我国石鸡属鸟类系统地理结构及其种间杂交的研究
|
摘要
大石鸡(Alectoris magna)是我国特有种，分布区狭窄，分化为两个亚种，即指名亚种(A. m. magna)和兰州亚种(A. m. lanzhouensis)。石鸡(Alectoris chukar)是广布种，亚种分化众多。两种石鸡属鸟类均是我国北方干早、半干旱荒漠环境的指示鸟类。青藏高原的隆升是造成我国北方干早环境的重要因素。伴随着更新世冰期的作用，可能对生活于干旱环境的石鸡属两种鸟类的进化历史和系统地理结构有重要影响。目前线粒体DNA分子标记普遍用于分析物种系统进化和遗传结构。本文结合线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因(Cytb)和线粒体DNA控制区基因(CR)作为分子标记，通过PCR直接测序方法研究大石鸡和石鸡的遗传和系统地理结构，以期达到如下目的：(1)说明西宁盆地的大石鸡的亚种归属问题；(2)比较大石鸡和石鸡Cytb基因的遗传差异；(3)阐明大石鸡整个分布区内的系统地理结构，说明采样范围内石鸡的系统地理结构；(4)推演它们的历史起源进化进程；(5)推测杂交发生的时间，进一步确定杂交范围；(6)比较两种分子标记在同一物种的差别。
本文共采集了大石鸡106个样本，石鸡48个样本用于细胞色素b序列测定分析；采集了大石鸡133个样本用于CR基因序列分析。
Cytb基因序列碱基含量和CR基因差异显著，后者的A+G含量明显高于前者；后者的序列变异率是前者的9倍。
大石鸡和石鸡的Cytb基因密码子偏倚指数CBI表明这两种石鸡的Cytb基因密码子存在偏倚，偏倚程度相近。两者总的碱基含量差异显著，密码子的三个位点中，最保守的密码子第二位点的碱基含量在种间没有显著差异。大石鸡13个地理种群间的碱基含量差异显著，三个种群组间的碱基含量差异也显著。石鸡种群中，单因素方差分析仅有密码子第三位点中的C、A、G含量在8个地理种群间差异显著，3个亚种之间的碱基含量差异不显著。
大石鸡Cytb基因序列828bp有8个多态位点，序列变异率为0.97％；8个替代中有6个是同义替代；T—C转换为A—G转换的1.5倍。石鸡Cytb基因序列有14个多态位点，序列变异率为1.69％：15个替代中有11个是同义替代；T—C转换(8次)略低于A—G转换，这和石鸡CR基因序列的嘧啶变异更高的结果不一致(黄族豪等，2004)。大石鸡和石鸡Cytb基因突变的方向主要是G向A、T向C突变。
从遗传距离和系统树看，西宁种群组的大石鸡应该属于兰州亚种，两者之间有一定的遗传分化。
根据Cytb基因序列分析碱基含量、遗传多样性，所采样区域内石鸡种群遗传分化比大石鸡更不明显，各种群没有形成明显的地理分化，它们之间较大石鸡有更大的基因流。
由于早更新世冰期和柴达木盆地的进一步内陷的作用，石鸡和大石鸡大约在190万年前发生分歧。大石鸡柴达木种群组和西宁种群组、兰州种群组之间分歧时间为27万年，西宁种群组和兰州种群组之间为19万年。推测大石鸡的扩散路线为从柴达木盆地向东扩散至兰州盆地，最后形成了以兰州盆地为中心向四周辐射逐步扩散的模式。西宁种群组的大石鸡是由兰州种群组返回扩散形成的。
大石鸡所有种群都经历过种群扩张。兰州种群组扩张所经历的时间为10.7万年，西宁种群组扩张的时间为11.7万年。石鸡肃北、祁丰和贺兰山种群可能经历过瓶颈效应，而后经历过种群爆发过程。
大石鸡种群分布属于“系统发生不连续，具有空间隔离”的地理格局。西宁种群组和兰州种群组属于“系统发生连续，具有部分空间隔离”的地理格局。从Cytb基因分化看，石鸡各地理种群间属于“系统发生连续，没有空间隔离”的地理格局。大石鸡和石鸡种群间属于“系统发生不连续，具有空间隔离”的地理格局。
8个大石鸡样本的Cytb基因呈石鸡的基因模式，但是在石鸡中没有发现大石鸡的基因模式。石鸡的基因向大石鸡单向渗透，为种间杂交的渐渗杂交类型。推算发生在六盘山周缘到礼县的杂交带长度大约为400km。杂交带宽度约为130km。发生杂交的时间(9万年)正是大石鸡兰州种群组扩散的时间(10.7万年)之后。
从Cytb基因序列表明，渐渗杂交的发生对大石鸡遗传多样性没有显著影响。杂种低的遗传多样性和单一的单倍型可能表明石鸡雌性个体和大石鸡雄性个体间的交配选择不是随机的，可能具有某种特定基因型的石鸡雌性才会选择同大石鸡雄性进行交配，从而造成杂种后代单一的基因型。不过这一推测尚需进一步研究。
Przevalski partridge (Alectoris magna) is endemic in China with limited range, and was identified as two subspecies, a nominate subspecies A. m. magna residing in the Chaidamu Basin and A. m. lanzhouensis residing around the Lanzhou Basin. Chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar), however has numerous subspecies with broad distribution. Both of them are indicative birds of arid and semiarid environments in northern China. The uplift of Tibetan Plateau is the important factor influencing climate severity and desert evolution in northwestern China, and it maybe affect historic evolution and phylogeographic structure of the two partridges severely accompanying with Pleistocene glaciation. At present, mtDNA marker was used for analyzing phylogeny and genetic structure of species. We used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing methods to infer their genetic and phylogeographic structure based on mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cytb) and mtDNA control region (CR) data. The aims are: (1) to analyze Przevalski partridge in the Xining should belong to which subspecies; (2) to compare genetic variation within and among local populations between Przevalski partridge and Chukar Partridge; (3) to illuminate their phylogeographic relationship; (4) to infer their historic demography; (5) to speculate the time of hybridization happening, and confirm the geographic range of hybridization; (6) to compare the differences between two markers.
We sampled 106 Przevalski partridges and 48 Chukar partridges for Cytb analyzing, also sampled 133 Przevalski partridges for CR analyzing.
There were significant differences in nucleotide compositions between Cytb and CR gene, and the number of G + C was larger in the latter. The frequency of sequences variation of the latter was 9 times higher than the former.
The Codon Bias Index (CBI) showed that Cytb gene had compositional bias within two partridges, and they had similar CBI. There were significant differences in total nucleotide compositions and no significant differences in 2~(nd) positions of codons between two partridges. The nucleotide compositions differed significantly among 13 local populations of Przevalski partridge, but no significant differences among 8 populations and subspecies of Chukar partridge (there were only significant differences in Cytosine, Adenine and Guanine of the 3~(rd) positions of condons among 8 populations).
8 variable sites defined 9 haplotypes of Cytb gene in 98 Przevalski partridges. There was 0.97% sequences variation; 6 synonymous substitutions in 8 substitutions; the number of transitions between T and C was 1.5 times higher than that between A and G. 14 variable sites defined 12 haplotypes of Cytb gene in 133 Chukar partridges. There was 1.69% sequences variation; 11 synonymous substitutions in 15 substitutions; the number of transitions between T and C was less than that between A and G slightly, which was different from the nucleotide variation of CR gene in Chukar partridge in which there was higher pyridine variation (Huang et al., 2004). The mutation direction of Cytb gene in two partridges was mainly from G to A and from T to C.
As viewed from genetic distances and phylogenetic tree, we could speculate that the Przevalski partridges in Xining pop-group should belong to the Lanzhou subspecies (A. magna lanzhouensis). There was partly genetic divergence between the Xining pop-group and the Lanzhou pop-group.
According to nucleotide compositions and genetic diversity of Cytb sequences, Chukar partridges had less genetic divergence and more frequently gene flow than Przevalski partridge. There was no distinctly genetic divergence among local Chukar partridge populations.
Calibrated rates of molecular evolution suggested that Przevalski partridge and Chukar partridge could have speciated about 1.90 million years ago, affected by the Pleistocene second frigid and the form of Chaidamu Basin. The divergence time was about 0.27 Myr between the Chaidamu pop-group and the other two pop-groups (xining pop-group and Lanzhou pop-group), and about 0.19 Myr between Xining pop-group and Lanzhou pop-group, we speculated that the dispersal route was that Alectoris magna dispersed from Chaidamu Basin east to Lanzhou Basin, at last formed a dispersal star-like mode surrounding Lanzhou Basin step by step, and the Xining pop-group was formed by the Lanzhou pop-group dispersing back to west.
All of the Przevalski partridge populations accepted sudden expansion model. the Lanzhou pop-group expansion began at 0.107Myr, and the Xining pop-group expansion began at 0.117. among Chukar partridge populations, the SB, QF and HLS populations were possible to suffer bottleneck effect, and sudden population expansion later.
Lack of shared haplotypes of CR suggested that the phylogeographic structure of Przevalski partridge belonged to "Phylogenetic distinuity, spatial separation" pattern. There was "Phylogenetic continuity, partial spatial separation" geographic pattern between Lanzhou pop-group and Xining pop-group. To deduce from divergence of Cytb gene, the phylogeographic structure of eight Chukar partridge populations belonged to "Phylogenetic distinuity, lack of spatial separation". There were both lack of shared hayplotyes of CR and Cytb between Przevalski partridge and Chukar partridges, which had a "Phylogenetic distinuity, spatial separation" geographic pattern.
There were 8 Przevalski partridges from five populations having Chukar partridge Cytb genotype. However, there were no Chukar partridge with Przevalski partridge's genotype. Thus, we could make sure that the hybridization between two partridges was introgression hybridization, maybe as result of sexual selection. The introgression hybridization was about 130km wide and 400km long from the surrounding of the Liupan Mountains to Lixian County. The time of hybridization happening was about 90 thousand years, which showed that the hybridization happened after the Lanzhou Przevalski partridge pop-group expanded to encounter with Chukar partridge population (the expansion time of Przevalski partridge was 0.107Myr ago).
Analysis of Cytb gene indicated that introgression hybridization had no significant influence on genetic diversity of Przevalski partridge population. The low genetic diversity of hybrids and single haplotypes might indicated that mating selection between Chukar partridge female and Przevalski partridge male was not stochastic. It is possible that those Chukar partridges with specific genotype could mate with przevalski partridges, as a result, the hybrid offspring had single genotype. However, it just is a speculation, looking forward to advanced studies.
本文共采集了大石鸡106个样本，石鸡48个样本用于细胞色素b序列测定分析；采集了大石鸡133个样本用于CR基因序列分析。
Cytb基因序列碱基含量和CR基因差异显著，后者的A+G含量明显高于前者；后者的序列变异率是前者的9倍。
大石鸡和石鸡的Cytb基因密码子偏倚指数CBI表明这两种石鸡的Cytb基因密码子存在偏倚，偏倚程度相近。两者总的碱基含量差异显著，密码子的三个位点中，最保守的密码子第二位点的碱基含量在种间没有显著差异。大石鸡13个地理种群间的碱基含量差异显著，三个种群组间的碱基含量差异也显著。石鸡种群中，单因素方差分析仅有密码子第三位点中的C、A、G含量在8个地理种群间差异显著，3个亚种之间的碱基含量差异不显著。
大石鸡Cytb基因序列828bp有8个多态位点，序列变异率为0.97％；8个替代中有6个是同义替代；T—C转换为A—G转换的1.5倍。石鸡Cytb基因序列有14个多态位点，序列变异率为1.69％：15个替代中有11个是同义替代；T—C转换(8次)略低于A—G转换，这和石鸡CR基因序列的嘧啶变异更高的结果不一致(黄族豪等，2004)。大石鸡和石鸡Cytb基因突变的方向主要是G向A、T向C突变。
从遗传距离和系统树看，西宁种群组的大石鸡应该属于兰州亚种，两者之间有一定的遗传分化。
根据Cytb基因序列分析碱基含量、遗传多样性，所采样区域内石鸡种群遗传分化比大石鸡更不明显，各种群没有形成明显的地理分化，它们之间较大石鸡有更大的基因流。
由于早更新世冰期和柴达木盆地的进一步内陷的作用，石鸡和大石鸡大约在190万年前发生分歧。大石鸡柴达木种群组和西宁种群组、兰州种群组之间分歧时间为27万年，西宁种群组和兰州种群组之间为19万年。推测大石鸡的扩散路线为从柴达木盆地向东扩散至兰州盆地，最后形成了以兰州盆地为中心向四周辐射逐步扩散的模式。西宁种群组的大石鸡是由兰州种群组返回扩散形成的。
大石鸡所有种群都经历过种群扩张。兰州种群组扩张所经历的时间为10.7万年，西宁种群组扩张的时间为11.7万年。石鸡肃北、祁丰和贺兰山种群可能经历过瓶颈效应，而后经历过种群爆发过程。
大石鸡种群分布属于“系统发生不连续，具有空间隔离”的地理格局。西宁种群组和兰州种群组属于“系统发生连续，具有部分空间隔离”的地理格局。从Cytb基因分化看，石鸡各地理种群间属于“系统发生连续，没有空间隔离”的地理格局。大石鸡和石鸡种群间属于“系统发生不连续，具有空间隔离”的地理格局。
8个大石鸡样本的Cytb基因呈石鸡的基因模式，但是在石鸡中没有发现大石鸡的基因模式。石鸡的基因向大石鸡单向渗透，为种间杂交的渐渗杂交类型。推算发生在六盘山周缘到礼县的杂交带长度大约为400km。杂交带宽度约为130km。发生杂交的时间(9万年)正是大石鸡兰州种群组扩散的时间(10.7万年)之后。
从Cytb基因序列表明，渐渗杂交的发生对大石鸡遗传多样性没有显著影响。杂种低的遗传多样性和单一的单倍型可能表明石鸡雌性个体和大石鸡雄性个体间的交配选择不是随机的，可能具有某种特定基因型的石鸡雌性才会选择同大石鸡雄性进行交配，从而造成杂种后代单一的基因型。不过这一推测尚需进一步研究。
Przevalski partridge (Alectoris magna) is endemic in China with limited range, and was identified as two subspecies, a nominate subspecies A. m. magna residing in the Chaidamu Basin and A. m. lanzhouensis residing around the Lanzhou Basin. Chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar), however has numerous subspecies with broad distribution. Both of them are indicative birds of arid and semiarid environments in northern China. The uplift of Tibetan Plateau is the important factor influencing climate severity and desert evolution in northwestern China, and it maybe affect historic evolution and phylogeographic structure of the two partridges severely accompanying with Pleistocene glaciation. At present, mtDNA marker was used for analyzing phylogeny and genetic structure of species. We used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing methods to infer their genetic and phylogeographic structure based on mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cytb) and mtDNA control region (CR) data. The aims are: (1) to analyze Przevalski partridge in the Xining should belong to which subspecies; (2) to compare genetic variation within and among local populations between Przevalski partridge and Chukar Partridge; (3) to illuminate their phylogeographic relationship; (4) to infer their historic demography; (5) to speculate the time of hybridization happening, and confirm the geographic range of hybridization; (6) to compare the differences between two markers.
We sampled 106 Przevalski partridges and 48 Chukar partridges for Cytb analyzing, also sampled 133 Przevalski partridges for CR analyzing.
There were significant differences in nucleotide compositions between Cytb and CR gene, and the number of G + C was larger in the latter. The frequency of sequences variation of the latter was 9 times higher than the former.
The Codon Bias Index (CBI) showed that Cytb gene had compositional bias within two partridges, and they had similar CBI. There were significant differences in total nucleotide compositions and no significant differences in 2~(nd) positions of codons between two partridges. The nucleotide compositions differed significantly among 13 local populations of Przevalski partridge, but no significant differences among 8 populations and subspecies of Chukar partridge (there were only significant differences in Cytosine, Adenine and Guanine of the 3~(rd) positions of condons among 8 populations).
8 variable sites defined 9 haplotypes of Cytb gene in 98 Przevalski partridges. There was 0.97% sequences variation; 6 synonymous substitutions in 8 substitutions; the number of transitions between T and C was 1.5 times higher than that between A and G. 14 variable sites defined 12 haplotypes of Cytb gene in 133 Chukar partridges. There was 1.69% sequences variation; 11 synonymous substitutions in 15 substitutions; the number of transitions between T and C was less than that between A and G slightly, which was different from the nucleotide variation of CR gene in Chukar partridge in which there was higher pyridine variation (Huang et al., 2004). The mutation direction of Cytb gene in two partridges was mainly from G to A and from T to C.
As viewed from genetic distances and phylogenetic tree, we could speculate that the Przevalski partridges in Xining pop-group should belong to the Lanzhou subspecies (A. magna lanzhouensis). There was partly genetic divergence between the Xining pop-group and the Lanzhou pop-group.
According to nucleotide compositions and genetic diversity of Cytb sequences, Chukar partridges had less genetic divergence and more frequently gene flow than Przevalski partridge. There was no distinctly genetic divergence among local Chukar partridge populations.
