹤的分布区(96.58%)。
(4)丹顶鹤观赏旅游与保护教育保护成效
1982年开展旅游以来,保护区的游客量和海外游客量均呈上升趋势。目前,游客客源市场健康稳定,集中于本省、周边毗邻各省及远距离出游力较强的上海、北京、江苏、浙江、天津等5省、直辖市；客源地与距离呈反比,向远距离区域辐射,外省多集中于北京、河北、广东、辽宁等出游大省。旅游动机整体上以扎龙的主题旅游(观鹤活动、亲近自然)为主,比例逐渐上升。
与2003年相比,目前保护区游客的滞留时间明显变长,平均为122分钟；滞留的时间分布没有变化,与保护区主题旅游产品即丹顶鹤放飞活动的时间范围同步,为上午10：00-12：00和下午14：00-15：00；滞留的主要景点没有变化,以放飞区、成体鹤、旅游商店、望鹤楼、标本馆为主,各主要滞留景点的滞留时间明显变长。
分析发现,保护区丹顶鹤观赏旅游与保护教育已见成效,主题旅游产品已在游客中得到了认可：游客量逐年稳定增加、客源市场稳定并向出游力大省辐射跨进、游客的旅游动机与保护区保护教育的目的基本吻合、滞留时间明显变长、滞留的时间分布与主题旅游产品即丹顶鹤放飞的时间段吻合、滞留的空间分布以丹顶鹤放飞区为主体、经济收入也明显增加。
(5)综合分析表明：由于各种环境因子及人类干扰活动的影响,建区以来至二十世纪末,保护区内野生丹顶鹤种群(含繁殖种群)在数量、分布(面积与区域)等方面变化较大,数量下降,分布区偏移并变大；区内不同土地资源类型面积如芦苇沼泽、水域和草原等面积均呈下降状态；同时,区内的主要环境气候因子变化也较大,年均温升高、年降水量和年蒸发量均下降。这些因素都直接或间接地影响着丹顶鹤种群及其栖息生境,其中能人为控制的利于湿地恢复的干扰因素有大面积火烧和大面积湿地补水。
2001年保护区开始湿地生态补水,自湿地补水以来,芦苇沼泽面积增加,丹顶鹤种群(含繁殖种群)在数量、分布上有响应,数量出现历年来的峰值,大面积湿地补水对湿地恢复及丹顶鹤种群的保护起到了一定程度的积极作用,但尚未达到建区时的状态；相应地,基于丹顶鹤的空间分布,保护区也进行了新的功能区区划。
同时,保护区也通过人工辅助繁育丹顶鹤种群进行了训飞、放飞等补充壮大野生丹顶鹤种群方面的尝试,在孵化成功率、训飞规模和放飞规模及放飞成效方面均有了初步的成绩,且趋势良好。
种群遗传多样性保护成效显著,人工辅助繁育种群对该区域丹顶鹤种群恢复将起到很好的积极作用。
此外,保护区主题旅游产品即丹顶鹤放飞项目已得到游客的认可,并取得了一定的环境教育效果和较为显著的经济收益。
基于上述研究结果,提出如下管理建议：(1)开展野生丹顶鹤种群数量的年度调查工作；(2)科学补水、严控火灾；(3)人工繁育时应考虑遗传多样性指标；(4)尽快完善宣教中心的功能。
Based on these data from1979-2012, conservation effects of Zhalong nature reserve based on Red-crowned crane conservation was conducted from animal, habitat, human field of macro and micro view. Research contents include (1) conservation effects of Red-crowned crane population;(2) protection effects of population genetic diversity;(3) conservation effects of Red-crowned crane habitat;(4) conservation effects of conservation education and sightseeing based on Red-crowned crane.
(1) Conservation effects of Red-crowned crane population
From1979, it took a first rising and drop trend for wild Red-crowned crane population, and so nest number do. The distribution area also the same trend, the position changed from southeast to northwest, then focus on the site of management bureau. The breeding population took a trend from clumped distribution to non clumped distribution namely uniform distribution or random distribution. There was notable positive correlation between Red-crowned crane population and richness of avian community, high positive correlation between Red-crowned crane population and diversity, uniformity. Large area fire hazard and wetland irrigation influenced environmental quality of wetland, and wild Red-crowned crane can adopt the environment changed by fine adjustment its spatial distribution pattern.
From1979, hatching success of assisted breeding population was always higher than wild population for Red-crowned crane, and was77.41%of annual average. Incubation survival quantity took a rising trend, total up914,27of annual mean. The population maintained30-50for last decade. From2002, the training fly scale always increased year by year, it has maintained100-120recently. The total number of releasing population was117,8of annual mean, and increased year by year, maintained more than10recently.
(2) Protection effect of population genetic diversity for Red-crowned crane
In Zhalong nature reserve, its wild population and artificial assisted breeding population both show relatively high expected heterozygosity and allele abundance, which shows that no matter the wild population in situ conservation or artificial breeding population still maintains a relatively high level of genetic diversity at present. It's important particularly that artificial assisted breeding population maintains quite high genetic diversity level with wild population basically, and don't have a genetic differentiation with wild population. So it's necessary to develop artificial assisted breeding population to wild cranes protection and restoration in the zhalong nature reserve. From the point of population genetic diversity protection, the protection effects of Grus japonensis population is significant in zhalong nature reserve.
(3) Conservation effects of Red-crowned crane habitat
From1979, it took a obvious change on land types area and main environmental climate factor. The area of reed marsh in the reserve took a rising trend with fluctuation, and water body decreasing, so grasslands do. an average annual temperature rose high with rules,4.31℃. Annual sunshine duration took no obvious change,2828.93h. Annual rainfall (437.06mm) and annual evaporation capacity (1374.67mm) all decreased. The analysis shows that there were obvious real negative correlation between annual rainfall and annual evaporation capacity, annual sunshine duration.
From wetland irrigating, the area of reed marsh, water body (lake and river) in the reserve was the rising trend. But, it was lower than1999. It was great different on avian species after wetland irrigation, and the similarity was0.4355. Richness, Uniformity and Diversity of avian community were lower than these value before wetland irrigation (P<0.05).
From function zone planning view, it took a great change on total zone, spatial distribution, function zone types, function zone area. The basic standard of function zone planning was the zone that can include the spatial distribution of Red-crowned crane. Now, core zone in the reserve could include the spatial distribution of Red-crowned crane (96.58%)
(4) Conservation effects of conservation education and sightseeing based on Red-crowned crane
From1982, tourists and tourists oversea had the rising trend. Now, tourist generating region was health and stable, and mostly focused Heilongjian province, adjacent to the province, and these province with big travel for example Shanghai city, Beijing city, Jiangsu province, Zhejiang province and Tianjin city. The theme tourism products namely watching crane and stepping into the nature were the main tourist motive, and took a nice trend.
Compared with2003, detention time had obvious long in the reserve, namely122minutes. The temporal distribution of detention had no obvious change, and consistent with the theme tourism products namely training fly of Red-crowned crane (am10:00-12:00and pm14:00-15:00). The spatial distribution of detention had also no obvious change, and training fly zone, adult crane, shop, watching bird building and specimen hall were the main detention landscape, and the detention time on these landscape was longer than2003.
The analysis shows, the conservation effect of conservation education and sightseeing based on Red-crowned crane in the reserve got some gains, and the theme tourism products has already got the nod:tourists is increasing stably, tourist generating region is on stable and cross into the province with big travel, tourist motive was consistent with the purpose of conservation education in the reserve, detention time of tourist had obvious long, temporal distribution of detention was consistent with the training fly time of assisted breeding Red-crowned crane, spatial distribution of detention was the zone of training fly for Red-crowned crane and tourism income was obvious.
(5) Comprehensive analysis shows that due to all kinds of disturbance elements, wild Red-crowned crane population including breeding population in the reserve took a great change at population number and spatial distribution from1979to2000, population number decreased and spatial distribution zone moved and increased. Different land type area for example reed marsh, water body and grasslands all decreased. Main environmental climate factor all took a great change, an average annual temperature rose high, annual rainfall and annual evaporation capacity all decreased. All these elements directly or indirectly influenced Red-crowned crane population and its habitat. Of these, large area fire hazard and large area wetland irrigating can be controlled by human.
In2001, the reserve started irrigating water into wetland. From then to now, reed marsh area is increasing, and Red-crowned crane population gave the positive effects at population number and spatial distribution. Large area wetland irrigating had the positive role to wetland recover and Red-crowned crane population conservation. But, it still low than1979. Accordingly, the reserve has also carried out scientific planning of function zone based on the spatial distribution of Red-crowned crane.
Meanwhile, the reserve also carried out the project by releasing assisted breeding population into wild population for Red-crowned crane, and got some good gains at hatching success, the dimensions of training fly population, the dimensions of releasing population and releasing effect.
It was obvious conservation effects at genetic diversity conservation, and assisted breeding population had positive effects to wild crane population.
In addition, the theme tourism products namely Red-crowned crane flying has already got the nod, and made the effect of environmental education and economic gains.
Basing above result, we put forward the following management suggests:(1) carry out the annual survey on wild Red-crowned crane population;(2) scientific wetland irrigating and strict control fire hazard;(3) should think about the indicator of genetic diversity at the course of assisted breeding Red-crowned crane;(4) improve the function of propaganda and education center as quickly as.
(1)丹顶鹤种群保护成效
自然保护区建立至今,丹顶鹤野生种群数量先升后降,近十年来呈大幅度波动下降状态；营巢数量的变化趋势与种群同步。分布区面积先增后降,分布区域先由东南向西北偏移,后渐向局址区域集中；繁殖种群表现出由聚集分布向非聚集分布即随机分布或均匀分布过渡的趋势。种群数量与水鸟鸟类群落的丰富度显著正相关、与多样性和均匀性高度正相关。大面积火烧和大面积湿地补水是环境质量变化的主要影响因素之一,野生丹顶鹤种群尚能通过微调其空间分布型的方式适应环境质量的变化,大面积火烧能促使丹顶鹤繁殖种群聚集分布,大面积湿地补水能促使丹顶鹤繁殖种群偏离聚集分布。
自然保护区建立至今,人工辅助繁育种群的孵化成功率一直高于野生丹顶鹤,年均为77.41%；孵化成活量整体呈上升趋势,总计孵化914只,年均约27只,近十年来维持在30-50只之间；2002年以来,训飞规模在逐年提高,近年来维持在每年100-120只；共放飞117只,年均约8只,放飞数量逐年提高,近年来维持在每年10只以上。
(2)丹顶鹤种群遗传多样性保护成效
在扎龙自然保护区,其野生群体和人工辅助繁育群体都表现出了相对较高的期望杂合度和等位基因丰富度,表明无论是就地保护的野生种群还是人工繁育种群目前还维持一个相对较高的遗传多样性水平。尤其重要的是人工辅助繁育种群基本维持了与野生种群相当的遗传多样性水平,并没有与野生种群发生遗传分化。因此,在扎龙自然保护区发展人工辅助繁育种群对整个扎龙保护区野生丹顶鹤种群的保护和恢复是非常必要的。从种群遗传多样性保护的角度讲,在扎龙自然保护区丹顶鹤种群其保护成效是显著的。
(3)丹顶鹤生境保护成效
自然保护区成立以来,土地面积和主要环境气候因子变化明显。保护区内的芦苇沼泽面积呈波动式地上升趋势,水域面积呈下降趋势,草原面积呈下降至稳定趋势。年均温呈规律波动式的上升趋势,平均为4.31℃；年日照时数年度变化不明显,平均为2828.93时；年降水量稍降,平均为437.06mm；年蒸发量呈明显的下降趋势,平均为1374.67mm；相关分析表明：年降水量与年蒸发量、年日照时数均呈实负相关关系；
湿地生态补水以来,保护区内芦苇沼泽面积、明水面(湖泡与河流)面积均呈大幅度波动式地上升趋势,但尚未达1999年的状态；补水前后,鸟类的种类分布截然不同,相似性为0.4355；鸟类群落的丰富度、均匀度和多样性间的差异显著(P<0.05),补水后明显低于补水前。
从保护区的功能区划来看,经历了总面积、空间分布、功能区类型、功能区面积等方面的巨大变化；功能区划的基本依据以核心区能大致涵盖丹顶鹤的空间分布为主,目前保护区核心区基本涵盖了丹顶鹤的分布区(96.58%)。
(4)丹顶鹤观赏旅游与保护教育保护成效
1982年开展旅游以来,保护区的游客量和海外游客量均呈上升趋势。目前,游客客源市场健康稳定,集中于本省、周边毗邻各省及远距离出游力较强的上海、北京、江苏、浙江、天津等5省、直辖市；客源地与距离呈反比,向远距离区域辐射,外省多集中于北京、河北、广东、辽宁等出游大省。旅游动机整体上以扎龙的主题旅游(观鹤活动、亲近自然)为主,比例逐渐上升。
与2003年相比,目前保护区游客的滞留时间明显变长,平均为122分钟；滞留的时间分布没有变化,与保护区主题旅游产品即丹顶鹤放飞活动的时间范围同步,为上午10：00-12：00和下午14：00-15：00；滞留的主要景点没有变化,以放飞区、成体鹤、旅游商店、望鹤楼、标本馆为主,各主要滞留景点的滞留时间明显变长。
分析发现,保护区丹顶鹤观赏旅游与保护教育已见成效,主题旅游产品已在游客中得到了认可：游客量逐年稳定增加、客源市场稳定并向出游力大省辐射跨进、游客的旅游动机与保护区保护教育的目的基本吻合、滞留时间明显变长、滞留的时间分布与主题旅游产品即丹顶鹤放飞的时间段吻合、滞留的空间分布以丹顶鹤放飞区为主体、经济收入也明显增加。
(5)综合分析表明：由于各种环境因子及人类干扰活动的影响,建区以来至二十世纪末,保护区内野生丹顶鹤种群(含繁殖种群)在数量、分布(面积与区域)等方面变化较大,数量下降,分布区偏移并变大；区内不同土地资源类型面积如芦苇沼泽、水域和草原等面积均呈下降状态；同时,区内的主要环境气候因子变化也较大,年均温升高、年降水量和年蒸发量均下降。这些因素都直接或间接地影响着丹顶鹤种群及其栖息生境,其中能人为控制的利于湿地恢复的干扰因素有大面积火烧和大面积湿地补水。
2001年保护区开始湿地生态补水,自湿地补水以来,芦苇沼泽面积增加,丹顶鹤种群(含繁殖种群)在数量、分布上有响应,数量出现历年来的峰值,大面积湿地补水对湿地恢复及丹顶鹤种群的保护起到了一定程度的积极作用,但尚未达到建区时的状态；相应地,基于丹顶鹤的空间分布,保护区也进行了新的功能区区划。
同时,保护区也通过人工辅助繁育丹顶鹤种群进行了训飞、放飞等补充壮大野生丹顶鹤种群方面的尝试,在孵化成功率、训飞规模和放飞规模及放飞成效方面均有了初步的成绩,且趋势良好。
种群遗传多样性保护成效显著,人工辅助繁育种群对该区域丹顶鹤种群恢复将起到很好的积极作用。
此外,保护区主题旅游产品即丹顶鹤放飞项目已得到游客的认可,并取得了一定的环境教育效果和较为显著的经济收益。
基于上述研究结果,提出如下管理建议：(1)开展野生丹顶鹤种群数量的年度调查工作；(2)科学补水、严控火灾；(3)人工繁育时应考虑遗传多样性指标；(4)尽快完善宣教中心的功能。
Based on these data from1979-2012, conservation effects of Zhalong nature reserve based on Red-crowned crane conservation was conducted from animal, habitat, human field of macro and micro view. Research contents include (1) conservation effects of Red-crowned crane population;(2) protection effects of population genetic diversity;(3) conservation effects of Red-crowned crane habitat;(4) conservation effects of conservation education and sightseeing based on Red-crowned crane.