Calibrated rates of molecular evolution suggested that Przevalski partridge and Chukar partridge could have speciated about 1.90 million years ago, affected by the Pleistocene second frigid and the form of Chaidamu Basin. The divergence time was about 0.27 Myr between the Chaidamu pop-group and the other two pop-groups (xining pop-group and Lanzhou pop-group), and about 0.19 Myr between Xining pop-group and Lanzhou pop-group, we speculated that the dispersal route was that Alectoris magna dispersed from Chaidamu Basin east to Lanzhou Basin, at last formed a dispersal star-like mode surrounding Lanzhou Basin step by step, and the Xining pop-group was formed by the Lanzhou pop-group dispersing back to west.
All of the Przevalski partridge populations accepted sudden expansion model. the Lanzhou pop-group expansion began at 0.107Myr, and the Xining pop-group expansion began at 0.117. among Chukar partridge populations, the SB, QF and HLS populations were possible to suffer bottleneck effect, and sudden population expansion later.
Lack of shared haplotypes of CR suggested that the phylogeographic structure of Przevalski partridge belonged to "Phylogenetic distinuity, spatial separation" pattern. There was "Phylogenetic continuity, partial spatial separation" geographic pattern between Lanzhou pop-group and Xining pop-group. To deduce from divergence of Cytb gene, the phylogeographic structure of eight Chukar partridge populations belonged to "Phylogenetic distinuity, lack of spatial separation". There were both lack of shared hayplotyes of CR and Cytb between Przevalski partridge and Chukar partridges, which had a "Phylogenetic distinuity, spatial separation" geographic pattern.
There were 8 Przevalski partridges from five populations having Chukar partridge Cytb genotype. However, there were no Chukar partridge with Przevalski partridge's genotype. Thus, we could make sure that the hybridization between two partridges was introgression hybridization, maybe as result of sexual selection. The introgression hybridization was about 130km wide and 400km long from the surrounding of the Liupan Mountains to Lixian County. The time of hybridization happening was about 90 thousand years, which showed that the hybridization happened after the Lanzhou Przevalski partridge pop-group expanded to encounter with Chukar partridge population (the expansion time of Przevalski partridge was 0.107Myr ago).
Analysis of Cytb gene indicated that introgression hybridization had no significant influence on genetic diversity of Przevalski partridge population. The low genetic diversity of hybrids and single haplotypes might indicated that mating selection between Chukar partridge female and Przevalski partridge male was not stochastic. It is possible that those Chukar partridges with specific genotype could mate with przevalski partridges, as a result, the hybrid offspring had single genotype. However, it just is a speculation, looking forward to advanced studies.
引文
1．曹兴山．1996．甘肃第四纪气候期划分．干旱区研究．13(3)：28-40．
2．常青，周开亚．1998．分子进化研究中系统发生树的重建．生物多样性，6(1)：55～62．
3．陈发虎，张维信，1993．甘青地区的黄土地层学与第四纪冰川问题．北京：科学出版社，128—129．
4．陈强，常城．1999．两种邻域分布石鸡间的线粒体DNA渗透．动物学报，45(4)456-463．
5．陈小勇，罗兰，刘廼发，何德奎．1999．大石鸡的静止代谢率．动物学报，45(1)：114-116．
6．陈小勇，罗兰，刘廼发，何德奎．1998．兰州大石鸡不同生活史阶段栖息地选择初步研究．应用与环境生物学报，4(4)：368-373．
7．陈爱葵，冯肇松，李爱群．1999．鹌鹑和石鸡核型及 C 带研究．华南师范大学学报，1999(2)95-99．
8．陈忠毅．1986．安徽黄山松与马尾松的天然杂交．中国科学院华南植物研究所集刊，第二集：38～40．
9．陈妍珂．2006．我国六盘山地区大石鸡和石鸡的渐渗杂交．博士毕业论文．
10．崔之久，谢又予，熊黑钢，曾思伟．1991 浅谈中国第四纪泥石流历史与沉积环境．见：中国第四纪冰川与环境研究中心，中国第四纪研究委员会编，北京：科学出版社,254-263．
11．邓其祥．197．4 锦鸡——自然杂交种的描述．动物学报， 20(1)：107．
12．葛颂，洪德元．遗传多样性及其检测方法．见：钱迎倩，马克平(主编)，生物多样性研究的原理与方法．北京：中国科学技术出版社，123-140．
13．葛颂．1997．遗传多样性．见：蒋志刚，马克平和韩兴国编．保护生物学．杭州：浙江科学技术出版社．
14．冠才修，1960．柴达木盆地周围的冰川及冰川堆积物．地质评论，20(4)：179-181．
15．桂建芳．1990．脊椎动物线粒体 DNA 的进化遗传学．动物学杂志，25(1)：50-55．
16．郭平仲．1993．群体遗传学导论．北京：农业出版社 1-20．
17．何德奎，陈毅峰，陈宜瑜和陈自明．2003．特化等级裂腹鱼类的分子系统发育和青藏高原隆起．科学通报，48(22)：2353—2360．
18．胡志昂，王洪新．1998．分子生态学研究进展．生态学报，18(6)：565-574．
19．胡志昂，张亚平．1997．中国动植物的遗传多样性．杭州：浙江科学技术出版社．
20．黄策群，2001．同源四倍体水稻与假稻杂交获得实粒种子．作物学报，27(1)：133．
21．黄族豪，刘廼发，周天林．2003．陇东黄土高原石鸡的遗传多样性与保护．生物多样性，11(6)：454-460．
22．黄族豪，刘廼发．2004．陇东黄土高原石鸡的分子系统地理结构．动物学报，50(4)：576-582．
20．黄族豪．2005．我国石鸡属鸟类的分子生态学研究．博士毕业论文．
21．李昂，葛颂．植物保护遗传学研究进展．生物多样性．2002，10(1)：61-71．
22．李炳元．1983．西藏第四纪地质北京：北京科学出版社．
23．李吉均，文世宣，张青松，王富葆，郑本兴，李炳元．青藏高原隆起的时代、幅度和形式的探讨[J]．中国科学，1979，(6)：608-616．
24．李力．1996．青岛耐冬山茶的多样性(Ⅱ)——居群的遗传多样性分析．生物多样性4(1)：1-6．
25．李仁德，陈强，刘廼发，郑向阳．1998．大石鸡心电活动的研究．兰州大学学报，34(3)100-105．
26．林振耀，吴详定．1978青藏高原隆起对气候的影响．青藏高原科学讨论会论文集(青藏高原隆起的时代、幅度和形式)，北京：科学出版社．
27．刘廼发，陈小勇，何德奎．1996．兰州地区大石鸡栖息地选择．动物学报，42 增刊：83-89．
28．刘廼发，黄族豪，文陇英．2004．大石鸡亚种分化及—新亚种描述 (鸡形目，雉科)．动物分类学报，29(3)：600-605．
29．刘廼发，黄族豪，周天林．2003．石鸡线粒体DNA的种群遗传变异分析．见：颜 重威编．海峡两岸鸟类学术研讨会论文集．台北：国立自然科学博物馆，275-280．
30．刘廼发，王香亭，罗文英．1988 宁夏六盘山鸟类区系研究．兰州大学学报(自然科学版)(3)：65-75．
31．刘廼发．1984 大石鸡分类地位的研究．动物分类学报，(2)：212-217．
32．罗世家，邹惠渝等，2001．黄山松与马尾松基因渐渗的研究．林业科学，Vol137，No16：118-122．
33．马新年，杨志松，金园庭，刘廼发．2006．石鸡繁殖期栖息地特征 动物学杂志．41(3)：1-6．
34．蒙世杰和李笑松．1998 我国大陆部分地区黑腹果蝇群体线粒体DNA多态研究．动物学研究19(4)：306-307．
35．牛屹东，李明，魏辅文，冯祚建．线粒体DNA用作分子标记的可靠性和研究前景．遗传．2001，23(6)：593-598．
36．潘晓玲，党荣理，伍光和．2001．西北干旱荒漠植物区系地理与资源利用．北京：科学出版社．
37．祁承经，林亲众，1988．马尾松—新变种．植物研究，3(3)：143～145．
38．邱芳，伏健民，金德敏和王斌．1998．遗传多样性的检测．生物多样性，6(2)：143～150．
39．尚玥．2003．稚科四种鸟类线粒体DNAR的分子进化．辽宁大学学报：自然科学版，30(3)：275-280．
40．沈浪，陈小勇和李媛媛．2002．生物冰期避难所与冰期后的重新扩散，生态学报，22(11)：1983-1990．
41．施立明．1990．遗传多样性及其保存．生物科学信息，(2)：158-164．
42．施雅风，任炳辉．1998中国西部地区的冰川地貌．见：施雅风著，地理环境与冰川研究．北京：科学出版社,pp574-602．
43．施雅风，郑本兴，李世杰．1988青藏高原的末次冰期与最大冰期——对M．Kuhle的大冰盖假设的否定．冰川冻土，12(1)：1-15．
44．孙儒泳．2001．动物生态学原理(第3版)．北京：北京师范大学出版社．
45．王香亭．1991．甘肃脊椎动物志．甘肃科学技术出版社 387-395．
46．汪松，解焱．2004．中国物种红色名录．北京：高等教育出版社．
47．汪永庆，张知彬，徐来祥．2001 中心区和边缘区大仓鼠种群的遗传多样性．科学通报，46(19)：1644-1650．
48．王继文．2004．动物线粒体假基因的识别及其在进化生物学中的应用．动物学杂志，39(3)：103～108．
49．王静，李明，魏辅文等．2001 分子系统地理学及其应用．动物分类学报，26(4)：43 1—439．
50．王文．分子系统学在生物保护中的意义．生物多样性．1998，6(2)：138-142．
51．王亚明，周开亚．1996 PCR 介导的 DNA 序列系统分析在系统动物学中的应用．动物学杂志，3 l(3)：54-59．
52．王永焱．1974 秦岭以北黄土区第四纪古气候探讨．西北大学学报，(1)：29-35．
53．王峥峰，彭少麟，2003．杂交产生的遗传危害——以植物为例．生物多样性，11(4)：333～339．
54．王中仁．1996．植物等位酶分析．北京：科学出版社．
55．王子玉．1986．云台山鸟类考察报告．动物学杂志 10：20-28．
56．卫明，侯鹏，黄族豪和刘廼发．2002．环境因子对大石鸡种群遗传结构的影响．生态学报，22(4)：528-534．
57．夏正楷．1997．第四纪环境学．北京：北京大学出版社．
58．向近敏，向连滨和林雨霖．1996．分子生态学．武汉：湖北科学技术出版社．
59．肖金花，肖晖，黄大卫．2004．生物分类学的新动向——DNA 条形编码．动物学报，50(5)：852—855．
60．邢有华，方永鑫，吴根荣．1992．安徽大别山黄山松与马尾松天然杂交的初步研究．安徽林业科技，(4)：5～9．
61．徐宏发和王静波．2001．分了系统学研究进展．生态学杂志,20(3)：41-46．
62．徐仁，宋之琛，周和仪．1958 柴达木盆地第三纪沉积中孢粉组合及其在地质学上的意义．古生物学报6：429-440．
63．徐仁．1982．青藏高原古植被的演变与青藏高原的隆起．植物分类学报，20(41：391-395．
64．许宗永，陈永刚．2000．野生石鸡舍饲生活习性观察及生理指标的测定．家畜生态，21(1)：24-26，42．
65．杨长桃等，1993．稻与李氏禾属间杂交初步研究．福建农学院学报，22(2)：258．
66．杨怀仁．1981．第四纪冰期对黄土的影响 见：新疆第四纪地质及冰川地质论文选集．乌鲁木齐：新疆人民出版社
67．张爱兵,王正军，谭声江，李典谟．2002．分子生态学重要概念——遗传距离及其测度的理论研究概况．生态学报，22(6)：943-949．
68．张德禄，马正学等．2003．石鸡胃的血液供应．西北师范大学学报：自然科学版，39(4)：66-69．
69．张德兴．2002．分子生态学．见：弋峰编．现代生态学．北京：科学出版社，pp7-29．
70．张芳，米志勇．1998．动物线粒体 DNA 的分子生物学研究进展．生物工程进展．18(3)：25-31．
71．张惠昌，商曰媛，武秀珍．1991．兰州地区黄土年代的划分及古气候特征．兰州大学学报(自然科学版)，27(3)：131—138．
72．张信文，高金刚等．2002．石鸡、八哥和红嘴相思鸟生理常数的研究．海南师范学院学报：自然科学版，15(2)64-66．
73．张雄飞，周开亚，常青．2004．中国大陆黑斑侧褶蛙基于CR基因序列的种群遗传结构．遗传学报，3l(11)：1232—1240．
74．张亚平，施立明．动物线粒体 DNA 多态性的研究概况．1992，动物学研究．13(3)：289-298．
75．赵松乔．1985 中国沙漠、戈壁的形成和演变．见：赵松乔丰编．中国干旱地区自然地理．科学出版社，pp1-17．
76．赵铁桥．1999 生物地理分布的生物学过程 兰州大学学报35：8-15．
77．郑光美．2002．世界鸟类与分布名录．北京：科学出版社．
78．郑作新．1978．中国动物志鸟纲第四卷—鸡形目．北京：科学出版社．
79．郑作新．2000．中国鸟类种和亚种分类名录大全．北京：科学出版社．
80．周宝良，沈新莲等．1996．异常棉利陆地棉渐渗杂交种质的高强纤维特性与超分 子结构相关分析．江苏农业学报，12(4)：23～29．
81．周尚哲，李吉均，李世杰．1991 青藏高原更新世冰川再认识．见：中国第四纪冰川与环境研究中心和中国第四纪研究委员会编．中国西部第四纪冰川与环境．北京：科学出版社，pp37—74．
82．邹喻苹，葛颂，王晓东．系统与进化植物学中的分子标记．北京：科学出版社，2001，140-149．
83. Abernethy, K. 1994 The establishment of a hybrid zone between red and sika deer (genus cervus). Mol.Ecol. 3:551-562.
84. A. Dabrowski, R. Fraser, J. L. Confer & I. J. Lovette, 2005. Geographic variability in mitochondrial introgression among hybridizing populations of Golden-winged (Vermivora chrysoptera) and Blue-winged (V. pinus) Warblers. Conservation Genetics 6:843-853.
85. Allendorf FW, Leafy RF, 1988. Conservation and distribution of genetic variation in a polytypic species, the cutthroat trout. Conserv. Biol., 2:170-184.
86. AIvarc-Buglle ER.1993 Population genetic structure of Cooropia obtusifolia a tropical pioneer tree species. Evolution, 48(2):437-453.
87. Anamthawat-Jonsson K, Schwarzacher T, Leitch AR et al., 1990. Discrimination between closely related Triticeae species using genomic DNA as a probe. Theor Appl Genet 79:721-728.
88. Anderson E. and Hubricht L. 1938. Hybridization in Tradescantia. The evidence for introgressive hybridization. Amen J. Botany, 25: 396-402.
89. Anderson Edgar, 1949. Introgressive hybridization. Published New York, J. Wiley.
90. Andersson M. 1999. Hybridization and phylogeny. Proceeding of the royal Society of London B, Biological Sciences, 266:1579-1585.
91. Arbogast BS and Kenagy GJ. 2001. Comparative phylogeography as an integrative approach to historical biogeography. Journal of Biogeography, 18:819-825.
92. Arnold ML, 1997. Natural Hybridization and Evolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
93. Austerlitz F, Jung-Muller B, Godelle B and Gouyon PH. 1997. Evolution of coalescence times, genetic diversity and structure during colonisation. Theoretical Population Biology,51:148—164
94. Avise, J.C., 1986. Mitochondrial DNA and the Evolutionary. Genetics of Higher Animals, Proc. R. Soc. London, B, vol. 312: 325-342.
95. Avise JC. 1994. Molecular Markers, Natural History and Evolution. Chapman & Hall, New York.
96. Avise JC. 1996. Toward a regional conservation genetic perspective: Phylogeography of fauna in the southeastern United States. In: Avise J C and Hamrick J L (eds), Conservation genetics: case histories from nature. Chapman & Hall, New York, 431-470.
97. Avise JC. 1998. The history and preview of phylogeography: a personal reflection. Molecular Ecology, 7:371 -379.
98. Avise JC.2000. Phylogeography. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
99. Avise JC and Ball RM. 1990. Principles of genealogical concordance in species concepts and biological taxonomy. Oxford Surveys of Evolutionary Biology. 7:45-68.
100. Avise JC and Hamrick JL. 1996. Conservation genetics, case histories from nature. Chapman & Hall, New York.
101. Avise JC, Arnold J, Ball RM, Bermingham E, Lamb T, Niegel JE, Reeb CA and Saunders NC 1987. Intraspecific phylogeography: the mitochondrial DNA bridge between population genetics and systematics. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 18: 489-522.
102. Avise JC, Neigel JE and Arnold J. 1984. Demographic influences on mitochondrial DNA lineage survivorship in animal populations. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 20:99-105.
103. Aviss, M, 1995. The Department of Conservation's Management of Hybridisation -a Discussion Paper. New Zealand Department of Conservation, Wellington.
104. A. V. Zlatska, 2005. Grain Protein Content in Wheat: Genetics of the Character and Some Predictions for Its Improvement in Common Wheat Russian. Journal of Genetics. Vol. 41, No. 8: 823-834.
105. Bangs O and Peters JL. 1928. Birds collected by Dr. Joseph F. Rock in western Kansu and eastern Tibet. Bull. Mus.Comp.Zool., 68:313-381.
106. Baratti M, Ammannati M, Magnelli C. and Dessi-Fulgheri F. 2005. Introgression of chukar genes into a reintroduced red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa) population in central Italy. Animal Genetics, 36, 29-35.
107. Bartley DM, Gall GAE, 1991. Genetic identification of native cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) and introgressive hybridization with introduced rainbow trout (O. mykiss) in streams associated with the Alvord Basin, Oregon and Nevada. Copeia, 8: 854-859.
108. Barton NH. 1986. The effect of linkage and density-dependent regulation on gene flow. Heredity, 57:415-426.
109. Barton NH. and Gale KS. 1993. Genetic analysis of hybrid zones. In: Harrison RG (ed). Hybrid zones and the evolutionary process. New York: Oxford University, pp13-45.
110. Barton NH. and Hewitt GM. 1985. Analysis of hybrid zones. Ann.Rev. Ecol.Syst 16:113-148.
111. Bensasson D, Zhang DX, Hartl DL and Hewitt GM. 2001. Mitochondrial pseudogenes: evolution's misplaced witnesses. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 16:314-321.
112. Bensch S, Helbig AJ, Salomen M. and Seibold I. 2002. Amplified fragment Length Ploymorphism analysis identifies hybrids between two subspecies of warblers. Molecular Ecology, 11:473-481.
113. Bermingham E and Avise JC.1986. Molecular zoogeography of freshwater fishes in the southeastern United States. Genetics, 113:939-965.
114. Bernatchez L and Willson CC. 1998. Comparative phylogeography of Nearctic Palearctic fishe. Molecular Ecology,7 :431 -452.
115. Bernatchez L, Glemet H. et al. 1995. Introgression and fixation of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) mitochondrial genome in an allopatric population of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Canada Journal of fisheries and Aquatic Science, 52: 175-185.
116. Bigeliw RS. 1965. Hybrid zones and reproductive isolation. Evolution, 19:449-58.
117. B.I. Jepsen, H.R. Siegismund & M. Fredholm, 2002. Population genetics of the native caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) and the semi-domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Southwestern Greenland: Evidence of introgression. Conservation Genetics. 3: 401—409.
118. Birky CW, Fuerst P and Maruyama T. 1989. Organelle gene diversity under migration, mutation and drift:equilibrium expectations, approach to equilibrium, effects of heteroplasmic cells, and comparison to nuclear genes. Genetics, 121:613-627.
119. Brar DS, Khush GS, 1997. Alien introgression in rice. Plant Mol Biol. 35: 35-47.
120. Brian R. 1993. Morton Chloroplast DNA codon use: Evidence for selection at the psb A locus based on tRNA availability. Journal of Molecular Evolution 37: 273-280.
121. Brown WM, George M and Wilson AC 1979 Rapid evolution of animal mitochondrial DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76(4): 1967-1971.
122. Brown WM. 1983. Evolution of mitochondrial DNA. In: Nei M and Keohn RK (eds). Evolution of genes and proteins. Sinaver: Sunderland Mass, 62-68.
123. Bruce D. Demarais, et al., 1992. Origin of Gila seminude (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) through introgressive hybridization: Implication for evolution and conservation. Evolution. \o\ 89: 2747-2751.
124. Cann RL, Stoneking M and Wilson AC. 1987. Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution. Nature, 325:31-36.
125. Charles Masembe et al., 2006. Three genetically divergent lineages of the Oryx in eastern Africa: Evidence for an ancient introgressive hybridization. Conservation Genetics.
126. Chen FH, Zhang WX. 1993. Loess stratigraphy and Pleistocene glacier in Gansu Province and Qinghai Province. Science Press, Beijing.
127. Chen Q, Chang C and Liu NF. 1999. Mitochondrial DNA introgression between two parapatric species of Alectoris. Acta Zoologcia Sinica. 45(4):456-463.
128. Childs MR, Echelle AA, Dowling TE (1996) Development of the hybrid swarm between Pecos pupfish (Cyprinodon variegatus) A perspective from allozymes and mtDNA. Evolution. 50: 2014-2022.
129. C.J. Kyle, A.Davison & C. Strobeck, 2003. Genetic structure of European pine martens (Martes martes), and evidence for introgression with M. americana in England. Conservation Genetics. 4: 179-188.
130. Comps B, Gmry D, Letouzey J, Thiebault B and Petit RJ. 2001. Diverging trends between heterozygosity and allelic richness during postglacial colonization in the European beech. Genetics, 157:389-397.
131. Cramp S and Simmons KEL. 1980. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. Vol.2, The birdd of the western Palearctic. Oxford Univ.Press, Oxford.
132. Crespin L and Berreb D. 1999. Asymmetrical introgression in a freshwater fish hybrid zone as revealed by a morphological index of hybridization. Biological Journal of Linnean Society, 67:57-72.
133. Crespin LB, Lebreton PJD, 2001. Spatially varying natural selection in a fish hybrid zone. J Fish Biol. 61(3):696-711
134. Daley JG. 1992. Population reductions and genetic variability in black-tailed prairie dogs. Journal of Wildlife Management, 56:212-220.
135. David J. Delehanty and Pamela Paasche' O'Hearn. 2005. Behavioral and morphological asymmetries in chukar Alectoris chukar copulation. JOURNAL OF AVIAN BIOLOGY. 36: 276-279.
136. Davis MB and Shaw RG. 2001. Range shifts and adaptive responses to quaternary climate change. Science, 292:673.
137. DeMarais BD, Dowling TE, Douglas ME, Minckley WL. and Marsh P C. 1992. Origin of Gila seminude (Teleoster Cyprinidae) through introgressive hybridization: Implication for evolution and conservation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the USA. 89: 2747-2751.
138. DeSalle R and Schierwater B. 1998. Molecular Approaches to Ecology and Evolution. Birkhauser Pulishing Ltd..
139. Desjardins P and Moraris R. 1990. Sequence and gene organization of the chicken mitochondrial genome. A novel gene order in higher vertebrates. J. Mol. Biol. 20;212(4):599-634.
140. Dickerson RE. 1971. The structure of cytochrome c and the rates of molecular evolution. J.Mol.Evol., 1:26-45.
141. Dobzhansky T. 1940. Speciation as a stage in evolutionary divergence. Am.Nat 74:312-21.
142. Dobzhansky,T. 1970. Genetics of the Evolutionary Process. Columbia University Press, New York.
143. Douling TE. and Secor CL. 1997. The role of hybridization and introgression in the diversification of animals. Annual Review in Ecology and Systematic, 28: 593-619.
144. Dowling TE, Childs MR, 1992. Impact of hybridization on a threatened trout of the southwestern United States. Conserv. Biol. 6: 55-364.
145. Dowling TE, Secor TL, 1997. The role of hybridization and introgression in the diversification of animals. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst.. 28: 593-619.
146. Du RH and Kang ZC. 1989 Debris flows and their countermeasure in China. Proc. The Japan-China Symposium on Landslides and Debris flows. Niigata, Tokyo, Japan, 191-194.
147. Duverneu DD and Aspinwall N. 1995. Introgression of Luxilus cornutus mtDNA into allopatric populations of Luxilus chrysocephalus (Teleostei: cyprinidae)in missouri and Arkaansas. Mol.Ecol. 4(2):173-181.
148. Echelle AF, Echelle AA, 1994. Assessment of genetic introgression between two pupfish species, Cyprinodon elegans and C. variegates (Cyprinidontidae), after more than 20 years of secondary contact. Copeia. 590-597.
149. Echelle AA, Echelle AF, 1997. Genetic introgression of endemic taxa by non-natives: A case study with Leon Springs pupfish and sheepshead minnow. Conserv. Biol.. 11: 153-161.
150. Edwards AWF and Cavalli-Sforza LL. 1963. The reconstruction of evolution. Heredity, 18:553.
151. Ehrlich PR and Roughgarden J 1987. The Science of Ecology. New York: Macmillian.
152. Eldridge MDB, King JM and Loupis AK. 1999 Unprecedented low levels of genetic variation and inbreeding depression in an island population of the black-footed rock-wallaby. Conservational Biology. 13:531-541.
153. Ellstrand NC and Elam DR 1993. Population genetic consequences of small population size: implications for plant conservation. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 24:217—242.
154. Ellstrand NC, Prentice HC, Hancock JF, 1999. Gene flow and introgression from domesticated plants into their wild species. Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 30: 539-563.
155. Ellstrand NC, Whitkus RW, Rieseberg LH, 1996. Distribution of spontaneous plant hybrids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93: 5090-5093.
156. Endler JA. 1982. Problems in distinguishing historical from ecological factos in biogeography. Am.Zool 22:441—452
157. Endler JA. Geographic variation, speciation and clines. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1979.
158. Epifanio, J.M. and Philipp, D.P., 1997. Sources for misclassifying genealogical origins in mixed hybrid populations. J. Hered. 88: 62-65.
159. Excoffier L. Smouse PE and Quattro JM. 1992. Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data. Genetics. 131:479-491.
160. Falk DA and Holsinger KE. 1991.Genetics and conservation of rare plants. New York: Oxford University Press.
161. Felsenstein J. 1981. Evolutionary trees from DNA sequences: A maximum likelihood approach. J.Mol.Evol, 17: 368-376.
162. Felsenstein J. 1985. Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap. Evolution, 39:783-791.
163. Felsenstein J. 1995. PHYLIP: phylogenetics inference package, ver. 3.572. University Washington, Seattle, WA.
164. Fisher RA. 1930. The Genetical theory of natural selection. Oxford University Press.
165. Fleischer RC, CE Macintosh and CL Tarr. 1998. Evolution on a volcanic converor belt: using phylogeographic reconstructions and K-Ar-based ages of Hawaiian Islands to estimate molecular evolutionary rates. Molecular Ecology. 7: 533-545.
166. Forbes SH, Allendorf FW, 1991. Mitochondrial genotypes have no detectable effects on meristic traits in cutthroat trout hybrid swarms. Evolution. 45: 1350-1359.
167. Frankham R. 1995. Conservation genetics. Annual Review of Genetics, 29: 305-327.
168. Frankham R. 1996. Relationship of genetic variation to population size in wildlife. Conservation Biology, 10,1500-1508.
169. Fumihito A, Miyake T, Sumi J, Takada M, Ohno S and Kondo N. 1994. One subsepecies of the red junglefowl {Gallus gallus gallus) suffices as the matriarchic ancestor of all domestic breeds. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci. USA, 91:12505-12509.
170. Fumihito A, Miyake T, Sumi J, Takada M, Ohno S and Kondo N. 1995. The genetic link between the Chinese bamboo partridge (Bambusicola thoracica) and the chicken and junglefowls of the genus Gallus. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci USA, 82:11053-11056.
171. Garcia-Ramos G. and Kirkpatrick M. 1997. Genetic models of adaptation and gene flow in peripheral populations. Evolution, 51:21-28.
172. Garriga-Caldere F, Huigen DJ, Jacobsen E et al., 1999. Prospects for introgressing tomato chromosomes into the potato genome: an assessment through GISH analysis. Genome. 42: 282-288.
173. Gerald FS, Allan CW. 1987. Subspecies of the Canada Goose (Branta canadensis) Have Distinct Mitochondrial DNA's. Evolution. Vol. 41, No. 3: 662-666.
174. Gill FB. 1980. Historial aspects of hybridization between Blue-wringed and Golden-wringed warblers. AUK., 97:1-18
175. Gill FB. 1994. Rapid, asymmetrical introgression of mitochondrial DNA in hybridizing populations of Blue-wringed and Golden-wringed warblers. Journal fur Ornithologie, 135:359
176. Gill FB. 1997. Local cytonuclear extinction of the Golden-wringed warblers. Evolution, 51:519-525
177. Goldstein PZ, DeSalle RA and Vogler AP. 2000. Conservation genetics at the species boundary. Conservation Biology, 11:120-131.
178. Goodman SJ, Barton NH and Swanson J. 1999. Introgression through rare hybidization : A genetic study of a hybrid zone between red and sika deer (genus cervus)in Argyll Scotland. Genetics 152(1):355—371.
179. Good TP, Ellis JC, Annett CA, Pierotti R, 2000. Bounded hybrid superiority in an avian hybrid zone: effect of mate, diet, and habitat choice. Evolution. 54:1774-1783.
180. Gottelli D, Sillero-Zubiri C. and Applebaum GD. 1994. Molecular genetics of the endangered Canid: the Ethiopian wolf canis simensis, Molecular Ecology, 3: 301-312.
181. Grant PR and Grant BR. 1992. Hybridization of bird species. Science, 256: 193-197.
182. Gullberg A et al. 1998. Colonization, genetic diversity, and evolution in the Swedish sand lizard, Lacerta agilis (Repilia squamata) Biol.J.Linn.Soci., 65(3):257-277.
183. Gyllensten U, Wharton D and Wilson AC. 1985. Maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA during backcrossing of two species of mice. The Journal of Heretidy, 76:321-324.
184. Gyllensten UB. and Wilson AC. 1987. Interspecific mitochondrial DNA transfer and the colonization of Scandinavia by mice. Genetical Research, 49: 25-29.
185. Hanson, Bradley D., 2005. Interspecific hybridization: Potential for movement of herbicide resistance from wheat to jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica). Weed Technology. 19 (3): 674-682.
186. Harris H. (1966). Enzyme polymorphism in man. Proc.R.Soc.Lond.B, 164:298-310.
187. Harrison RG, 1993. Hybrid Zones and the Evolutionary Process. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
188. Hayes JP, Guffey SZ, Kriegler FJ,McCracken GF, Parker CR, 1996. The genetic diversity of native, stocked, and hybrid populations of brook trout in the southern Appalachians. Conserv. Biol. 10: 1403-1412.
189. Hebert PDN, Cywinska A, Ball SL and de Waard JR. 2003. Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proc.R.Soc.Lond.B. 270:313-321.
190. Hewitt GM. 1993. Postglacial distribution and species substructure: lessons from pollen, insects and hybrid zones. In: Lees DR and Edwards D(eds). Evolutionary patterns and processes. Linnaean Society symposium Series no. 14. Academic Press,London, 87-123.
191. Hewitt GM. 1996. Some genetic consequnce of ice ages, and their role in divergence and speciation. Biological Journal Linnaean Society, 58:247-276.
192. Hewitt GM. 1999. Post-glacial re-colonization of European biota. Biol J Linn Soc. 68:87-112.
193. Hewitt,G.M. 2000 The genetic legacy of the Quaternary ice ages. Nature. 405: 907-913.
194. Hey J and Kliman RM. 1993. Population genetics and phylogenetics of DNA sequence variation of multiple loci within the Drosophila melanogaster complex. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 10:804-822.
195. Hillis DW. 1996. Molecular systematics. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts. USA.
196. Hoelzel AR. 1992. Conservation genetics of whales and dolphins. Molecular Ecology, 1:119-125.
197. Hoffmann AA and Blows MW. 1994 Species borders: ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Trend Evol. Ecol., 9:223-227.
198. Holder K, Montgomerie R and Frisen VL. 1999. A test of the glacial refugium hypothesis using patterns of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence variation in rock ptarmigan (Lagopusmutus). Evolution, 53(6): 1936—1950.
199. Holsinger KE. 1996. The scope and the limits of conservation genetics. Evolution. 50:2558-2561.
200. Hosoya K, Maehata M, 1994. Circumstances of endangered Janpanese freshwater fishes with note on the protection Hokkaido (in Japanese). Bull Natl Res Inst Aquac. (23): 17-25.
201. Houlden BA, Costello BH, Sharkey D, Flower EV, Melzer A, Ellis W, Carrick F, Baverstock PR and Elphinstone MS. 1999. Phylogeographic differentiation in the mitochondrial control region in the koala, Phascolarctos cinereus(Goldfuss 1817). Molecular Ecology. 8:999-1011.
202. Huang, Z. et al., 2007. Phylogeography of rusty-necklaced partridge (Alectoris magna). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. doi :10. 1016/j. ympev.
203. Huang ZH, Liu NF, Zhou TL and Ju B. 2005. Effects of environmental factors on population genetic structure in chukar partridge {Alectoris chukar). Journal of Arid Envrionments. 62:427-434.
204. Huang ZH, Liu NF. 2004. Genetic structure of chukar partridge {Alectoris chukar) populations in the Longdong Loess Plateau, China. J. Ornithol. 145:137-141.