(1) Conservation effects of Red-crowned crane population
From1979, it took a first rising and drop trend for wild Red-crowned crane population, and so nest number do. The distribution area also the same trend, the position changed from southeast to northwest, then focus on the site of management bureau. The breeding population took a trend from clumped distribution to non clumped distribution namely uniform distribution or random distribution. There was notable positive correlation between Red-crowned crane population and richness of avian community, high positive correlation between Red-crowned crane population and diversity, uniformity. Large area fire hazard and wetland irrigation influenced environmental quality of wetland, and wild Red-crowned crane can adopt the environment changed by fine adjustment its spatial distribution pattern.
From1979, hatching success of assisted breeding population was always higher than wild population for Red-crowned crane, and was77.41%of annual average. Incubation survival quantity took a rising trend, total up914,27of annual mean. The population maintained30-50for last decade. From2002, the training fly scale always increased year by year, it has maintained100-120recently. The total number of releasing population was117,8of annual mean, and increased year by year, maintained more than10recently.
(2) Protection effect of population genetic diversity for Red-crowned crane
In Zhalong nature reserve, its wild population and artificial assisted breeding population both show relatively high expected heterozygosity and allele abundance, which shows that no matter the wild population in situ conservation or artificial breeding population still maintains a relatively high level of genetic diversity at present. It's important particularly that artificial assisted breeding population maintains quite high genetic diversity level with wild population basically, and don't have a genetic differentiation with wild population. So it's necessary to develop artificial assisted breeding population to wild cranes protection and restoration in the zhalong nature reserve. From the point of population genetic diversity protection, the protection effects of Grus japonensis population is significant in zhalong nature reserve.
(3) Conservation effects of Red-crowned crane habitat
From1979, it took a obvious change on land types area and main environmental climate factor. The area of reed marsh in the reserve took a rising trend with fluctuation, and water body decreasing, so grasslands do. an average annual temperature rose high with rules,4.31℃. Annual sunshine duration took no obvious change,2828.93h. Annual rainfall (437.06mm) and annual evaporation capacity (1374.67mm) all decreased. The analysis shows that there were obvious real negative correlation between annual rainfall and annual evaporation capacity, annual sunshine duration.
From wetland irrigating, the area of reed marsh, water body (lake and river) in the reserve was the rising trend. But, it was lower than1999. It was great different on avian species after wetland irrigation, and the similarity was0.4355. Richness, Uniformity and Diversity of avian community were lower than these value before wetland irrigation (P<0.05).
From function zone planning view, it took a great change on total zone, spatial distribution, function zone types, function zone area. The basic standard of function zone planning was the zone that can include the spatial distribution of Red-crowned crane. Now, core zone in the reserve could include the spatial distribution of Red-crowned crane (96.58%)
(4) Conservation effects of conservation education and sightseeing based on Red-crowned crane
From1982, tourists and tourists oversea had the rising trend. Now, tourist generating region was health and stable, and mostly focused Heilongjian province, adjacent to the province, and these province with big travel for example Shanghai city, Beijing city, Jiangsu province, Zhejiang province and Tianjin city. The theme tourism products namely watching crane and stepping into the nature were the main tourist motive, and took a nice trend.
Compared with2003, detention time had obvious long in the reserve, namely122minutes. The temporal distribution of detention had no obvious change, and consistent with the theme tourism products namely training fly of Red-crowned crane (am10:00-12:00and pm14:00-15:00). The spatial distribution of detention had also no obvious change, and training fly zone, adult crane, shop, watching bird building and specimen hall were the main detention landscape, and the detention time on these landscape was longer than2003.
The analysis shows, the conservation effect of conservation education and sightseeing based on Red-crowned crane in the reserve got some gains, and the theme tourism products has already got the nod:tourists is increasing stably, tourist generating region is on stable and cross into the province with big travel, tourist motive was consistent with the purpose of conservation education in the reserve, detention time of tourist had obvious long, temporal distribution of detention was consistent with the training fly time of assisted breeding Red-crowned crane, spatial distribution of detention was the zone of training fly for Red-crowned crane and tourism income was obvious.
(5) Comprehensive analysis shows that due to all kinds of disturbance elements, wild Red-crowned crane population including breeding population in the reserve took a great change at population number and spatial distribution from1979to2000, population number decreased and spatial distribution zone moved and increased. Different land type area for example reed marsh, water body and grasslands all decreased. Main environmental climate factor all took a great change, an average annual temperature rose high, annual rainfall and annual evaporation capacity all decreased. All these elements directly or indirectly influenced Red-crowned crane population and its habitat. Of these, large area fire hazard and large area wetland irrigating can be controlled by human.
In2001, the reserve started irrigating water into wetland. From then to now, reed marsh area is increasing, and Red-crowned crane population gave the positive effects at population number and spatial distribution. Large area wetland irrigating had the positive role to wetland recover and Red-crowned crane population conservation. But, it still low than1979. Accordingly, the reserve has also carried out scientific planning of function zone based on the spatial distribution of Red-crowned crane.
Meanwhile, the reserve also carried out the project by releasing assisted breeding population into wild population for Red-crowned crane, and got some good gains at hatching success, the dimensions of training fly population, the dimensions of releasing population and releasing effect.
It was obvious conservation effects at genetic diversity conservation, and assisted breeding population had positive effects to wild crane population.