205. Huang ZH, Liu NF, Long J. 2006. Population genetic structure, haplotype distribution and genetic diversity of the rust-necklaced partridge Alectoris magna lanzhouensis based on mtDNA control region sequence. Acta Zoologica Sinica. 52(4): 738-745.
206. Humphreys M, Thomas H-M, Harper J et al., 1997. Dissecting drought- and cold-tolerance traits in the Lolium-Festuca complex by introgression mapping. New Phytol. 137:55-60.
207. Hunter RL and Markert CL. 1957. Histochemical demonstration of enzymes separated by zone electrophoresis in starch gels. Science. 125(3261): 1294-1295.
208. Jarvis DI, Hodgkin T. 1999. Wild relatives and crop cultivars: detecting natural introgression and farmer selection of new genetic combinations in agroecosystem. Mol Ecol. 8: S159-S173.
209. Jiang J. Gill BS.. 1994. Nonisotopic in situ hybridization and plant genome mapping: the first 10 years. Genome. 37: 717-725.
210. John Epifanio & David Philipp, 2001. Simulating the extinction of parental lineages from introgressive hybridization: the effects of fitness, initial proportions of parental taxa, and mate choice. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries. 10: 339-354.
211. Johnsgard PA. 1988. The quails, Partridges, and francolins of the World. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.
212. Kark S, Alkon PU, Safriei UN, Randi E. 1998. Conservation priorities for chukar partridge in Israel based on genetic diversity across on ecological gradient. Conservation Biology 13: 542-552.
213. Kazuto Koga and Akira Goto. 2005. Genetic structures of allopatric and sympatric populations in Pseudorasbora pumila pumila and Pseudorasbora parva. Ichthyol Res. 52: 243-250.
214. Kesara Anamthawat-Jonsson. 2001. Molecular cytogenetics of introgressive hybridization in plants. Methods in Cell Science. 23: 139-148.
215. Khadem M and Krimbas CB. 1993. Studies of the species barrier between Drosophila subobscura and D.Maderrensis. III. How universal are the rules of speciation? Heredity 70: 353-361.
216. Kimura M. 1968. Evolutionary rate at the molecular level. Nature. 217:624-626.
217. Kimura M. 1980. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rate of base substitutions though comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J.Mol.Evol., 16:111-120.
218. Kumar S, Tamura K, Nei M. 2004. MEGA3: integrated software for molecular evolutionary genetics analysis and sequence alignment. Brief Bioinform 5:150-163.
219. Kirkpatrick M and Barton NH. 1997 Evolution of a species range. The American Naturalist, 150:1-23.
220. Konishi M, Hosoya K, Takata K, 2003. Natural hybridization between endangered and introduced species of Pseudorasbora, with their genetic relationships and characteristics inferred from allozyme analyses. J Fish Biol. 63:213-231.
221. Konkle BR and Philipp DP. Asymmetrical hybridization between two species of sunfishes (Lepomis: Centrarchidae). Molecular Ecology. 1992, 1:215-222.
222. Koslova EV. 1952. Avifauna of Tibetan Plateau, its family ties and history. Proc.Zool.Inst.Ac.Sci. USSR, 9:964-1028.
223. Krebs CJ. 1978. Ecology: the Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance. Harper & Row, Publishers New York, pp34—36.
224. Kumar SK and Nei M. 1993. MEGA, Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis, version 1.01. University Park, Pennsylvania State University.
225. Kumar SK, Tamura K, Jakobsen J and Nei M. 2001. MEGA: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis, Ver2.0. Bioinformatics, 1244-1245.
226. Lamp T and Avise JC. 1986. Directional introgression of mitochondrial DNA in a hybrid population of tree frogs: The influence of mating behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA. 83:2526-2530.
227. Lashermes P, Andrzejewski S, Bertrand B et al., 2000. Molecular analysis of introgressive breeding in coffee. Theor Appl Genet. 100: 139-146.
228. Lawton J and Range H. 1993. Population abundance and conservation. Trends in Evolution and Ecology, 255:107- 111.
229. Lenormand T. 1998. Evaluating gene flow using selected markers: a case study. Genetics. 149: 1381-1392.
230. Le HT, Armstrong KC, Miki B, 1989. Detection of rye DNA in wheat-rye hybrids and wheat translocation stocks using total genomic DNA as a probe. Plant Mol Biol Rep. 7:150-158.
231. Lerner LM. 1968. Heredity, Evolution, and Society. Freeman, San Francisco.
232. Lesica P and Allerdorf FW. 1992. Mall populations of plants worth preserving? Cons. Biol., 6:135-39.
233. Lesica P and Allerdorf FW. 1995. When are peripheral populations valuable for conservation? Cons.Biol., 9:753-760.
234. Levin DA, 2002. Hybridization and extinction. Am. Sci. 90: 254 - 261.
235. Levin D. A., Francisco Ortega J and Jansen R. K., 1996. Hybridization and the extinction of rare plant species. Conservation Biology. 10: 10-16.
236. Lewontin RC, Birch LC, 1966. Hybridization as a source of variation for adaptation to new environments. Evolution. 20: 315-336.
237. Li BY and Li JJ. 1991. Quaternary Glacial Distribution of the Qinghai_Xizang (Tibet) Plateau. Beijing: Science Press. 1-10.
238. Linn S and Arber W. 1968. Host specificity of DNA produced by Escherichia coli, X. In vitro restriction of phage fd replicative form.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 59(4): 1300-1306.
239. Liu NF, 1992. Ecology of przewalski's rock partridge (Alectoris magna). Gibier Faune Suvage, 9:605-615.
240. Liu NF. 1992. Ecology of przewalski's Rock Partridge (Alectoris magna). Gibier Faune Sauvage, 9: 605-615.
241. Liu Nai-Fa, et al., 2006. Introgressive hybridization between Alectoris magna and A. chukar in the Liupan Mountain Region. Acta Zoologica Sinica. 52(1): 153-159.
242. Lodish H. 2000. Molecular Cell Biology. 4th ed. W.H.Freeman Co. New York.
243. Lucchini V and Randi E. 1998 Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation and phylogeographcial structure of rock partridge (Alectoris graeca) populations. Heredity, 31:528-536.
244. Mamuris Z, Sfougaris Al and Stamatis C. 2001 Genetic structure of Greek brown hare (Lepus europaeus) populations as revealed by mtDBNA RFLP-PCR analysis: implications for conserving genetic diversity. Biological Conservation, 101:187-196.
245. Maniatis T, Efstratiadis A, Sim GK and Kafatos F. 1978. Amplification and characterization of eukaryotic structural genes. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 48:9-10.
246. Ma R, Peng J, Liu L, Pan A. 2006. Climate and environment effect and tectonic erosion of Loess Plateau in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau Uplift. Research of Soil and Water Conservation. vol(13): 220-225.
247. Mayr E. 1942. Systematics and the origin of species. Columbia University Press, New York.
248. Mayr E. 1963. Animal species and evolution. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
249. Mayr E. 1970. Population, Species, and Evolution. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass, 71-75.
250. Mayumi Senjo, Katsutoshi Kimura, Yasuyuki Watano, Kunihiko Ueda and Tatemi Shimizu, 1999. Extensive itochondrial lntrogression from Pinus pumila to P. pawiflora var. entaphylla (Pinaceae). Journal of Plant Research. 112: 97-105.
251. Meffe GK and Carroll CR. 1994.Principles of conservation biology. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Massachusettes.
252. Merrell D J. 1981. Ecological Genetics. Longman, London.
253. Meselson M and Yuan R. 1968. DNA restriction enzyme from E.coli. Nature. 217(134): 1110-1104.
254. Meyer A. 1994. Shortcoming of the cytochrome b gene as a molecular marker. TREE 9: 278-280.
255. Milligan BG, Leebens-Mack J and Strand AE. 1994.Conservation genetics: beyond the maintenances. Molecular Ecology. 3:423-435.
256. Montalvo AM. and Ellstrand NC. 2001. Nonlocal transplantation and outbreeding depression in the subshrub Lotuss coparius (Fabaceae). American Journal of Botany, 88:258-269.
257. Moran C. 1979. The structure of hybrid zone in Caledia captiva. Heredity, 42:13-32.
258. Moritz C. 1994. Defining evolutionarily significant units for conservation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 9:373-375.
259. Moritz T, Dowling TE and Brown WM. 1987. Evolution of Animal Mitochondrial DNA: Relevance for Population Biology and Systematics. Ann.Rev.Ecol.Syst. 18:269-292.
260. Mourn T, Arnason E. 2001. Genetic diversity and population history of two related seabird species based on mitochondrial DNA control region sequences. Molecular Ecology. 10: 2463-2478.
261. Mukai T, 2001. Hybridization and introgression in the speciation process of fishes Hokkaido (in Japanese). Jpn J Ichthyol. 48:1-18.
262. Mullis K, Faloona F, Scharf S, Saiki R, Horn G and Erlich H. 1986. Specific enzymatic amplification of DNA in vitro: the polymerase chain reaction. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 51(1): 263-273.
263. Nass MMK and Nass S. 1963. Intramitochondrial fibers with DNA characteristics. J. Cell Biology, 19:591-611.
264. Nei M and Kumar S. 2000. Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics. Oxford University Press, London.
265. Nei M and Li WH. 1979. Mathematical model for studying genetic variation in terms of restriction endonucleases. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA., 76(10): 5269-73
266. Nei M, Maruyama T and Chakraborty R. 1975. The bottleneck effect and genetic variability in populations. Evolution, 29:1 - 10
267. Neigle JE and Avise JC. 1986. Phylogenetic relationships of mitochondrial DNA under various demographic models of speciation. In: Nevo E and Karlin S(eds). Evolutionary Processes and Theory. New York: Academic Press, 515-534.
268. Nielsen JL, 1995. Evolution and the Aquatic Ecosystem: Defining Unique Units in Population Conservation. American Fisheries Society Symposium 17. American Fisheries Society. Bethesda.
269. N.M. Pacheco, B.C. Congdon & V.L. Friesen, 2002. The utility of nuclear introns for investigating hybridization and genetic introgression: a case study involving Brachyramphus murrelets. Conservation Genetics. 3: 175-182.
270. Norman J,Moritz C and Limpus CJ. 1994. Mitochondrial DNA control region polymorphisms: genetic markers for ecological studies of marine turtles. Molecular Ecology. 3:363-373.
271. N. V. Polukonova and S. I. Beljanina. 2002. On the Possibility of Hybridogenesis in the Origin of Midge Chironomus usenicus Loginova et Beljanina (Chironomidae, Diptera). Russian Journal of Genetics. Vol. 38, No. 12: 1385-1390.
272. 0. A. Radchenko. 2004. Introgressive Hybridization of Chars of the Genus Salvelinus as Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Variation. Russian Journal of Genetics. Vol. 40, No. 12:1392-1398.
273. O'Brien SJ and Mayr E. 1991. Bureaucratic mischief: recognizing endangered species and subspecies. Science. 251:1187-1188.
274. Ounap, Erki, Viidalepp, Jaan, et al. 2005. Phylogenetic evaluation of the taxonomic status of Timandra griseata and T-comae (Lepidoptera : Geometridae : Sterrhinae). European Journal of Entomology. 102 (4): 607-615.
275. Pamilo P and Savolainen O. 1999. Postglacial colonization, drift, local selection and conservation value of populations: a northern perspective. Hereditas, 130:229-238.
276. Parker PG and Whiteman HH. 1993. Genetic diversity in fragmented population of Clommys cunata and Chrymys picia marginata as shown by DNA fingerprinting. Copeia, 3,841-846.
277. Petitet RJ, Mousadik AE and Poas O. 1998. Identifying populations for conservation on the basis of genetic markers. Conservation Biology, 12(4): 844-855.
278. Pianka ER. 1970. Comparative autecology of lizard Cnemidophorus tigris in different part of its geographic range. Ecology, 51:703-720.
279. Pickering RA, Malyshev S, Kunzel G et al., 2000. Locating introgressions of Hordeum bulbosum chromatin within the H. vulgare genome. Theor Appl Genet. 100: 27-31.
280. Randi E., C. Tabarroni and S. Kark. 2006. The role of history vs. demography in shaping genetic population structure across an ecotone: chukar partridges (Alectoris chukar) as a case study. Diversity and Distributions. 12:6, 714-724.
281. Randi E and Alkon PU. 1994. Genetic structure of Chukar (Alectoris chukar) population in Isael. Auk. 11(2): 216-226.
282. Randi E and Bernard-Laurent A. 1999. Population genetic of a hybrid zone between the red-legged partridge and rock partridge. Auk. 116(2):324-337.
283. Randi E, Meriggi A, Lorenzini R. Fusco G and Alkon PU. 1992. Biochemical analysis of relationships of Mediterranean Alectoris partridge. Auk. 102:358-367.
284. Randi E. 1996 A mitochondrial cytochrome b phylogeny of the Alectoris partridges. Molecular Phylogenetic Evolution, 6(2):214-27.
285. Randi, E. and Lucchini V. (1998). Organization and evolution of the mitochondrial DNA control region in the avian genus Alectoris. J Mol Evol, 47(4): 449-62.
286. Randi, E., C.Tabarroni, S.Rimondi, V.Lacchini, and A. Sfougaris. 2003. Phylogeography of the rock partridge (Alectoris graeca). Molecular Ecology. 12:2201-2214.
287. Rieseberg LH. and Wendel J. 1993. Introgression and its consequences in plants. In: Harrison RG (eds.) Hybrid Zone and the Evolutionary Press. Oxford University Press, New York, 70-103.
288. Rieseberg LH. 1997. Hybrid origins of plant species. Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 28: 359-389.
289. Rieseberg L. H. and Swensen S.M., 1996. Conservation genetics of endangered island plants. In: Avice J.C. and Hamrick J. L. (eds.), Conservation Genetics: Case Histories from Nature. Chapman & Hall, New York, 305 - 332.
290. Rieseberg LH, Baird SJE, Gardner KA, 2000. Hybridization, introgression, and linkage evolution. Plant Mol Biol. 42: 205-224.
291. Riginos C and Nachman MW. 2001 Population subdivision in marine environment: the contributions of biogeography, geographical distance and discontinuous habitat to genetic differetiation in a blennioid fish, Axoclinus nigricaudus. Mol. Ecol, 10:1439-1453.
292. R. K. Wayne & S. M. Jneks. 1991. Mitpchondrial DNA analysis implying extensive hybridization of the endangered red wolf Canis rufus. Nature, vol 351: 565-568.
293. Roelke ME, Martenson JS and O' Brien SJ 1993. The con sequences of demographic reduction and genetic depletion in the endangered Florida Panther. Current Biology,3: 340—350.
294. Roques S, Sevigny JM. and Bernatchez L. 2001. Evidence for broad scale introgressive hybridization between two redfish (Genus sebastes) in the North-West Atlantic: a rare marine example. Molecular Ecology. 10: 149-165.
295. Roy K, Valentine J W, Jablonski D and Kidwell S M. 1996 Scales of climatic variability and time averaging in Pleistocene biotas: implications for ecology and evolution. Trends Ecol. Evol., 11:458-463.
296. Roy SM, Getten E, Smith D, Ostrander EA. and wayne RK. 1994. Pattern of differentiation and hybridization in North American Wolflike canids, reverled by analysis of Microsatellite loce, Molecular Biology and Evolution, 11: 553-570.
297. Rozas J, Sanchez-DelBarrio JC, Messeguer X and Rozas R. (2003). DnaSP, DNA polymorphism analyses by the coalescent and other methods. Bioinformatics 19: 2496-2497.
298. Ryder OA. 1986. Species conservation and systematics: the dilemma of subspecies. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 1:9-10.
299. Ryman N, Utter F and Hindar K 1995. Introgression,Supportive Breeding and Genetic Conservation Population Management for Survival and Recovery. New York: Columbia University Press, 341-365.
300. Saiki RK, Gelfand DH, Stoffel S, Scharf SJ, Higuchi R, Horn GT, Mullis KB and Ehrhich HA. 1988. Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase. Science. 239:487-491.
301. Saitou N and Nei M. 1987. The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstruction phylogenetic trees. Mol.Biol. Evol. 4:406-425.
302. Salit Kark. 2001. Shifts in Bilateral Asymmetry Within a Distribution Range: the Case of the Chukar Partridge. Evolution. 55(10): 2088-2096.
303. Salzburger W, Baric S. and Sturmbauer C. 2002. Speciation Via introgressive hybridization in East African Cichlids? Molecular Ecology, 11: 619-625.
304. Salzburger W, Meyer A, Baric S, Verheyen E, Sturmbauer C. 2002b. Phylogency of the Lake Tanganyika cichlid species flock and its relationship to the central and East Africa Haplochromine cichlid fish faunas. Systermatic Biology. 51: 1-23.
305. Sakai H, 1987. Population genetics of hybridization in the genus Tribolodon, Cyprinidae. In: Mizuno N, Goto A (eds) The freshwater, fishes of Japan (in Japanese). Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 18-30.
306. Sanger FN, Nicklen S and Coulson AR. 1977. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci. USA. 74:5463-5467.
307. Sara Cabezas-Diaz, Emilio Virgos & Rafael Villafuerte. 2005. Reproductive performance changes with age and laying experience in the Red-legged Partridge Alectoris rufa. Ibis. 147: 316-323.
308. Sattre GP. and Borge T. 2001. Speciation, Introgressive hybridization and nonlinear rate of molecular evolution in flycatches. Molecular Ecology, 10: 737-749.
309. Saunders NC. 1986. Genetic variation and geographic differentiation in mtDNA of the horseshoe crab, Limulu polypherass. Genetics, 112:613-627.
310. Schneider CJ, Cunningham M and Moritz C. 1998. Comparative phylogeography and the history of endemic vertebrates in the Wet Tropics rainforests of Australia. Molecular Ecology, 7:487-498.
311. Schneider S and L Excoffier. 1999. Estimation of demographic parameters from the distribution of pairwise differences when the mutation rates vary among sites: Application to human mitochondrial DNA. Genetics. 152:1079-1089.
312. Schneider S, Roessli D and Excoffier. 2002. Arlequin Version 2.0. A Software for Population Genetics Data Analysis. Genetics and Biometry Laboratory, Department of Anthropology and Ecology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
313. Schwarzacher T, Anamthawat-Jonsson K, Harrison GE et al. 1992. Genomic in situ hybridization to identify alien chromosomes and chromosome segments in wheat. Theor Appl Genet. 84: 778-786.
314. Schwarzacher T, Leitch AR. 1994. Enzymatic treatment of plant material to spread chromosomes for in situ hybridization. In: Isaac PJ (ed), Methods in molecular biology 28: Protocols for nucleic acid analysis by nonradioactive probes. New Jersey: Humana Press: 153-160.
315. Schwarzacher T, Leitch AR, Bennett MD et al. 1989. In situ localization of parental genomes in a wide hybrid. Ann Bot 64: 315-324.
316. Seehausent O, van Alphen JJM and Witte F. 1997. Cichlid fish diversity threatened by eutrophication that curbs sexual selection. Science, 277:1808-1811.
317. Sethausen 0, Van Alphen JJM. and Witte F. 1997. Cichlid fish diversity threatened by eutrophication that curbs sexual selection. Science, 277:1808-1811.
318. Shaw DD, Marchant AD. and Contreras N. 1993. Genomic and environ metal determinant of a narrow hybrid zone: cause or coincidence? In: Hybrid Zone and the Evolutionary Process (ed. R. G. Harrison) pp 165-195 Oxford University Press, New York.
319. Shi XH, Zhao YN, Dai S, Xu L, Li YY, Jia HL, Zhang QM. 2005. Research on Climatic Change of Qaidam Basin since 1961. JOURNAL OF DESERT RESEARCH 25(1): 123-128.
320. Slatkin M. 1977. Gene flow and genetic drift in a species subject to frequent local extinctions.Theor Popul Biol. 12(3):253-62.
321. Smith JM and Smith NH. 2002. Recombination in animal mitochondrial DNA. Mol. Biol. Evol, 19:2330-2332.
322. Smithies O. 1955. Zone electrophoresis in starch gels: group variations in the serum proteins of normal human adults. Biochem J. 61(4): 629-641.
323. Sneath PHA and Sokal PP. 1973. Numerical taxonomy. Freeman, San Francisco, CA.
324. Snowdon RJ, Kohler W, Friedt W et al. 1997. Genomic in situ hybridization in Brassica amphidiploids and interspecific hybrids. Theor Appl Genet. 95: 1320-1324.
325. Soule ME and Hillis LS. 1998. No need to isolate genetics. Science. 282:1658-1659.
326. Stebbins GL. 1950. Variation and envolution in plants.New York:Columbia Univ. Press. 27-102
327. Stebbins GL. 1959. The role of hybridization in evolution. Proc. Amer. Phil.Soc, 103:231-251.
328. Stone GN, Atkinson RJ, Brown G and Rokas A. 2002. The population genetic consequences of range expansion: a review of pattern and process, and the value of oak gallwasps as a model system. Biodiversity Science, 10(1):80-97.
329. Sun H, Zheng D. 1998. Formation, evolution and development of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau. Guangdong Science & Technology Press, Guangzhou China.
330. S. V. Shed'ko, 2002. Phylogeny of Mitochondrial DNA in Salmonids of the Subfamily Salmoninae: Analysis of the Cytochrome b Gene Sequences. Russian Journal of Genetics. Vol. 38: 277-285.
331. Swofford DL and Begle DP. 1993. PAUP: phylogenetic analysis using parsimony, ver.3.1 user's manual. Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, IL.
332. Swofford DL. 2002. PAUP*: Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony. Version 4.0b10. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
333. Taberlet P, Fumaglli L and Wust-saucy A. 1998 Comparative phylogeography and postglacial colonization routes in Europe. Molecular Ecology, 7:477-494.
334. Takahashi H. and Takata K. 2000. Multiple lineages of the witochondrial DNA introgression from pungitus Pungitus (L.) to Pungitus tymensis (Nikolsuy). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquate Science. 57: 1814-1833.
335. Takahashi K, Monma Y, Hosoya K, Takatori T, Kiso K. 1995. Rediscovery and artificial reproduction of Pseudorasbora pumila pumila Miyadi from the type locality (in Japanese). Bull Miyagi Pref Freshw Fish Exp Stn. (2): 1-9.
336. Tamate HB, Shiban K and Tanchiya T. 1995 Assessment of genetic variations within populations of sika deer in Japan by analysis of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD). Zool. Sci., 12:669-673.
337. Tamura K, Nei M. 1993. Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in human and chimpanzees. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 10:512-526.
338. Teiji Sota. 2002. Radiation and reticulation: extensive introgressive hybridization in the carabid beetles Ohomopterus inferred from mitochondrial gene genealogy. Popul Ecol. 44:145-156.
339. Templeton AR. 1986. Coadaptation and outbreeding depression. In: Conservation Biology: the Science of Scarcity and Diversity (ed. Soule ME), pp. 105-116. Sinauer Associates. Sunderland, Massachusetts.
340. Thompson, J.D., Gibson, T.J., Plewniak, F., Jeanmougin, F., Higgins, D.G., 1997. The Clustal X windows interface flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tool. Nucleic Acid Research, 24,4876-4882.
341. Van Rossum, Vekemans X and Mettsts P. 1997. Allozyme variation in relation to ecotypic differentiation and population size in marginal populations of Silene nutans. Heredity, 78:552-560.
342. Vaurie C. 1965. The birds of the Palearctic fauna. Non-passeriformes. Witherby, London.
343. Vincent P. Buonaccorsi, Carol A. Kimbrelll, Eric A. Lynnl & Russell D. Vetter, 2005. Limited realized dispersal and introgressive hybridization influence genetic structure and conservation strategies for brown rockfish, Sebastes auriculatus. Conservation Genetics. (2005) 6:697 - 713.
344. Vogler AP. 1998. Extinction and evolution processing of dangerous species: what should be conservation? In: DeSalle R and Schierwater B (eds) Molecular Approaches to Ecology and Evolution. Birkhauser Publishing Ltd.
345. Watson GE. 1962a. Three sibling species of Alectoris partridges. Ibis, 104: 353-367.
346. Watson GE. 1962b. Sympatry in palearetic Alectoris partridge. Evolution, 16: 11-19.
347. Wayne R. 1996, Conservation genetics; applyany where. World Conservation, 1:15-17.
348. Wayne RK. and Jenks SM. 1991. Mitochondrial DNA analysis implying extensive hybridization of the endangered wolf Canis rufus. Nature, 351: 565-568.
349. Welsh JMM. 1990. Fingerprinting genomes using PCR with arbitary primers. Nucleic Acids Research, 18:7213-7218.
350. White MJD. 1968. Models of speciation. Science. 158: 1065--1070
351. Whitlock MC and David EM 1999. Indirect measures of gene flow and migration: Fst=1/(4Nm+1). Heredity, 82:117-125.
352. Wilde GR, Echelle AA. 1992. Genetic status of pecos pupfish populations after establishment of a hybrid swarm involving an introduced congener. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 121:227-286.
353. Williams FGK. 1990 DNA polymorphism amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucl.Acids.Res. 18(22): 6531-6535.
354. Williams MAJ, Dunkerley DL, Deckker PD, Kershaw AP and Stokes TJ 1993. Quaternary Environments. Edward Arnold Ltd.
355. Wilson, A.C., Cann, R.L., Carr, S.M., et al. 1985. Mitochondrial DNA and Two Perspectives on Evolutionary Genetics. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. vol. 26: 375-400.
356. Woodruff DS. 1989. The problems of conserving genes and species. In: Weston D and Pearl M(eds), Conservation for the twenty first century, Oxford University Press, New York. 76-88.
357. Woodruff DS. 1990. Genetics and demography in the conservation of biodiversity. Journal of Scientific Society of Thailand, 16: 117-132.
358. Wright JW. 1983 The origin of the parthenogenetic lizard (Cnemidophorus laredoensis) inferred from mtDNA analysis. Herpetologia, 39:410-416.
359. Wright F. 1990. The 'effective number of codons' used in a gene. Gene 1: 87(1):23-29.
360. Wu GJ, Pan BT, Guan QY, Gao HS. 2002. The maximum glaciation and desert expansion in China during mis16. Journal of glaciology and geocryology 24: 544-549.
361. Yang HR. 1981. Effects of the Pleistocene glaciers on loess. Urumchi: Xinjiang People Press.
362. Yanke C, Zhongliang Z, Naifa L. 2006. Genetic structure of Przewalski's Rock Partridge (Alectoris magna) populations in the Longzhong loess plateau, China. Biochemical Genetics Volume 44, Numbers 5-6: 209-221.
363. Y.B. Esa, J.M. Waters & G.P. Wallis. 2000. Introgressive hybridization between Galaxias depressiceps and Galaxias spD (Teleostei: Galaxiidae) in Otago, New Zealand: Secondary contact mediated by water races. Conservation Genetics. 1: 329-339.
364. Yoram Yom-Tov, Yoav Benjamini and Salit Kark. 2002. Global warming, Bergmann's rule and body mass ± are they related? The chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar) case. J. Zool., Lond. 257: 449-455.
365. Zeng Y, Ma H, Li L, Li Z, Sha Z, Cao G. 1997. Firstly discuss on problems of desertification in Xining basin since 1.2 Ma B.P. JOURNAL OF DESERT RESEARCH 17(3):226-229.
366. Zhang DX and Hewitt GM. 1996. Nuclear integrations: challenges for mitochondrial DNA markers. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 11:247-251.
367. Zhang, A. B.et al., 2005. Species status and phylogeography of two closely related Coptolabrus species (Coleoptera : Carabidae) in South Korea inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences. Molecular Ecology. 14(12): 3823-3841.
368. Zhang HC, Shang YY, Wu XZ. 1991. Partition and Paleoclimate characteristics of loess epoch in Lanzhou. Journal of Lanzhou University. 27: 131-138.
369. Zhao F, Xu Z. 2006. Long-term trend and jump change for major climate processes over the upper yellow river basin. Acta Meteorologica Sinica.
370. Zink RM.1991 Geography of mitochondrial DNA variation on two sympatric sparrows. Evolution, 45: 329-339.
371. Zuckerkandl E and Pauling L. 1965. Evolutionary divergence and convergence in proteins. In: Bryson V and Vogel HJ (eds) New York: Academic Press. 97-166.
2．常青，周开亚．1998．分子进化研究中系统发生树的重建．生物多样性，6(1)：55～62．
3．陈发虎，张维信，1993．甘青地区的黄土地层学与第四纪冰川问题．北京：科学出版社，128—129．
4．陈强，常城．1999．两种邻域分布石鸡间的线粒体DNA渗透．动物学报，45(4)456-463．
5．陈小勇，罗兰，刘廼发，何德奎．1999．大石鸡的静止代谢率．动物学报，45(1)：114-116．
6．陈小勇，罗兰，刘廼发，何德奎．1998．兰州大石鸡不同生活史阶段栖息地选择初步研究．应用与环境生物学报，4(4)：368-373．
7．陈爱葵，冯肇松，李爱群．1999．鹌鹑和石鸡核型及 C 带研究．华南师范大学学报，1999(2)95-99．
8．陈忠毅．1986．安徽黄山松与马尾松的天然杂交．中国科学院华南植物研究所集刊，第二集：38～40．
9．陈妍珂．2006．我国六盘山地区大石鸡和石鸡的渐渗杂交．博士毕业论文．
10．崔之久，谢又予，熊黑钢，曾思伟．1991 浅谈中国第四纪泥石流历史与沉积环境．见：中国第四纪冰川与环境研究中心，中国第四纪研究委员会编，北京：科学出版社,254-263．
11．邓其祥．197．4 锦鸡——自然杂交种的描述．动物学报， 20(1)：107．
12．葛颂，洪德元．遗传多样性及其检测方法．见：钱迎倩，马克平(主编)，生物多样性研究的原理与方法．北京：中国科学技术出版社，123-140．
13．葛颂．1997．遗传多样性．见：蒋志刚，马克平和韩兴国编．保护生物学．杭州：浙江科学技术出版社．
14．冠才修，1960．柴达木盆地周围的冰川及冰川堆积物．地质评论，20(4)：179-181．
15．桂建芳．1990．脊椎动物线粒体 DNA 的进化遗传学．动物学杂志，25(1)：50-55．
16．郭平仲．1993．群体遗传学导论．北京：农业出版社 1-20．
17．何德奎，陈毅峰，陈宜瑜和陈自明．2003．特化等级裂腹鱼类的分子系统发育和青藏高原隆起．科学通报，48(22)：2353—2360．
18．胡志昂，王洪新．1998．分子生态学研究进展．生态学报，18(6)：565-574．
19．胡志昂，张亚平．1997．中国动植物的遗传多样性．杭州：浙江科学技术出版社．
20．黄策群，2001．同源四倍体水稻与假稻杂交获得实粒种子．作物学报，27(1)：133．
21．黄族豪，刘廼发，周天林．2003．陇东黄土高原石鸡的遗传多样性与保护．生物多样性，11(6)：454-460．
22．黄族豪，刘廼发．2004．陇东黄土高原石鸡的分子系统地理结构．动物学报，50(4)：576-582．
20．黄族豪．2005．我国石鸡属鸟类的分子生态学研究．博士毕业论文．
21．李昂，葛颂．植物保护遗传学研究进展．生物多样性．2002，10(1)：61-71．
22．李炳元．1983．西藏第四纪地质北京：北京科学出版社．
23．李吉均，文世宣，张青松，王富葆，郑本兴，李炳元．青藏高原隆起的时代、幅度和形式的探讨[J]．中国科学，1979，(6)：608-616．
24．李力．1996．青岛耐冬山茶的多样性(Ⅱ)——居群的遗传多样性分析．生物多样性4(1)：1-6．
25．李仁德，陈强，刘廼发，郑向阳．1998．大石鸡心电活动的研究．兰州大学学报，34(3)100-105．
26．林振耀，吴详定．1978青藏高原隆起对气候的影响．青藏高原科学讨论会论文集(青藏高原隆起的时代、幅度和形式)，北京：科学出版社．
27．刘廼发，陈小勇，何德奎．1996．兰州地区大石鸡栖息地选择．动物学报，42 增刊：83-89．
28．刘廼发，黄族豪，文陇英．2004．大石鸡亚种分化及—新亚种描述 (鸡形目，雉科)．动物分类学报，29(3)：600-605．
29．刘廼发，黄族豪，周天林．2003．石鸡线粒体DNA的种群遗传变异分析．见：颜 重威编．海峡两岸鸟类学术研讨会论文集．台北：国立自然科学博物馆，275-280．
30．刘廼发，王香亭，罗文英．1988 宁夏六盘山鸟类区系研究．兰州大学学报(自然科学版)(3)：65-75．
31．刘廼发．1984 大石鸡分类地位的研究．动物分类学报，(2)：212-217．
32．罗世家，邹惠渝等，2001．黄山松与马尾松基因渐渗的研究．林业科学，Vol137，No16：118-122．
33．马新年，杨志松，金园庭，刘廼发．2006．石鸡繁殖期栖息地特征 动物学杂志．41(3)：1-6．
34．蒙世杰和李笑松．1998 我国大陆部分地区黑腹果蝇群体线粒体DNA多态研究．动物学研究19(4)：306-307．
35．牛屹东，李明，魏辅文，冯祚建．线粒体DNA用作分子标记的可靠性和研究前景．遗传．2001，23(6)：593-598．
36．潘晓玲，党荣理，伍光和．2001．西北干旱荒漠植物区系地理与资源利用．北京：科学出版社．
37．祁承经，林亲众，1988．马尾松—新变种．植物研究，3(3)：143～145．
38．邱芳，伏健民，金德敏和王斌．1998．遗传多样性的检测．生物多样性，6(2)：143～150．
39．尚玥．2003．稚科四种鸟类线粒体DNAR的分子进化．辽宁大学学报：自然科学版，30(3)：275-280．
40．沈浪，陈小勇和李媛媛．2002．生物冰期避难所与冰期后的重新扩散，生态学报，22(11)：1983-1990．
41．施立明．1990．遗传多样性及其保存．生物科学信息，(2)：158-164．
42．施雅风，任炳辉．1998中国西部地区的冰川地貌．见：施雅风著，地理环境与冰川研究．北京：科学出版社,pp574-602．