In addition, the theme tourism products namely Red-crowned crane flying has already got the nod, and made the effect of environmental education and economic gains.
Basing above result, we put forward the following management suggests:(1) carry out the annual survey on wild Red-crowned crane population;(2) scientific wetland irrigating and strict control fire hazard;(3) should think about the indicator of genetic diversity at the course of assisted breeding Red-crowned crane;(4) improve the function of propaganda and education center as quickly as.
引文
[1]吴庆明.基于3S技术的扎龙湿地恢复初期丹顶鹤繁殖期生境选择研究.东北林业大学,硕士论文,2005,2
[2]马逸清,李晓民.丹顶鹤研究.上海：上海科技教育出版社,2002,6
[3]刘学昌,吴庆明,邹红菲,等.丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)东西种群巢址选择的分异.生态学报,2009,29(8)：4483～4491
[4]Wu Qingming, Zou Hongfei. Nest-site selection pattern by Red-crowned cranes Grus japonensis in Zhalong Nature Reserve of northeast China. Journal of Forestry Research, 2011,22(2):281-288
[5]吴庆明.扎龙国家级自然保护区湿地注水恢复期鸟类群落研究.东北林业大学,博士论文,2010,1-42
[6]邹红菲,吴庆明.扎龙保护区丹顶鹤巢的内分布型及巢域.生态学报,2009,29(4)：1710～1718
[7]王建群,韩丽,马铁民.扎龙湿地生态系统需水量.湖泊科学,2006,18(2)：114-119
[8]王永洁,邓伟.扎龙湿地水环境可持续性度量研究.地理科学,2006,26(6)：722～727
[9]刘大庆,许士国.扎龙湿地水量平衡分析.自然资源学报,2006,21(3)：341～348
[10]郭跃东,何岩,邓伟,等.扎龙国家自然湿地生态环境需水量研究.水土保持学报,2004,18(6)：163～166,174
[11]邹红菲,吴庆明,马建章.扎龙保护区火烧及湿地注水后丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)巢址选择.东北师大学报(自然科学版),2003,35(1)：54-59
[12]佟守正,吕宪国.松嫩平原重要湿地恢复研究进展.地理科学,2007,27(1)：127～128
[13]罗新正,朱坦,孙广友.松嫩平原大安古河道湿地的恢复与重建.生态学报,2003,23(2)：244～250
[14]Gert R. Selecting target species to evaluate the success of wet grassland restoration. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment,2003,98:227-246
[15]张永泽,王煊.自然湿地生态恢复研究综述.生态学报,2001,21(2)：309～314
[16]周进,Tachibana H,李伟,等.受损湿地植被的恢复与重建研究进展.植物生态学报,2001,21(5)：561～572
[17]Eduardo R F. The role of restoration in sustainable bio-resources management. Natural Resources Form,1999,23:79-80
[18]Jay S W, Suzanne E B. Restoration of a Canadian prairie wetland with agricultural and municipal wastewater. Environmental Management,1999,24(1):25-37
[19]吴辉,邓玉林,李春艳,等.我国湿地研究,保护与开发.世界林业研究,2007,20(6)：42～49
[20]崔保山,刘兴土.湿地恢复研究综述.地球科学进展,1999,14(4)：358～363
[21]周林飞,许士国,孙万光.基于灰色聚类法的扎龙湿地水环境质量综合评价.大连理工大学学报,2007,47(2)：240～245
[22]周林飞,许士国,李青山,等.扎龙湿地生态环境需水量安全阈值的研究.水利学报,2007,38(7)：845～851
[23]崔国东.无水的湿地欠下亿元水债-扎龙：在艰难中进补.见：东北网.http://news.qq.com/a/20080525/001328.htm,2008,5
[24]黑龙江扎龙国家级自然保护区.国家湿地,2011,第10 期http://www.cnwm.org/magazine.do?op=magazineArticle&id=325
[25]http://baike.baidu.com/view/476932.htm
[26]王直军.Cnristopher C. Rimmer, Edward L.Gaine,等.美国弗蒙特州两种濒危鸟类保护成效研究.云南地理环境研究,1992,4(1)：69～76
[27]王兴芬,杨金枝.涉县资源保护成效显著.河北林业,1994,(4)：25
[28]郑姚闽,牛振国,宫鹏.对《中国国家级湿地自然保护区保护成效初步评估中的偏差》一文的回应.科学通报,2012,57(15)：1371～1376
[29]李瑞平.褐马鸡的生物学特性及保护成效.河北林业科技,2010,(3)：67～68
[30]白敬,张丽红.乌梁素海湿地鸟类资源保护成效显著.中国林业,2010,(13)：36
[31]霍晓梅,胡彩娥,王中强.榆林红碱淖遗鸥保护成效显著.陕西林业,2007,(4)：31
[32]蒋明康,王智,秦卫华,等.我国自然保护区内国家重点保护物种保护成效评价.生态与农村环境学报,2006,22(4)：35～38
[33]蒋志成,刘兴明.祁连山保护区野生动物保护成效显著.甘肃林业,2006,(5)：26
[34]叶有禄.商南县天然林资源保护工程实施成效调查及对策研究.西北农林科技大学：硕士学位论文,2008,1
[35]Kremen C, Cameron A, Moilanen A, et al. Aligning conservation priorities across taxa in Madagascar with high-resolution planning tools. Science,2008,320:222-226
[36]Myers N. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature,2000,403,853-858
[37]Chape S, Harrison J, Spalding M, et al. Measuring the extent and effectiveness of protected areas as an indicator for meeting global biodiversity targets. Philos T R Soc B,2005,360: 443-455
[38]Rodrigues A S L, Andelman S J, Bakarr M I, et al. Effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity. Nature,2004,428:640-643
[39]吴长申.扎龙国家级自然保护区自然资源研究与管理.哈尔滨：东北林业大学出版社,1999：1～413
[40]http://press.idoican.com.cn/detail/articles/2008110168036/
[41]阎传海.植物地理学.北京：科学出版社,2001：48～50
[42]周以良,董世林,聂绍荃.黑龙江树木志.哈尔滨：黑龙江科学技术出版社,1986：1～15
[43]吴宪忠.黑龙江省野生动物.哈尔滨：黑龙江科学技术出版社,1993：46～56
[44]高中信.扎龙鸟类.北京：中国林业出版社,1989：9
[45]李长友.扎龙湿地生态系统保护对策研究.黑龙江省科学技术计划项目,2000：1-206
[46]韩敏,孙燕楠,许士国,等.基于RS与GIS技术的扎龙沼泽湿地景观格局变化分析.地理科学进展,2005,24(6)：42～50.