43．施雅风，郑本兴，李世杰．1988青藏高原的末次冰期与最大冰期——对M．Kuhle的大冰盖假设的否定．冰川冻土，12(1)：1-15．
44．孙儒泳．2001．动物生态学原理(第3版)．北京：北京师范大学出版社．
45．王香亭．1991．甘肃脊椎动物志．甘肃科学技术出版社 387-395．
46．汪松，解焱．2004．中国物种红色名录．北京：高等教育出版社．
47．汪永庆，张知彬，徐来祥．2001 中心区和边缘区大仓鼠种群的遗传多样性．科学通报，46(19)：1644-1650．
48．王继文．2004．动物线粒体假基因的识别及其在进化生物学中的应用．动物学杂志，39(3)：103～108．
49．王静，李明，魏辅文等．2001 分子系统地理学及其应用．动物分类学报，26(4)：43 1—439．
50．王文．分子系统学在生物保护中的意义．生物多样性．1998，6(2)：138-142．
51．王亚明，周开亚．1996 PCR 介导的 DNA 序列系统分析在系统动物学中的应用．动物学杂志，3 l(3)：54-59．
52．王永焱．1974 秦岭以北黄土区第四纪古气候探讨．西北大学学报，(1)：29-35．
53．王峥峰，彭少麟，2003．杂交产生的遗传危害——以植物为例．生物多样性，11(4)：333～339．
54．王中仁．1996．植物等位酶分析．北京：科学出版社．
55．王子玉．1986．云台山鸟类考察报告．动物学杂志 10：20-28．
56．卫明，侯鹏，黄族豪和刘廼发．2002．环境因子对大石鸡种群遗传结构的影响．生态学报，22(4)：528-534．
57．夏正楷．1997．第四纪环境学．北京：北京大学出版社．
58．向近敏，向连滨和林雨霖．1996．分子生态学．武汉：湖北科学技术出版社．
59．肖金花，肖晖，黄大卫．2004．生物分类学的新动向——DNA 条形编码．动物学报，50(5)：852—855．
60．邢有华，方永鑫，吴根荣．1992．安徽大别山黄山松与马尾松天然杂交的初步研究．安徽林业科技，(4)：5～9．
61．徐宏发和王静波．2001．分了系统学研究进展．生态学杂志,20(3)：41-46．
62．徐仁，宋之琛，周和仪．1958 柴达木盆地第三纪沉积中孢粉组合及其在地质学上的意义．古生物学报6：429-440．
63．徐仁．1982．青藏高原古植被的演变与青藏高原的隆起．植物分类学报，20(41：391-395．
64．许宗永，陈永刚．2000．野生石鸡舍饲生活习性观察及生理指标的测定．家畜生态，21(1)：24-26，42．
65．杨长桃等，1993．稻与李氏禾属间杂交初步研究．福建农学院学报，22(2)：258．
66．杨怀仁．1981．第四纪冰期对黄土的影响 见：新疆第四纪地质及冰川地质论文选集．乌鲁木齐：新疆人民出版社
67．张爱兵,王正军，谭声江，李典谟．2002．分子生态学重要概念——遗传距离及其测度的理论研究概况．生态学报，22(6)：943-949．
68．张德禄，马正学等．2003．石鸡胃的血液供应．西北师范大学学报：自然科学版，39(4)：66-69．
69．张德兴．2002．分子生态学．见：弋峰编．现代生态学．北京：科学出版社，pp7-29．
70．张芳，米志勇．1998．动物线粒体 DNA 的分子生物学研究进展．生物工程进展．18(3)：25-31．
71．张惠昌，商曰媛，武秀珍．1991．兰州地区黄土年代的划分及古气候特征．兰州大学学报(自然科学版)，27(3)：131—138．
72．张信文，高金刚等．2002．石鸡、八哥和红嘴相思鸟生理常数的研究．海南师范学院学报：自然科学版，15(2)64-66．
73．张雄飞，周开亚，常青．2004．中国大陆黑斑侧褶蛙基于CR基因序列的种群遗传结构．遗传学报，3l(11)：1232—1240．
74．张亚平，施立明．动物线粒体 DNA 多态性的研究概况．1992，动物学研究．13(3)：289-298．
75．赵松乔．1985 中国沙漠、戈壁的形成和演变．见：赵松乔丰编．中国干旱地区自然地理．科学出版社，pp1-17．
76．赵铁桥．1999 生物地理分布的生物学过程 兰州大学学报35：8-15．
77．郑光美．2002．世界鸟类与分布名录．北京：科学出版社．
78．郑作新．1978．中国动物志鸟纲第四卷—鸡形目．北京：科学出版社．
79．郑作新．2000．中国鸟类种和亚种分类名录大全．北京：科学出版社．
80．周宝良，沈新莲等．1996．异常棉利陆地棉渐渗杂交种质的高强纤维特性与超分 子结构相关分析．江苏农业学报，12(4)：23～29．
81．周尚哲，李吉均，李世杰．1991 青藏高原更新世冰川再认识．见：中国第四纪冰川与环境研究中心和中国第四纪研究委员会编．中国西部第四纪冰川与环境．北京：科学出版社，pp37—74．
82．邹喻苹，葛颂，王晓东．系统与进化植物学中的分子标记．北京：科学出版社，2001，140-149．
83. Abernethy, K. 1994 The establishment of a hybrid zone between red and sika deer (genus cervus). Mol.Ecol. 3:551-562.
84. A. Dabrowski, R. Fraser, J. L. Confer & I. J. Lovette, 2005. Geographic variability in mitochondrial introgression among hybridizing populations of Golden-winged (Vermivora chrysoptera) and Blue-winged (V. pinus) Warblers. Conservation Genetics 6:843-853.
85. Allendorf FW, Leafy RF, 1988. Conservation and distribution of genetic variation in a polytypic species, the cutthroat trout. Conserv. Biol., 2:170-184.
86. AIvarc-Buglle ER.1993 Population genetic structure of Cooropia obtusifolia a tropical pioneer tree species. Evolution, 48(2):437-453.
87. Anamthawat-Jonsson K, Schwarzacher T, Leitch AR et al., 1990. Discrimination between closely related Triticeae species using genomic DNA as a probe. Theor Appl Genet 79:721-728.
88. Anderson E. and Hubricht L. 1938. Hybridization in Tradescantia. The evidence for introgressive hybridization. Amen J. Botany, 25: 396-402.
89. Anderson Edgar, 1949. Introgressive hybridization. Published New York, J. Wiley.
90. Andersson M. 1999. Hybridization and phylogeny. Proceeding of the royal Society of London B, Biological Sciences, 266:1579-1585.
91. Arbogast BS and Kenagy GJ. 2001. Comparative phylogeography as an integrative approach to historical biogeography. Journal of Biogeography, 18:819-825.
92. Arnold ML, 1997. Natural Hybridization and Evolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
93. Austerlitz F, Jung-Muller B, Godelle B and Gouyon PH. 1997. Evolution of coalescence times, genetic diversity and structure during colonisation. Theoretical Population Biology,51:148—164
94. Avise, J.C., 1986. Mitochondrial DNA and the Evolutionary. Genetics of Higher Animals, Proc. R. Soc. London, B, vol. 312: 325-342.
95. Avise JC. 1994. Molecular Markers, Natural History and Evolution. Chapman & Hall, New York.
96. Avise JC. 1996. Toward a regional conservation genetic perspective: Phylogeography of fauna in the southeastern United States. In: Avise J C and Hamrick J L (eds), Conservation genetics: case histories from nature. Chapman & Hall, New York, 431-470.
97. Avise JC. 1998. The history and preview of phylogeography: a personal reflection. Molecular Ecology, 7:371 -379.
98. Avise JC.2000. Phylogeography. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
99. Avise JC and Ball RM. 1990. Principles of genealogical concordance in species concepts and biological taxonomy. Oxford Surveys of Evolutionary Biology. 7:45-68.
100. Avise JC and Hamrick JL. 1996. Conservation genetics, case histories from nature. Chapman & Hall, New York.
101. Avise JC, Arnold J, Ball RM, Bermingham E, Lamb T, Niegel JE, Reeb CA and Saunders NC 1987. Intraspecific phylogeography: the mitochondrial DNA bridge between population genetics and systematics. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 18: 489-522.
102. Avise JC, Neigel JE and Arnold J. 1984. Demographic influences on mitochondrial DNA lineage survivorship in animal populations. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 20:99-105.
103. Aviss, M, 1995. The Department of Conservation's Management of Hybridisation -a Discussion Paper. New Zealand Department of Conservation, Wellington.
104. A. V. Zlatska, 2005. Grain Protein Content in Wheat: Genetics of the Character and Some Predictions for Its Improvement in Common Wheat Russian. Journal of Genetics. Vol. 41, No. 8: 823-834.
105. Bangs O and Peters JL. 1928. Birds collected by Dr. Joseph F. Rock in western Kansu and eastern Tibet. Bull. Mus.Comp.Zool., 68:313-381.
106. Baratti M, Ammannati M, Magnelli C. and Dessi-Fulgheri F. 2005. Introgression of chukar genes into a reintroduced red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa) population in central Italy. Animal Genetics, 36, 29-35.
107. Bartley DM, Gall GAE, 1991. Genetic identification of native cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) and introgressive hybridization with introduced rainbow trout (O. mykiss) in streams associated with the Alvord Basin, Oregon and Nevada. Copeia, 8: 854-859.
108. Barton NH. 1986. The effect of linkage and density-dependent regulation on gene flow. Heredity, 57:415-426.
109. Barton NH. and Gale KS. 1993. Genetic analysis of hybrid zones. In: Harrison RG (ed). Hybrid zones and the evolutionary process. New York: Oxford University, pp13-45.
110. Barton NH. and Hewitt GM. 1985. Analysis of hybrid zones. Ann.Rev. Ecol.Syst 16:113-148.
111. Bensasson D, Zhang DX, Hartl DL and Hewitt GM. 2001. Mitochondrial pseudogenes: evolution's misplaced witnesses. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 16:314-321.
112. Bensch S, Helbig AJ, Salomen M. and Seibold I. 2002. Amplified fragment Length Ploymorphism analysis identifies hybrids between two subspecies of warblers. Molecular Ecology, 11:473-481.
113. Bermingham E and Avise JC.1986. Molecular zoogeography of freshwater fishes in the southeastern United States. Genetics, 113:939-965.
114. Bernatchez L and Willson CC. 1998. Comparative phylogeography of Nearctic Palearctic fishe. Molecular Ecology,7 :431 -452.
115. Bernatchez L, Glemet H. et al. 1995. Introgression and fixation of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) mitochondrial genome in an allopatric population of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Canada Journal of fisheries and Aquatic Science, 52: 175-185.
116. Bigeliw RS. 1965. Hybrid zones and reproductive isolation. Evolution, 19:449-58.
117. B.I. Jepsen, H.R. Siegismund & M. Fredholm, 2002. Population genetics of the native caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) and the semi-domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Southwestern Greenland: Evidence of introgression. Conservation Genetics. 3: 401—409.
118. Birky CW, Fuerst P and Maruyama T. 1989. Organelle gene diversity under migration, mutation and drift:equilibrium expectations, approach to equilibrium, effects of heteroplasmic cells, and comparison to nuclear genes. Genetics, 121:613-627.
119. Brar DS, Khush GS, 1997. Alien introgression in rice. Plant Mol Biol. 35: 35-47.
120. Brian R. 1993. Morton Chloroplast DNA codon use: Evidence for selection at the psb A locus based on tRNA availability. Journal of Molecular Evolution 37: 273-280.
121. Brown WM, George M and Wilson AC 1979 Rapid evolution of animal mitochondrial DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76(4): 1967-1971.
122. Brown WM. 1983. Evolution of mitochondrial DNA. In: Nei M and Keohn RK (eds). Evolution of genes and proteins. Sinaver: Sunderland Mass, 62-68.
123. Bruce D. Demarais, et al., 1992. Origin of Gila seminude (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) through introgressive hybridization: Implication for evolution and conservation. Evolution. \o\ 89: 2747-2751.
124. Cann RL, Stoneking M and Wilson AC. 1987. Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution. Nature, 325:31-36.
125. Charles Masembe et al., 2006. Three genetically divergent lineages of the Oryx in eastern Africa: Evidence for an ancient introgressive hybridization. Conservation Genetics.
126. Chen FH, Zhang WX. 1993. Loess stratigraphy and Pleistocene glacier in Gansu Province and Qinghai Province. Science Press, Beijing.
127. Chen Q, Chang C and Liu NF. 1999. Mitochondrial DNA introgression between two parapatric species of Alectoris. Acta Zoologcia Sinica. 45(4):456-463.
128. Childs MR, Echelle AA, Dowling TE (1996) Development of the hybrid swarm between Pecos pupfish (Cyprinodon variegatus) A perspective from allozymes and mtDNA. Evolution. 50: 2014-2022.
129. C.J. Kyle, A.Davison & C. Strobeck, 2003. Genetic structure of European pine martens (Martes martes), and evidence for introgression with M. americana in England. Conservation Genetics. 4: 179-188.
130. Comps B, Gmry D, Letouzey J, Thiebault B and Petit RJ. 2001. Diverging trends between heterozygosity and allelic richness during postglacial colonization in the European beech. Genetics, 157:389-397.
131. Cramp S and Simmons KEL. 1980. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. Vol.2, The birdd of the western Palearctic. Oxford Univ.Press, Oxford.
132. Crespin L and Berreb D. 1999. Asymmetrical introgression in a freshwater fish hybrid zone as revealed by a morphological index of hybridization. Biological Journal of Linnean Society, 67:57-72.
133. Crespin LB, Lebreton PJD, 2001. Spatially varying natural selection in a fish hybrid zone. J Fish Biol. 61(3):696-711
134. Daley JG. 1992. Population reductions and genetic variability in black-tailed prairie dogs. Journal of Wildlife Management, 56:212-220.
135. David J. Delehanty and Pamela Paasche' O'Hearn. 2005. Behavioral and morphological asymmetries in chukar Alectoris chukar copulation. JOURNAL OF AVIAN BIOLOGY. 36: 276-279.
136. Davis MB and Shaw RG. 2001. Range shifts and adaptive responses to quaternary climate change. Science, 292:673.
137. DeMarais BD, Dowling TE, Douglas ME, Minckley WL. and Marsh P C. 1992. Origin of Gila seminude (Teleoster Cyprinidae) through introgressive hybridization: Implication for evolution and conservation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the USA. 89: 2747-2751.
138. DeSalle R and Schierwater B. 1998. Molecular Approaches to Ecology and Evolution. Birkhauser Pulishing Ltd..
139. Desjardins P and Moraris R. 1990. Sequence and gene organization of the chicken mitochondrial genome. A novel gene order in higher vertebrates. J. Mol. Biol. 20;212(4):599-634.
140. Dickerson RE. 1971. The structure of cytochrome c and the rates of molecular evolution. J.Mol.Evol., 1:26-45.
141. Dobzhansky T. 1940. Speciation as a stage in evolutionary divergence. Am.Nat 74:312-21.
142. Dobzhansky,T. 1970. Genetics of the Evolutionary Process. Columbia University Press, New York.
143. Douling TE. and Secor CL. 1997. The role of hybridization and introgression in the diversification of animals. Annual Review in Ecology and Systematic, 28: 593-619.
144. Dowling TE, Childs MR, 1992. Impact of hybridization on a threatened trout of the southwestern United States. Conserv. Biol. 6: 55-364.
145. Dowling TE, Secor TL, 1997. The role of hybridization and introgression in the diversification of animals. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst.. 28: 593-619.
146. Du RH and Kang ZC. 1989 Debris flows and their countermeasure in China. Proc. The Japan-China Symposium on Landslides and Debris flows. Niigata, Tokyo, Japan, 191-194.
147. Duverneu DD and Aspinwall N. 1995. Introgression of Luxilus cornutus mtDNA into allopatric populations of Luxilus chrysocephalus (Teleostei: cyprinidae)in missouri and Arkaansas. Mol.Ecol. 4(2):173-181.
148. Echelle AF, Echelle AA, 1994. Assessment of genetic introgression between two pupfish species, Cyprinodon elegans and C. variegates (Cyprinidontidae), after more than 20 years of secondary contact. Copeia. 590-597.
149. Echelle AA, Echelle AF, 1997. Genetic introgression of endemic taxa by non-natives: A case study with Leon Springs pupfish and sheepshead minnow. Conserv. Biol.. 11: 153-161.