[47]王文锋,高忠燕,李长友,等.扎龙湿地丹顶鹤种群数量调查及保护.野生动物,2011,32(2)：80-82
[48]李淑玲,计子娟,王宇.利用AFLP技术分析丹顶鹤的亲缘关系.动物学杂志,2010,45(5)：141～148
[49]吴铁宇,陈冰卓,仇福臣,等.扎龙保护区野生丹顶鹤种群现状及保护对策.黑龙江环境通报,2008,32(3)：6-8
[50]刘胜龙,蔡勇军,逢世良,等.扎龙自然保护区水资源状况对重要水禽的影响.东北师大学报(自然科学版),2006,38(3)：105～108
[51]马建华,李长友,袁力,等.扎龙保护区鹤类基本状况及保护对策.黑龙江环境通报,2006,30(3)：69～73
[52]马逸清,金龙荣,金爱莲,等.黑龙江省乌裕尔河流域丹顶鹤等珍稀涉禽航空调查报告.动物学报,1987,33(2)：187～191
[53]冯科民,李金录.丹顶鹤等水禽的航空调查.东北林学院学报,1985,13(1)：80～87
[54]万书成.扎龙保护区丹顶鹤散养繁殖及其对野外种群影响.东北林业大学：本科论文,1992,20
[55]张顺林,冉江洪,唐明坤,等.凉山山系小熊猫分布区景观格局.生态学报,2008,28(10)：4798～4795
[56]陈文波,肖笃宁,李秀珍.景观指数分类应用及构建研究.应用生态学报,2002,13(1)：121～125
[57]王良健.基于遥感与GIS的区域土地利用变化的动态监测与预测研究.经济地理，2000,20(2)：47～51
[58]Taylor J C, Brewer T R, Bird A C. Monitoring landscape change in the national parks of England and Wales using aerialphoto interpretation and GIS. J Remote Sensing,2000,21 (13):2737-2752
[59]Mas J F. Monitoring land cover changes. JRem ote Sensing,1999,20 (1):139-152
[60]陈利顶,傅伯杰.黄河三角洲地区人类活动对景观结构的影响分析.生态学报,1996,16(4)：337～344
[61]Lucas J F J. Accuracy assessment of satellite derived land cover data. P E and R S,1994, 60(4):410-432
[62]Johnson R B, Zimmer W J. A more powerful test for dispersion using distance measurements. Ecology,1985,66:1669-1675
[63]Dugas, Daniel P. The influence of arroyo edges on Pogonomyrmex rugosus nest distribution in the Chihuahuan Desert, New Mexico. Journal of Arid Environments,2001, 47(2):153-159
[64]Khaemba, Wilson Mwale. Spatial point pattern analysis of aerial survey data to assess clustering in wildlife distributions. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation,2001,3(2):139-145
[65]Lark P J, Evens F C. Distance to nearest neighbour as a measure of spatial relationships in populations. Ecology,1954,35:445-453
[66]吕晓平,许杰.关于扎龙自然保护区内三条观鸟路线的评价.野生动物,1992,38(2)：3-7
[67]逢世良,仇福臣,蔡勇军,等.扎龙湿地观鸟路线的再次评价.高师理科学刊,1999,19(2)：48～51
[68]陈晶.扎龙自然保护区观鸟区春季鸟类群落分析与观鸟旅游路线设计.东北林业大学,硕士论文,2005,17～24
[69]邹红菲.中国鸟类学会会员吴庆明博士应邀参加2012日本丹顶鹤年度调查.中国鹤类通讯,2011,15(1)：39～40
[70]逢世良.扎龙自然保护区丹顶鹤的航空调查报告.高师理科学刊,2000,20(2)：59～60
[71]扎龙自然保护区.2008年扎龙湿地项目点春季水鸟航空调查报告书.2008
[72]时培玲,于铁,张晓玲.生态补水在扎龙湿地自然恢复中的作用.防护林科技,2011,(3)：67～69
[73]袁力,龚文峰,于成龙.基于RS和GIS的扎龙湿地丹顶鹤生境时空的格局演变.东北林业大学学报,2009,37(8)：34～38
[74]房继明.啮齿动物的空间分布格局.生态学杂志,1994,13(1)：39-44
[75]徐铁林,吴长申.丹顶鹤的饲养与驯化.野生动物,1983,29(1)：24～27
[76]马建华,袁力,李长友,等.丹顶鹤群体的驯化放飞技术.东北林业大学学报,2007,35(11)：60～62
[77]陈灵芝,马克平.生物多样性科学：原理与实践上海：上海科学技术出版社,2001,19
[78]张亚平,王文,宿兵.大熊猫微卫星DNA的筛选及其应用.动物学研究,1995,16(4)：301～306
[79]Hongfei Zou, Haiyan Dong Weiyao Kong, et al. Characterization of 18 polymorphic micro-satellite loci in the red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis), an endangered bird. Animal Science Journal,2010,81:519-522
[80]Raymond M, Rousset F. GENEPOP:Population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenicism. J. Hered,1995,86:248-249
[81]Guo S W, ThomPson E A. Performing the exact test of Hardy-Weinberg Proportion for multiple alleles. Biometric,1992,48(2):361-372
[82]Marshall T C, Slate J, Krlluk L E B, et al. Statistical confidence for likelihood-based paternity inference in natural populations. Molecular Ecology,1998,7:639-655
[83]Botstein D, White R L, Skolniek M, et al. Construction of a genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. American Journal of Human Geneties, 1980,32(3):314-331
[84]Sokal, R R, Rohlf E J. Biometry:the principle sand practice of statistics in biological research. New York:W H Freeman,1995
[85]Sehneider R D, Exeoffier L A. A software for population genetic data analysis. Genetics and Biometry Laboratory, University of Geneva, Switzerland,2000,91:3166-3170
[86]吴华,胡杰,万秋红,等.梅花鹿的微卫星多态性及种群的遗传结构.兽类学报,2008,28(2)：109～116
[87]Neel M C, Cummings M P. Effectivenss of conservation targets in capturing genetic diversity. Conservation Biology,2003,17(1):219-229
[88]Petit R J, Mousadik A E I, Pons O. Identifying populations for conservation on the basis of genetic markers. Conservation Biology,1998,12:844-855
[89]Holsinger K E, Gottlieb L D. Conservation of rare and endangered plants:principles and prospects. D A Falk, K E Holsinger. Genetics and conservation of rare plants. United Kingdom:Oxford University Press,1981,195-208
[90]Ellstrand N C, Elam D R. Population genetic consequences of small population size: implations for plant conservation. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,1993,24: 217-242
[91]黑龙江扎龙国家级自然保护区.扎龙自然保护区综合科学考察与区划报告(讨论稿).1986年1月
[92]张国莹,雷国平,林佳,等.扎龙自然保护区不同空间尺度景观格局时空变化及其生态风险.生态学杂志,2012,31(5)：1250～125
[93]张玉红,于万辉.扎龙湿地土地覆盖变化分析.哈尔滨师范大学自然科学学报,2011,27(1)：73～90
[94]沃晓棠,孙彦坤.扎龙湿地土地利用变化及驱动力分析.东北林业大学学报,2010,38(5)：77～79,82
[95]周利军,张雪萍.扎龙国家级自然保护区景观格局变化研究.湿地科学,2010,8(1)：74～78
[96]赵小静,杨凤海,刘艳霞,等.扎龙湿地利用变化分析.测绘与空间地理信息,2009,32(1)：54～57
[97]袁力.基于RS、GIS生态景观格局动态变化及其驱动力的研究.东北林业大学学报,2007,35(12)：25～28
[98]李兴春,林年丰,汤洁,等.扎龙国家级自然保护区土地利用调查与分析.东北师大学报,2006,38(2)：132～136
[99]孙万光.气候变化对扎龙湿地水温特性影响的研究.大连理工大学,2006,15
[100]沃晓棠,孙彦坤,玄明君,等.气候变暖背景下扎龙湿地气候变化特征.气象科 技,2011,39(1)：38-43
[101]李文广,王永洁,罗金明,等.全球气候变化下扎龙湿地气候响应特征分析.高师理科学刊,2011,31(5)：69～71
[102]柏林,吴月祥,王永洁.扎龙湿地近58年气温、降水变化特征研究.干旱区资源与环境,2011,25(11)：86～92
[103]王昊,许士国,王砳石.40a气候变化对扎龙湿地蒸散影响分析.大连理工大学学报,2007,47(1)：119～124
[104]李玉文,王国贵.扎龙湿地气候变化特征分析.黑龙江气象,2009,26(2)：1-2
[105]赵宗慈,罗勇.21世纪中国东北地区气候变化预估.气象与环境学报,2007,23(3)：1～4
[106]孙凤华,袁健,路爽.东北地区近百年气候变化及突变检测.气候与环境研究,2006,11(1)：101～108
[107]孙凤华,杨素英,陈鹏狮.东北地区近44年的气候暖干化趋势分析及可能影响.生态学杂志,2005,24(7)：751～755
[108]水利部应对气候变化研究中心.全球变暖及我国气候变化的事实.中国水利,2008(2)：28～34
[109]王绍武,蔡静宁,朱锦红,等.中国气候变化的研究.气候与环境研究,2002,7(2)：137～145
[110]吴金栋,王石立,张建敏.未来气候变化对中国东北地区水热条件影响的数值模拟研究.资源科学,2000,22(6)：36～42
[111]唐蕴,王浩,严登华,等.近50年来东北地区降水的时空分异研究.地理科学,2005,25(2)：172～176
[112]殷志强,秦小光,刘嘉麒,等.扎龙湿地的形成北京及其生态环境意义.地理科学进展,2006,25(3)：32～40
[113]吴庆明,邹红菲.扎龙湿地白枕鹤孵化期觅食生境选择.应用生态学报,2009,20(7)：1716～1722
[114]舒展.火烧与缺水对扎龙湿地植被群落的影响.环境科学与管理,2010,35(1)：135～139
[115]姜一海,赵辉.为了那群丹顶鹤.中国旅游报,2003年4月16日
[116]大庆市启动扎龙湿地生态应急补水工程http://www.hlj.gov.cn/yjgl/system/2007/10/10/000071873.shtml,2007,12
[117]宋辽水利委员会.扎龙湿地补水工程一维系湿地生态工程.中国水利,2004,(5)：59～60
[118]扎龙湿地补水8亿立方米 鹤类数量增加到400 多只http://heilongjiang.dbw.cn/system/2004/07/20/016620045.shtml,2004,7
[119]Zou Hong-fei, Sun Meng, Wu Qingming, et al. Correlation between the avian community and habitat at different water levels during spring migration in Zhalong Reserve, China. Journal of Forestry Research,2012,23(4):661-666
[120]国家林业局调查规划设计院.黑龙江扎龙国家级自然保护区总体规划.2008,29-101
[121]郑听,马建章.扎龙国家级自然保护区游客客源特征调查分析.森林工 程,2007,23(2)：1-5
[122]郑昕,程鲲.扎龙国家级自然保护区游客认知调查研究.哈尔滨工业大学学报(社会科学版),2007,9(3)：127～130
[123]钟士恩,任黎秀,蒋志欣,等.客源地出游力的社会经济现象假设—基于中国国内旅游出游力研究.旅游学刊,2008,23(6)：18～23
[124]戴晓丹.浅析旅游动机的类型及特征.科技信息,2010,(29)：114-115
[125]张金玲.近20年国内旅游动机研究述评.乐山师范学院学报,2011,26(12)：70～73
[2]马逸清,李晓民.丹顶鹤研究.上海：上海科技教育出版社,2002,6
[3]刘学昌,吴庆明,邹红菲,等.丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)东西种群巢址选择的分异.生态学报,2009,29(8)：4483～4491
[4]Wu Qingming, Zou Hongfei. Nest-site selection pattern by Red-crowned cranes Grus japonensis in Zhalong Nature Reserve of northeast China. Journal of Forestry Research, 2011,22(2):281-288
[5]吴庆明.扎龙国家级自然保护区湿地注水恢复期鸟类群落研究.东北林业大学,博士论文,2010,1-42
[6]邹红菲,吴庆明.扎龙保护区丹顶鹤巢的内分布型及巢域.生态学报,2009,29(4)：1710～1718
[7]王建群,韩丽,马铁民.扎龙湿地生态系统需水量.湖泊科学,2006,18(2)：114-119
[8]王永洁,邓伟.扎龙湿地水环境可持续性度量研究.地理科学,2006,26(6)：722～727
[9]刘大庆,许士国.扎龙湿地水量平衡分析.自然资源学报,2006,21(3)：341～348
[10]郭跃东,何岩,邓伟,等.扎龙国家自然湿地生态环境需水量研究.水土保持学报,2004,18(6)：163～166,174
[11]邹红菲,吴庆明,马建章.扎龙保护区火烧及湿地注水后丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)巢址选择.东北师大学报(自然科学版),2003,35(1)：54-59
[12]佟守正,吕宪国.松嫩平原重要湿地恢复研究进展.地理科学,2007,27(1)：127～128
[13]罗新正,朱坦,孙广友.松嫩平原大安古河道湿地的恢复与重建.生态学报,2003,23(2)：244～250
[14]Gert R. Selecting target species to evaluate the success of wet grassland restoration. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment,2003,98:227-246
[15]张永泽,王煊.自然湿地生态恢复研究综述.生态学报,2001,21(2)：309～314
[16]周进,Tachibana H,李伟,等.受损湿地植被的恢复与重建研究进展.植物生态学报,2001,21(5)：561～572
[17]Eduardo R F. The role of restoration in sustainable bio-resources management. Natural Resources Form,1999,23:79-80
[18]Jay S W, Suzanne E B. Restoration of a Canadian prairie wetland with agricultural and municipal wastewater. Environmental Management,1999,24(1):25-37
[19]吴辉,邓玉林,李春艳,等.我国湿地研究,保护与开发.世界林业研究,2007,20(6)：42～49
[20]崔保山,刘兴土.湿地恢复研究综述.地球科学进展,1999,14(4)：358～363
[21]周林飞,许士国,孙万光.基于灰色聚类法的扎龙湿地水环境质量综合评价.大连理工大学学报,2007,47(2)：240～245
[22]周林飞,许士国,李青山,等.扎龙湿地生态环境需水量安全阈值的研究.水利学报,2007,38(7)：845～851