150. Edwards AWF and Cavalli-Sforza LL. 1963. The reconstruction of evolution. Heredity, 18:553.
151. Ehrlich PR and Roughgarden J 1987. The Science of Ecology. New York: Macmillian.
152. Eldridge MDB, King JM and Loupis AK. 1999 Unprecedented low levels of genetic variation and inbreeding depression in an island population of the black-footed rock-wallaby. Conservational Biology. 13:531-541.
153. Ellstrand NC and Elam DR 1993. Population genetic consequences of small population size: implications for plant conservation. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 24:217—242.
154. Ellstrand NC, Prentice HC, Hancock JF, 1999. Gene flow and introgression from domesticated plants into their wild species. Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 30: 539-563.
155. Ellstrand NC, Whitkus RW, Rieseberg LH, 1996. Distribution of spontaneous plant hybrids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93: 5090-5093.
156. Endler JA. 1982. Problems in distinguishing historical from ecological factos in biogeography. Am.Zool 22:441—452
157. Endler JA. Geographic variation, speciation and clines. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1979.
158. Epifanio, J.M. and Philipp, D.P., 1997. Sources for misclassifying genealogical origins in mixed hybrid populations. J. Hered. 88: 62-65.
159. Excoffier L. Smouse PE and Quattro JM. 1992. Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data. Genetics. 131:479-491.
160. Falk DA and Holsinger KE. 1991.Genetics and conservation of rare plants. New York: Oxford University Press.
161. Felsenstein J. 1981. Evolutionary trees from DNA sequences: A maximum likelihood approach. J.Mol.Evol, 17: 368-376.
162. Felsenstein J. 1985. Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap. Evolution, 39:783-791.
163. Felsenstein J. 1995. PHYLIP: phylogenetics inference package, ver. 3.572. University Washington, Seattle, WA.
164. Fisher RA. 1930. The Genetical theory of natural selection. Oxford University Press.
165. Fleischer RC, CE Macintosh and CL Tarr. 1998. Evolution on a volcanic converor belt: using phylogeographic reconstructions and K-Ar-based ages of Hawaiian Islands to estimate molecular evolutionary rates. Molecular Ecology. 7: 533-545.
166. Forbes SH, Allendorf FW, 1991. Mitochondrial genotypes have no detectable effects on meristic traits in cutthroat trout hybrid swarms. Evolution. 45: 1350-1359.
167. Frankham R. 1995. Conservation genetics. Annual Review of Genetics, 29: 305-327.
168. Frankham R. 1996. Relationship of genetic variation to population size in wildlife. Conservation Biology, 10,1500-1508.
169. Fumihito A, Miyake T, Sumi J, Takada M, Ohno S and Kondo N. 1994. One subsepecies of the red junglefowl {Gallus gallus gallus) suffices as the matriarchic ancestor of all domestic breeds. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci. USA, 91:12505-12509.
170. Fumihito A, Miyake T, Sumi J, Takada M, Ohno S and Kondo N. 1995. The genetic link between the Chinese bamboo partridge (Bambusicola thoracica) and the chicken and junglefowls of the genus Gallus. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci USA, 82:11053-11056.
171. Garcia-Ramos G. and Kirkpatrick M. 1997. Genetic models of adaptation and gene flow in peripheral populations. Evolution, 51:21-28.
172. Garriga-Caldere F, Huigen DJ, Jacobsen E et al., 1999. Prospects for introgressing tomato chromosomes into the potato genome: an assessment through GISH analysis. Genome. 42: 282-288.
173. Gerald FS, Allan CW. 1987. Subspecies of the Canada Goose (Branta canadensis) Have Distinct Mitochondrial DNA's. Evolution. Vol. 41, No. 3: 662-666.
174. Gill FB. 1980. Historial aspects of hybridization between Blue-wringed and Golden-wringed warblers. AUK., 97:1-18
175. Gill FB. 1994. Rapid, asymmetrical introgression of mitochondrial DNA in hybridizing populations of Blue-wringed and Golden-wringed warblers. Journal fur Ornithologie, 135:359
176. Gill FB. 1997. Local cytonuclear extinction of the Golden-wringed warblers. Evolution, 51:519-525
177. Goldstein PZ, DeSalle RA and Vogler AP. 2000. Conservation genetics at the species boundary. Conservation Biology, 11:120-131.
178. Goodman SJ, Barton NH and Swanson J. 1999. Introgression through rare hybidization : A genetic study of a hybrid zone between red and sika deer (genus cervus)in Argyll Scotland. Genetics 152(1):355—371.
179. Good TP, Ellis JC, Annett CA, Pierotti R, 2000. Bounded hybrid superiority in an avian hybrid zone: effect of mate, diet, and habitat choice. Evolution. 54:1774-1783.
180. Gottelli D, Sillero-Zubiri C. and Applebaum GD. 1994. Molecular genetics of the endangered Canid: the Ethiopian wolf canis simensis, Molecular Ecology, 3: 301-312.
181. Grant PR and Grant BR. 1992. Hybridization of bird species. Science, 256: 193-197.
182. Gullberg A et al. 1998. Colonization, genetic diversity, and evolution in the Swedish sand lizard, Lacerta agilis (Repilia squamata) Biol.J.Linn.Soci., 65(3):257-277.
183. Gyllensten U, Wharton D and Wilson AC. 1985. Maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA during backcrossing of two species of mice. The Journal of Heretidy, 76:321-324.
184. Gyllensten UB. and Wilson AC. 1987. Interspecific mitochondrial DNA transfer and the colonization of Scandinavia by mice. Genetical Research, 49: 25-29.
185. Hanson, Bradley D., 2005. Interspecific hybridization: Potential for movement of herbicide resistance from wheat to jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica). Weed Technology. 19 (3): 674-682.
186. Harris H. (1966). Enzyme polymorphism in man. Proc.R.Soc.Lond.B, 164:298-310.
187. Harrison RG, 1993. Hybrid Zones and the Evolutionary Process. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
188. Hayes JP, Guffey SZ, Kriegler FJ,McCracken GF, Parker CR, 1996. The genetic diversity of native, stocked, and hybrid populations of brook trout in the southern Appalachians. Conserv. Biol. 10: 1403-1412.
189. Hebert PDN, Cywinska A, Ball SL and de Waard JR. 2003. Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proc.R.Soc.Lond.B. 270:313-321.
190. Hewitt GM. 1993. Postglacial distribution and species substructure: lessons from pollen, insects and hybrid zones. In: Lees DR and Edwards D(eds). Evolutionary patterns and processes. Linnaean Society symposium Series no. 14. Academic Press,London, 87-123.
191. Hewitt GM. 1996. Some genetic consequnce of ice ages, and their role in divergence and speciation. Biological Journal Linnaean Society, 58:247-276.
192. Hewitt GM. 1999. Post-glacial re-colonization of European biota. Biol J Linn Soc. 68:87-112.
193. Hewitt,G.M. 2000 The genetic legacy of the Quaternary ice ages. Nature. 405: 907-913.
194. Hey J and Kliman RM. 1993. Population genetics and phylogenetics of DNA sequence variation of multiple loci within the Drosophila melanogaster complex. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 10:804-822.
195. Hillis DW. 1996. Molecular systematics. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts. USA.
196. Hoelzel AR. 1992. Conservation genetics of whales and dolphins. Molecular Ecology, 1:119-125.
197. Hoffmann AA and Blows MW. 1994 Species borders: ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Trend Evol. Ecol., 9:223-227.
198. Holder K, Montgomerie R and Frisen VL. 1999. A test of the glacial refugium hypothesis using patterns of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence variation in rock ptarmigan (Lagopusmutus). Evolution, 53(6): 1936—1950.
199. Holsinger KE. 1996. The scope and the limits of conservation genetics. Evolution. 50:2558-2561.
200. Hosoya K, Maehata M, 1994. Circumstances of endangered Janpanese freshwater fishes with note on the protection Hokkaido (in Japanese). Bull Natl Res Inst Aquac. (23): 17-25.
201. Houlden BA, Costello BH, Sharkey D, Flower EV, Melzer A, Ellis W, Carrick F, Baverstock PR and Elphinstone MS. 1999. Phylogeographic differentiation in the mitochondrial control region in the koala, Phascolarctos cinereus(Goldfuss 1817). Molecular Ecology. 8:999-1011.
202. Huang, Z. et al., 2007. Phylogeography of rusty-necklaced partridge (Alectoris magna). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. doi :10. 1016/j. ympev.
203. Huang ZH, Liu NF, Zhou TL and Ju B. 2005. Effects of environmental factors on population genetic structure in chukar partridge {Alectoris chukar). Journal of Arid Envrionments. 62:427-434.
204. Huang ZH, Liu NF. 2004. Genetic structure of chukar partridge {Alectoris chukar) populations in the Longdong Loess Plateau, China. J. Ornithol. 145:137-141.
205. Huang ZH, Liu NF, Long J. 2006. Population genetic structure, haplotype distribution and genetic diversity of the rust-necklaced partridge Alectoris magna lanzhouensis based on mtDNA control region sequence. Acta Zoologica Sinica. 52(4): 738-745.
206. Humphreys M, Thomas H-M, Harper J et al., 1997. Dissecting drought- and cold-tolerance traits in the Lolium-Festuca complex by introgression mapping. New Phytol. 137:55-60.
207. Hunter RL and Markert CL. 1957. Histochemical demonstration of enzymes separated by zone electrophoresis in starch gels. Science. 125(3261): 1294-1295.
208. Jarvis DI, Hodgkin T. 1999. Wild relatives and crop cultivars: detecting natural introgression and farmer selection of new genetic combinations in agroecosystem. Mol Ecol. 8: S159-S173.
209. Jiang J. Gill BS.. 1994. Nonisotopic in situ hybridization and plant genome mapping: the first 10 years. Genome. 37: 717-725.
210. John Epifanio & David Philipp, 2001. Simulating the extinction of parental lineages from introgressive hybridization: the effects of fitness, initial proportions of parental taxa, and mate choice. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries. 10: 339-354.
211. Johnsgard PA. 1988. The quails, Partridges, and francolins of the World. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.
212. Kark S, Alkon PU, Safriei UN, Randi E. 1998. Conservation priorities for chukar partridge in Israel based on genetic diversity across on ecological gradient. Conservation Biology 13: 542-552.
213. Kazuto Koga and Akira Goto. 2005. Genetic structures of allopatric and sympatric populations in Pseudorasbora pumila pumila and Pseudorasbora parva. Ichthyol Res. 52: 243-250.
214. Kesara Anamthawat-Jonsson. 2001. Molecular cytogenetics of introgressive hybridization in plants. Methods in Cell Science. 23: 139-148.
215. Khadem M and Krimbas CB. 1993. Studies of the species barrier between Drosophila subobscura and D.Maderrensis. III. How universal are the rules of speciation? Heredity 70: 353-361.
216. Kimura M. 1968. Evolutionary rate at the molecular level. Nature. 217:624-626.
217. Kimura M. 1980. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rate of base substitutions though comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J.Mol.Evol., 16:111-120.
218. Kumar S, Tamura K, Nei M. 2004. MEGA3: integrated software for molecular evolutionary genetics analysis and sequence alignment. Brief Bioinform 5:150-163.
219. Kirkpatrick M and Barton NH. 1997 Evolution of a species range. The American Naturalist, 150:1-23.
220. Konishi M, Hosoya K, Takata K, 2003. Natural hybridization between endangered and introduced species of Pseudorasbora, with their genetic relationships and characteristics inferred from allozyme analyses. J Fish Biol. 63:213-231.
221. Konkle BR and Philipp DP. Asymmetrical hybridization between two species of sunfishes (Lepomis: Centrarchidae). Molecular Ecology. 1992, 1:215-222.
222. Koslova EV. 1952. Avifauna of Tibetan Plateau, its family ties and history. Proc.Zool.Inst.Ac.Sci. USSR, 9:964-1028.
223. Krebs CJ. 1978. Ecology: the Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance. Harper & Row, Publishers New York, pp34—36.
224. Kumar SK and Nei M. 1993. MEGA, Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis, version 1.01. University Park, Pennsylvania State University.
225. Kumar SK, Tamura K, Jakobsen J and Nei M. 2001. MEGA: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis, Ver2.0. Bioinformatics, 1244-1245.
226. Lamp T and Avise JC. 1986. Directional introgression of mitochondrial DNA in a hybrid population of tree frogs: The influence of mating behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA. 83:2526-2530.
227. Lashermes P, Andrzejewski S, Bertrand B et al., 2000. Molecular analysis of introgressive breeding in coffee. Theor Appl Genet. 100: 139-146.
228. Lawton J and Range H. 1993. Population abundance and conservation. Trends in Evolution and Ecology, 255:107- 111.
229. Lenormand T. 1998. Evaluating gene flow using selected markers: a case study. Genetics. 149: 1381-1392.
230. Le HT, Armstrong KC, Miki B, 1989. Detection of rye DNA in wheat-rye hybrids and wheat translocation stocks using total genomic DNA as a probe. Plant Mol Biol Rep. 7:150-158.
231. Lerner LM. 1968. Heredity, Evolution, and Society. Freeman, San Francisco.
232. Lesica P and Allerdorf FW. 1992. Mall populations of plants worth preserving? Cons. Biol., 6:135-39.
233. Lesica P and Allerdorf FW. 1995. When are peripheral populations valuable for conservation? Cons.Biol., 9:753-760.
234. Levin DA, 2002. Hybridization and extinction. Am. Sci. 90: 254 - 261.
235. Levin D. A., Francisco Ortega J and Jansen R. K., 1996. Hybridization and the extinction of rare plant species. Conservation Biology. 10: 10-16.
236. Lewontin RC, Birch LC, 1966. Hybridization as a source of variation for adaptation to new environments. Evolution. 20: 315-336.
237. Li BY and Li JJ. 1991. Quaternary Glacial Distribution of the Qinghai_Xizang (Tibet) Plateau. Beijing: Science Press. 1-10.
238. Linn S and Arber W. 1968. Host specificity of DNA produced by Escherichia coli, X. In vitro restriction of phage fd replicative form.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 59(4): 1300-1306.
239. Liu NF, 1992. Ecology of przewalski's rock partridge (Alectoris magna). Gibier Faune Suvage, 9:605-615.
240. Liu NF. 1992. Ecology of przewalski's Rock Partridge (Alectoris magna). Gibier Faune Sauvage, 9: 605-615.
241. Liu Nai-Fa, et al., 2006. Introgressive hybridization between Alectoris magna and A. chukar in the Liupan Mountain Region. Acta Zoologica Sinica. 52(1): 153-159.
242. Lodish H. 2000. Molecular Cell Biology. 4th ed. W.H.Freeman Co. New York.
243. Lucchini V and Randi E. 1998 Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation and phylogeographcial structure of rock partridge (Alectoris graeca) populations. Heredity, 31:528-536.
244. Mamuris Z, Sfougaris Al and Stamatis C. 2001 Genetic structure of Greek brown hare (Lepus europaeus) populations as revealed by mtDBNA RFLP-PCR analysis: implications for conserving genetic diversity. Biological Conservation, 101:187-196.
245. Maniatis T, Efstratiadis A, Sim GK and Kafatos F. 1978. Amplification and characterization of eukaryotic structural genes. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 48:9-10.
246. Ma R, Peng J, Liu L, Pan A. 2006. Climate and environment effect and tectonic erosion of Loess Plateau in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau Uplift. Research of Soil and Water Conservation. vol(13): 220-225.
247. Mayr E. 1942. Systematics and the origin of species. Columbia University Press, New York.
248. Mayr E. 1963. Animal species and evolution. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
249. Mayr E. 1970. Population, Species, and Evolution. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass, 71-75.
250. Mayumi Senjo, Katsutoshi Kimura, Yasuyuki Watano, Kunihiko Ueda and Tatemi Shimizu, 1999. Extensive itochondrial lntrogression from Pinus pumila to P. pawiflora var. entaphylla (Pinaceae). Journal of Plant Research. 112: 97-105.
251. Meffe GK and Carroll CR. 1994.Principles of conservation biology. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Massachusettes.
252. Merrell D J. 1981. Ecological Genetics. Longman, London.
253. Meselson M and Yuan R. 1968. DNA restriction enzyme from E.coli. Nature. 217(134): 1110-1104.
254. Meyer A. 1994. Shortcoming of the cytochrome b gene as a molecular marker. TREE 9: 278-280.
255. Milligan BG, Leebens-Mack J and Strand AE. 1994.Conservation genetics: beyond the maintenances. Molecular Ecology. 3:423-435.
256. Montalvo AM. and Ellstrand NC. 2001. Nonlocal transplantation and outbreeding depression in the subshrub Lotuss coparius (Fabaceae). American Journal of Botany, 88:258-269.
257. Moran C. 1979. The structure of hybrid zone in Caledia captiva. Heredity, 42:13-32.
258. Moritz C. 1994. Defining evolutionarily significant units for conservation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 9:373-375.
259. Moritz T, Dowling TE and Brown WM. 1987. Evolution of Animal Mitochondrial DNA: Relevance for Population Biology and Systematics. Ann.Rev.Ecol.Syst. 18:269-292.