[23]崔国东.无水的湿地欠下亿元水债-扎龙：在艰难中进补.见：东北网.http://news.qq.com/a/20080525/001328.htm,2008,5
[24]黑龙江扎龙国家级自然保护区.国家湿地,2011,第10 期http://www.cnwm.org/magazine.do?op=magazineArticle&id=325
[25]http://baike.baidu.com/view/476932.htm
[26]王直军.Cnristopher C. Rimmer, Edward L.Gaine,等.美国弗蒙特州两种濒危鸟类保护成效研究.云南地理环境研究,1992,4(1)：69～76
[27]王兴芬,杨金枝.涉县资源保护成效显著.河北林业,1994,(4)：25
[28]郑姚闽,牛振国,宫鹏.对《中国国家级湿地自然保护区保护成效初步评估中的偏差》一文的回应.科学通报,2012,57(15)：1371～1376
[29]李瑞平.褐马鸡的生物学特性及保护成效.河北林业科技,2010,(3)：67～68
[30]白敬,张丽红.乌梁素海湿地鸟类资源保护成效显著.中国林业,2010,(13)：36
[31]霍晓梅,胡彩娥,王中强.榆林红碱淖遗鸥保护成效显著.陕西林业,2007,(4)：31
[32]蒋明康,王智,秦卫华,等.我国自然保护区内国家重点保护物种保护成效评价.生态与农村环境学报,2006,22(4)：35～38
[33]蒋志成,刘兴明.祁连山保护区野生动物保护成效显著.甘肃林业,2006,(5)：26
[34]叶有禄.商南县天然林资源保护工程实施成效调查及对策研究.西北农林科技大学：硕士学位论文,2008,1
[35]Kremen C, Cameron A, Moilanen A, et al. Aligning conservation priorities across taxa in Madagascar with high-resolution planning tools. Science,2008,320:222-226
[36]Myers N. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature,2000,403,853-858
[37]Chape S, Harrison J, Spalding M, et al. Measuring the extent and effectiveness of protected areas as an indicator for meeting global biodiversity targets. Philos T R Soc B,2005,360: 443-455
[38]Rodrigues A S L, Andelman S J, Bakarr M I, et al. Effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity. Nature,2004,428:640-643
[39]吴长申.扎龙国家级自然保护区自然资源研究与管理.哈尔滨：东北林业大学出版社,1999：1～413
[40]http://press.idoican.com.cn/detail/articles/2008110168036/
[41]阎传海.植物地理学.北京：科学出版社,2001：48～50
[42]周以良,董世林,聂绍荃.黑龙江树木志.哈尔滨：黑龙江科学技术出版社,1986：1～15
[43]吴宪忠.黑龙江省野生动物.哈尔滨：黑龙江科学技术出版社,1993：46～56
[44]高中信.扎龙鸟类.北京：中国林业出版社,1989：9
[45]李长友.扎龙湿地生态系统保护对策研究.黑龙江省科学技术计划项目,2000：1-206
[46]韩敏,孙燕楠,许士国,等.基于RS与GIS技术的扎龙沼泽湿地景观格局变化分析.地理科学进展,2005,24(6)：42～50.
[47]王文锋,高忠燕,李长友,等.扎龙湿地丹顶鹤种群数量调查及保护.野生动物,2011,32(2)：80-82
[48]李淑玲,计子娟,王宇.利用AFLP技术分析丹顶鹤的亲缘关系.动物学杂志,2010,45(5)：141～148
[49]吴铁宇,陈冰卓,仇福臣,等.扎龙保护区野生丹顶鹤种群现状及保护对策.黑龙江环境通报,2008,32(3)：6-8
[50]刘胜龙,蔡勇军,逢世良,等.扎龙自然保护区水资源状况对重要水禽的影响.东北师大学报(自然科学版),2006,38(3)：105～108
[51]马建华,李长友,袁力,等.扎龙保护区鹤类基本状况及保护对策.黑龙江环境通报,2006,30(3)：69～73
[52]马逸清,金龙荣,金爱莲,等.黑龙江省乌裕尔河流域丹顶鹤等珍稀涉禽航空调查报告.动物学报,1987,33(2)：187～191
[53]冯科民,李金录.丹顶鹤等水禽的航空调查.东北林学院学报,1985,13(1)：80～87
[54]万书成.扎龙保护区丹顶鹤散养繁殖及其对野外种群影响.东北林业大学：本科论文,1992,20
[55]张顺林,冉江洪,唐明坤,等.凉山山系小熊猫分布区景观格局.生态学报,2008,28(10)：4798～4795
[56]陈文波,肖笃宁,李秀珍.景观指数分类应用及构建研究.应用生态学报,2002,13(1)：121～125
[57]王良健.基于遥感与GIS的区域土地利用变化的动态监测与预测研究.经济地理，2000,20(2)：47～51
[58]Taylor J C, Brewer T R, Bird A C. Monitoring landscape change in the national parks of England and Wales using aerialphoto interpretation and GIS. J Remote Sensing,2000,21 (13):2737-2752
[59]Mas J F. Monitoring land cover changes. JRem ote Sensing,1999,20 (1):139-152
[60]陈利顶,傅伯杰.黄河三角洲地区人类活动对景观结构的影响分析.生态学报,1996,16(4)：337～344
[61]Lucas J F J. Accuracy assessment of satellite derived land cover data. P E and R S,1994, 60(4):410-432
[62]Johnson R B, Zimmer W J. A more powerful test for dispersion using distance measurements. Ecology,1985,66:1669-1675
[63]Dugas, Daniel P. The influence of arroyo edges on Pogonomyrmex rugosus nest distribution in the Chihuahuan Desert, New Mexico. Journal of Arid Environments,2001, 47(2):153-159
[64]Khaemba, Wilson Mwale. Spatial point pattern analysis of aerial survey data to assess clustering in wildlife distributions. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation,2001,3(2):139-145
[65]Lark P J, Evens F C. Distance to nearest neighbour as a measure of spatial relationships in populations. Ecology,1954,35:445-453
[66]吕晓平,许杰.关于扎龙自然保护区内三条观鸟路线的评价.野生动物,1992,38(2)：3-7
[67]逢世良,仇福臣,蔡勇军,等.扎龙湿地观鸟路线的再次评价.高师理科学刊,1999,19(2)：48～51
[68]陈晶.扎龙自然保护区观鸟区春季鸟类群落分析与观鸟旅游路线设计.东北林业大学,硕士论文,2005,17～24
[69]邹红菲.中国鸟类学会会员吴庆明博士应邀参加2012日本丹顶鹤年度调查.中国鹤类通讯,2011,15(1)：39～40
[70]逢世良.扎龙自然保护区丹顶鹤的航空调查报告.高师理科学刊,2000,20(2)：59～60
[71]扎龙自然保护区.2008年扎龙湿地项目点春季水鸟航空调查报告书.2008
[72]时培玲,于铁,张晓玲.生态补水在扎龙湿地自然恢复中的作用.防护林科技,2011,(3)：67～69
[73]袁力,龚文峰,于成龙.基于RS和GIS的扎龙湿地丹顶鹤生境时空的格局演变.东北林业大学学报,2009,37(8)：34～38
[74]房继明.啮齿动物的空间分布格局.生态学杂志,1994,13(1)：39-44
[75]徐铁林,吴长申.丹顶鹤的饲养与驯化.野生动物,1983,29(1)：24～27
[76]马建华,袁力,李长友,等.丹顶鹤群体的驯化放飞技术.东北林业大学学报,2007,35(11)：60～62
[77]陈灵芝,马克平.生物多样性科学：原理与实践上海：上海科学技术出版社,2001,19
[78]张亚平,王文,宿兵.大熊猫微卫星DNA的筛选及其应用.动物学研究,1995,16(4)：301～306
[79]Hongfei Zou, Haiyan Dong Weiyao Kong, et al. Characterization of 18 polymorphic micro-satellite loci in the red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis), an endangered bird. Animal Science Journal,2010,81:519-522
[80]Raymond M, Rousset F. GENEPOP:Population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenicism. J. Hered,1995,86:248-249
[81]Guo S W, ThomPson E A. Performing the exact test of Hardy-Weinberg Proportion for multiple alleles. Biometric,1992,48(2):361-372
[82]Marshall T C, Slate J, Krlluk L E B, et al. Statistical confidence for likelihood-based paternity inference in natural populations. Molecular Ecology,1998,7:639-655
[83]Botstein D, White R L, Skolniek M, et al. Construction of a genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. American Journal of Human Geneties, 1980,32(3):314-331
[84]Sokal, R R, Rohlf E J. Biometry:the principle sand practice of statistics in biological research. New York:W H Freeman,1995
[85]Sehneider R D, Exeoffier L A. A software for population genetic data analysis. Genetics and Biometry Laboratory, University of Geneva, Switzerland,2000,91:3166-3170
[86]吴华,胡杰,万秋红,等.梅花鹿的微卫星多态性及种群的遗传结构.兽类学报,2008,28(2)：109～116
[87]Neel M C, Cummings M P. Effectivenss of conservation targets in capturing genetic diversity. Conservation Biology,2003,17(1):219-229
[88]Petit R J, Mousadik A E I, Pons O. Identifying populations for conservation on the basis of genetic markers. Conservation Biology,1998,12:844-855
[89]Holsinger K E, Gottlieb L D. Conservation of rare and endangered plants:principles and prospects. D A Falk, K E Holsinger. Genetics and conservation of rare plants. United Kingdom:Oxford University Press,1981,195-208
[90]Ellstrand N C, Elam D R. Population genetic consequences of small population size: implations for plant conservation. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,1993,24: 217-242
[91]黑龙江扎龙国家级自然保护区.扎龙自然保护区综合科学考察与区划报告(讨论稿).1986年1月
[92]张国莹,雷国平,林佳,等.扎龙自然保护区不同空间尺度景观格局时空变化及其生态风险.生态学杂志,2012,31(5)：1250～125
[93]张玉红,于万辉.扎龙湿地土地覆盖变化分析.哈尔滨师范大学自然科学学报,2011,27(1)：73～90
[94]沃晓棠,孙彦坤.扎龙湿地土地利用变化及驱动力分析.东北林业大学学报,2010,38(5)：77～79,82
[95]周利军,张雪萍.扎龙国家级自然保护区景观格局变化研究.湿地科学,2010,8(1)：74～78
[96]赵小静,杨凤海,刘艳霞,等.扎龙湿地利用变化分析.测绘与空间地理信息,2009,32(1)：54～57
[97]袁力.基于RS、GIS生态景观格局动态变化及其驱动力的研究.东北林业大学学报,2007,35(12)：25～28
[98]李兴春,林年丰,汤洁,等.扎龙国家级自然保护区土地利用调查与分析.东北师大学报,2006,38(2)：132～136
[99]孙万光.气候变化对扎龙湿地水温特性影响的研究.大连理工大学,2006,15
[100]沃晓棠,孙彦坤,玄明君,等.气候变暖背景下扎龙湿地气候变化特征.气象科 技,2011,39(1)：38-43
[101]李文广,王永洁,罗金明,等.全球气候变化下扎龙湿地气候响应特征分析.高师理科学刊,2011,31(5)：69～71
[102]柏林,吴月祥,王永洁.扎龙湿地近58年气温、降水变化特征研究.干旱区资源与环境,2011,25(11)：86～92
[103]王昊,许士国,王砳石.40a气候变化对扎龙湿地蒸散影响分析.大连理工大学学报,2007,47(1)：119～124
[104]李玉文,王国贵.扎龙湿地气候变化特征分析.黑龙江气象,2009,26(2)：1-2
[105]赵宗慈,罗勇.21世纪中国东北地区气候变化预估.气象与环境学报,2007,23(3)：1～4
[106]孙凤华,袁健,路爽.东北地区近百年气候变化及突变检测.气候与环境研究,2006,11(1)：101～108
[107]孙凤华,杨素英,陈鹏狮.东北地区近44年的气候暖干化趋势分析及可能影响.生态学杂志,2005,24(7)：751～755
[108]水利部应对气候变化研究中心.全球变暖及我国气候变化的事实.中国水利,2008(2)：28～34
[109]王绍武,蔡静宁,朱锦红,等.中国气候变化的研究.气候与环境研究,2002,7(2)：137～145
[110]吴金栋,王石立,张建敏.未来气候变化对中国东北地区水热条件影响的数值模拟研究.资源科学,2000,22(6)：36～42
[111]唐蕴,王浩,严登华,等.近50年来东北地区降水的时空分异研究.地理科学,2005,25(2)：172～176
[112]殷志强,秦小光,刘嘉麒,等.扎龙湿地的形成北京及其生态环境意义.地理科学进展,2006,25(3)：32～40
[113]吴庆明,邹红菲.扎龙湿地白枕鹤孵化期觅食生境选择.应用生态学报,2009,20(7)：1716～1722
[114]舒展.火烧与缺水对扎龙湿地植被群落的影响.环境科学与管理,2010,35(1)：135～139
[115]姜一海,赵辉.为了那群丹顶鹤.中国旅游报,2003年4月16日
[116]大庆市启动扎龙湿地生态应急补水工程http://www.hlj.gov.cn/yjgl/system/2007/10/10/000071873.shtml,2007,12
[117]宋辽水利委员会.扎龙湿地补水工程一维系湿地生态工程.中国水利,2004,(5)：59～60
[118]扎龙湿地补水8亿立方米 鹤类数量增加到400 多只http://heilongjiang.dbw.cn/system/2004/07/20/016620045.shtml,2004,7
[119]Zou Hong-fei, Sun Meng, Wu Qingming, et al. Correlation between the avian community and habitat at different water levels during spring migration in Zhalong Reserve, China. Journal of Forestry Research,2012,23(4):661-666
[120]国家林业局调查规划设计院.黑龙江扎龙国家级自然保护区总体规划.2008,29-101
[121]郑听,马建章.扎龙国家级自然保护区游客客源特征调查分析.森林工 程,2007,23(2)：1-5
[122]郑昕,程鲲.扎龙国家级自然保护区游客认知调查研究.哈尔滨工业大学学报(社会科学版),2007,9(3)：127～130
[123]钟士恩,任黎秀,蒋志欣,等.客源地出游力的社会经济现象假设—基于中国国内旅游出游力研究.旅游学刊,2008,23(6)：18～23
[124]戴晓丹.浅析旅游动机的类型及特征.科技信息,2010,(29)：114-115
[125]张金玲.近20年国内旅游动机研究述评.乐山师范学院学报,2011,26(12)：70～73