260. Mourn T, Arnason E. 2001. Genetic diversity and population history of two related seabird species based on mitochondrial DNA control region sequences. Molecular Ecology. 10: 2463-2478.
261. Mukai T, 2001. Hybridization and introgression in the speciation process of fishes Hokkaido (in Japanese). Jpn J Ichthyol. 48:1-18.
262. Mullis K, Faloona F, Scharf S, Saiki R, Horn G and Erlich H. 1986. Specific enzymatic amplification of DNA in vitro: the polymerase chain reaction. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 51(1): 263-273.
263. Nass MMK and Nass S. 1963. Intramitochondrial fibers with DNA characteristics. J. Cell Biology, 19:591-611.
264. Nei M and Kumar S. 2000. Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics. Oxford University Press, London.
265. Nei M and Li WH. 1979. Mathematical model for studying genetic variation in terms of restriction endonucleases. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA., 76(10): 5269-73
266. Nei M, Maruyama T and Chakraborty R. 1975. The bottleneck effect and genetic variability in populations. Evolution, 29:1 - 10
267. Neigle JE and Avise JC. 1986. Phylogenetic relationships of mitochondrial DNA under various demographic models of speciation. In: Nevo E and Karlin S(eds). Evolutionary Processes and Theory. New York: Academic Press, 515-534.
268. Nielsen JL, 1995. Evolution and the Aquatic Ecosystem: Defining Unique Units in Population Conservation. American Fisheries Society Symposium 17. American Fisheries Society. Bethesda.
269. N.M. Pacheco, B.C. Congdon & V.L. Friesen, 2002. The utility of nuclear introns for investigating hybridization and genetic introgression: a case study involving Brachyramphus murrelets. Conservation Genetics. 3: 175-182.
270. Norman J,Moritz C and Limpus CJ. 1994. Mitochondrial DNA control region polymorphisms: genetic markers for ecological studies of marine turtles. Molecular Ecology. 3:363-373.
271. N. V. Polukonova and S. I. Beljanina. 2002. On the Possibility of Hybridogenesis in the Origin of Midge Chironomus usenicus Loginova et Beljanina (Chironomidae, Diptera). Russian Journal of Genetics. Vol. 38, No. 12: 1385-1390.
272. 0. A. Radchenko. 2004. Introgressive Hybridization of Chars of the Genus Salvelinus as Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Variation. Russian Journal of Genetics. Vol. 40, No. 12:1392-1398.
273. O'Brien SJ and Mayr E. 1991. Bureaucratic mischief: recognizing endangered species and subspecies. Science. 251:1187-1188.
274. Ounap, Erki, Viidalepp, Jaan, et al. 2005. Phylogenetic evaluation of the taxonomic status of Timandra griseata and T-comae (Lepidoptera : Geometridae : Sterrhinae). European Journal of Entomology. 102 (4): 607-615.
275. Pamilo P and Savolainen O. 1999. Postglacial colonization, drift, local selection and conservation value of populations: a northern perspective. Hereditas, 130:229-238.
276. Parker PG and Whiteman HH. 1993. Genetic diversity in fragmented population of Clommys cunata and Chrymys picia marginata as shown by DNA fingerprinting. Copeia, 3,841-846.
277. Petitet RJ, Mousadik AE and Poas O. 1998. Identifying populations for conservation on the basis of genetic markers. Conservation Biology, 12(4): 844-855.
278. Pianka ER. 1970. Comparative autecology of lizard Cnemidophorus tigris in different part of its geographic range. Ecology, 51:703-720.
279. Pickering RA, Malyshev S, Kunzel G et al., 2000. Locating introgressions of Hordeum bulbosum chromatin within the H. vulgare genome. Theor Appl Genet. 100: 27-31.
280. Randi E., C. Tabarroni and S. Kark. 2006. The role of history vs. demography in shaping genetic population structure across an ecotone: chukar partridges (Alectoris chukar) as a case study. Diversity and Distributions. 12:6, 714-724.
281. Randi E and Alkon PU. 1994. Genetic structure of Chukar (Alectoris chukar) population in Isael. Auk. 11(2): 216-226.
282. Randi E and Bernard-Laurent A. 1999. Population genetic of a hybrid zone between the red-legged partridge and rock partridge. Auk. 116(2):324-337.
283. Randi E, Meriggi A, Lorenzini R. Fusco G and Alkon PU. 1992. Biochemical analysis of relationships of Mediterranean Alectoris partridge. Auk. 102:358-367.
284. Randi E. 1996 A mitochondrial cytochrome b phylogeny of the Alectoris partridges. Molecular Phylogenetic Evolution, 6(2):214-27.
285. Randi, E. and Lucchini V. (1998). Organization and evolution of the mitochondrial DNA control region in the avian genus Alectoris. J Mol Evol, 47(4): 449-62.
286. Randi, E., C.Tabarroni, S.Rimondi, V.Lacchini, and A. Sfougaris. 2003. Phylogeography of the rock partridge (Alectoris graeca). Molecular Ecology. 12:2201-2214.
287. Rieseberg LH. and Wendel J. 1993. Introgression and its consequences in plants. In: Harrison RG (eds.) Hybrid Zone and the Evolutionary Press. Oxford University Press, New York, 70-103.
288. Rieseberg LH. 1997. Hybrid origins of plant species. Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 28: 359-389.
289. Rieseberg L. H. and Swensen S.M., 1996. Conservation genetics of endangered island plants. In: Avice J.C. and Hamrick J. L. (eds.), Conservation Genetics: Case Histories from Nature. Chapman & Hall, New York, 305 - 332.
290. Rieseberg LH, Baird SJE, Gardner KA, 2000. Hybridization, introgression, and linkage evolution. Plant Mol Biol. 42: 205-224.
291. Riginos C and Nachman MW. 2001 Population subdivision in marine environment: the contributions of biogeography, geographical distance and discontinuous habitat to genetic differetiation in a blennioid fish, Axoclinus nigricaudus. Mol. Ecol, 10:1439-1453.
292. R. K. Wayne & S. M. Jneks. 1991. Mitpchondrial DNA analysis implying extensive hybridization of the endangered red wolf Canis rufus. Nature, vol 351: 565-568.
293. Roelke ME, Martenson JS and O' Brien SJ 1993. The con sequences of demographic reduction and genetic depletion in the endangered Florida Panther. Current Biology,3: 340—350.
294. Roques S, Sevigny JM. and Bernatchez L. 2001. Evidence for broad scale introgressive hybridization between two redfish (Genus sebastes) in the North-West Atlantic: a rare marine example. Molecular Ecology. 10: 149-165.
295. Roy K, Valentine J W, Jablonski D and Kidwell S M. 1996 Scales of climatic variability and time averaging in Pleistocene biotas: implications for ecology and evolution. Trends Ecol. Evol., 11:458-463.
296. Roy SM, Getten E, Smith D, Ostrander EA. and wayne RK. 1994. Pattern of differentiation and hybridization in North American Wolflike canids, reverled by analysis of Microsatellite loce, Molecular Biology and Evolution, 11: 553-570.
297. Rozas J, Sanchez-DelBarrio JC, Messeguer X and Rozas R. (2003). DnaSP, DNA polymorphism analyses by the coalescent and other methods. Bioinformatics 19: 2496-2497.
298. Ryder OA. 1986. Species conservation and systematics: the dilemma of subspecies. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 1:9-10.
299. Ryman N, Utter F and Hindar K 1995. Introgression,Supportive Breeding and Genetic Conservation Population Management for Survival and Recovery. New York: Columbia University Press, 341-365.
300. Saiki RK, Gelfand DH, Stoffel S, Scharf SJ, Higuchi R, Horn GT, Mullis KB and Ehrhich HA. 1988. Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase. Science. 239:487-491.
301. Saitou N and Nei M. 1987. The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstruction phylogenetic trees. Mol.Biol. Evol. 4:406-425.
302. Salit Kark. 2001. Shifts in Bilateral Asymmetry Within a Distribution Range: the Case of the Chukar Partridge. Evolution. 55(10): 2088-2096.
303. Salzburger W, Baric S. and Sturmbauer C. 2002. Speciation Via introgressive hybridization in East African Cichlids? Molecular Ecology, 11: 619-625.
304. Salzburger W, Meyer A, Baric S, Verheyen E, Sturmbauer C. 2002b. Phylogency of the Lake Tanganyika cichlid species flock and its relationship to the central and East Africa Haplochromine cichlid fish faunas. Systermatic Biology. 51: 1-23.
305. Sakai H, 1987. Population genetics of hybridization in the genus Tribolodon, Cyprinidae. In: Mizuno N, Goto A (eds) The freshwater, fishes of Japan (in Japanese). Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 18-30.
306. Sanger FN, Nicklen S and Coulson AR. 1977. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci. USA. 74:5463-5467.
307. Sara Cabezas-Diaz, Emilio Virgos & Rafael Villafuerte. 2005. Reproductive performance changes with age and laying experience in the Red-legged Partridge Alectoris rufa. Ibis. 147: 316-323.
308. Sattre GP. and Borge T. 2001. Speciation, Introgressive hybridization and nonlinear rate of molecular evolution in flycatches. Molecular Ecology, 10: 737-749.
309. Saunders NC. 1986. Genetic variation and geographic differentiation in mtDNA of the horseshoe crab, Limulu polypherass. Genetics, 112:613-627.
310. Schneider CJ, Cunningham M and Moritz C. 1998. Comparative phylogeography and the history of endemic vertebrates in the Wet Tropics rainforests of Australia. Molecular Ecology, 7:487-498.
311. Schneider S and L Excoffier. 1999. Estimation of demographic parameters from the distribution of pairwise differences when the mutation rates vary among sites: Application to human mitochondrial DNA. Genetics. 152:1079-1089.
312. Schneider S, Roessli D and Excoffier. 2002. Arlequin Version 2.0. A Software for Population Genetics Data Analysis. Genetics and Biometry Laboratory, Department of Anthropology and Ecology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
313. Schwarzacher T, Anamthawat-Jonsson K, Harrison GE et al. 1992. Genomic in situ hybridization to identify alien chromosomes and chromosome segments in wheat. Theor Appl Genet. 84: 778-786.
314. Schwarzacher T, Leitch AR. 1994. Enzymatic treatment of plant material to spread chromosomes for in situ hybridization. In: Isaac PJ (ed), Methods in molecular biology 28: Protocols for nucleic acid analysis by nonradioactive probes. New Jersey: Humana Press: 153-160.
315. Schwarzacher T, Leitch AR, Bennett MD et al. 1989. In situ localization of parental genomes in a wide hybrid. Ann Bot 64: 315-324.
316. Seehausent O, van Alphen JJM and Witte F. 1997. Cichlid fish diversity threatened by eutrophication that curbs sexual selection. Science, 277:1808-1811.
317. Sethausen 0, Van Alphen JJM. and Witte F. 1997. Cichlid fish diversity threatened by eutrophication that curbs sexual selection. Science, 277:1808-1811.
318. Shaw DD, Marchant AD. and Contreras N. 1993. Genomic and environ metal determinant of a narrow hybrid zone: cause or coincidence? In: Hybrid Zone and the Evolutionary Process (ed. R. G. Harrison) pp 165-195 Oxford University Press, New York.
319. Shi XH, Zhao YN, Dai S, Xu L, Li YY, Jia HL, Zhang QM. 2005. Research on Climatic Change of Qaidam Basin since 1961. JOURNAL OF DESERT RESEARCH 25(1): 123-128.
320. Slatkin M. 1977. Gene flow and genetic drift in a species subject to frequent local extinctions.Theor Popul Biol. 12(3):253-62.
321. Smith JM and Smith NH. 2002. Recombination in animal mitochondrial DNA. Mol. Biol. Evol, 19:2330-2332.
322. Smithies O. 1955. Zone electrophoresis in starch gels: group variations in the serum proteins of normal human adults. Biochem J. 61(4): 629-641.
323. Sneath PHA and Sokal PP. 1973. Numerical taxonomy. Freeman, San Francisco, CA.
324. Snowdon RJ, Kohler W, Friedt W et al. 1997. Genomic in situ hybridization in Brassica amphidiploids and interspecific hybrids. Theor Appl Genet. 95: 1320-1324.
325. Soule ME and Hillis LS. 1998. No need to isolate genetics. Science. 282:1658-1659.
326. Stebbins GL. 1950. Variation and envolution in plants.New York:Columbia Univ. Press. 27-102
327. Stebbins GL. 1959. The role of hybridization in evolution. Proc. Amer. Phil.Soc, 103:231-251.
328. Stone GN, Atkinson RJ, Brown G and Rokas A. 2002. The population genetic consequences of range expansion: a review of pattern and process, and the value of oak gallwasps as a model system. Biodiversity Science, 10(1):80-97.
329. Sun H, Zheng D. 1998. Formation, evolution and development of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau. Guangdong Science & Technology Press, Guangzhou China.
330. S. V. Shed'ko, 2002. Phylogeny of Mitochondrial DNA in Salmonids of the Subfamily Salmoninae: Analysis of the Cytochrome b Gene Sequences. Russian Journal of Genetics. Vol. 38: 277-285.
331. Swofford DL and Begle DP. 1993. PAUP: phylogenetic analysis using parsimony, ver.3.1 user's manual. Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, IL.
332. Swofford DL. 2002. PAUP*: Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony. Version 4.0b10. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
333. Taberlet P, Fumaglli L and Wust-saucy A. 1998 Comparative phylogeography and postglacial colonization routes in Europe. Molecular Ecology, 7:477-494.
334. Takahashi H. and Takata K. 2000. Multiple lineages of the witochondrial DNA introgression from pungitus Pungitus (L.) to Pungitus tymensis (Nikolsuy). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquate Science. 57: 1814-1833.
335. Takahashi K, Monma Y, Hosoya K, Takatori T, Kiso K. 1995. Rediscovery and artificial reproduction of Pseudorasbora pumila pumila Miyadi from the type locality (in Japanese). Bull Miyagi Pref Freshw Fish Exp Stn. (2): 1-9.
336. Tamate HB, Shiban K and Tanchiya T. 1995 Assessment of genetic variations within populations of sika deer in Japan by analysis of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD). Zool. Sci., 12:669-673.
337. Tamura K, Nei M. 1993. Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in human and chimpanzees. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 10:512-526.
338. Teiji Sota. 2002. Radiation and reticulation: extensive introgressive hybridization in the carabid beetles Ohomopterus inferred from mitochondrial gene genealogy. Popul Ecol. 44:145-156.
339. Templeton AR. 1986. Coadaptation and outbreeding depression. In: Conservation Biology: the Science of Scarcity and Diversity (ed. Soule ME), pp. 105-116. Sinauer Associates. Sunderland, Massachusetts.
340. Thompson, J.D., Gibson, T.J., Plewniak, F., Jeanmougin, F., Higgins, D.G., 1997. The Clustal X windows interface flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tool. Nucleic Acid Research, 24,4876-4882.
341. Van Rossum, Vekemans X and Mettsts P. 1997. Allozyme variation in relation to ecotypic differentiation and population size in marginal populations of Silene nutans. Heredity, 78:552-560.
342. Vaurie C. 1965. The birds of the Palearctic fauna. Non-passeriformes. Witherby, London.
343. Vincent P. Buonaccorsi, Carol A. Kimbrelll, Eric A. Lynnl & Russell D. Vetter, 2005. Limited realized dispersal and introgressive hybridization influence genetic structure and conservation strategies for brown rockfish, Sebastes auriculatus. Conservation Genetics. (2005) 6:697 - 713.
344. Vogler AP. 1998. Extinction and evolution processing of dangerous species: what should be conservation? In: DeSalle R and Schierwater B (eds) Molecular Approaches to Ecology and Evolution. Birkhauser Publishing Ltd.
345. Watson GE. 1962a. Three sibling species of Alectoris partridges. Ibis, 104: 353-367.
346. Watson GE. 1962b. Sympatry in palearetic Alectoris partridge. Evolution, 16: 11-19.
347. Wayne R. 1996, Conservation genetics; applyany where. World Conservation, 1:15-17.
348. Wayne RK. and Jenks SM. 1991. Mitochondrial DNA analysis implying extensive hybridization of the endangered wolf Canis rufus. Nature, 351: 565-568.
349. Welsh JMM. 1990. Fingerprinting genomes using PCR with arbitary primers. Nucleic Acids Research, 18:7213-7218.
350. White MJD. 1968. Models of speciation. Science. 158: 1065--1070
351. Whitlock MC and David EM 1999. Indirect measures of gene flow and migration: Fst=1/(4Nm+1). Heredity, 82:117-125.
352. Wilde GR, Echelle AA. 1992. Genetic status of pecos pupfish populations after establishment of a hybrid swarm involving an introduced congener. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 121:227-286.
353. Williams FGK. 1990 DNA polymorphism amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucl.Acids.Res. 18(22): 6531-6535.
354. Williams MAJ, Dunkerley DL, Deckker PD, Kershaw AP and Stokes TJ 1993. Quaternary Environments. Edward Arnold Ltd.
355. Wilson, A.C., Cann, R.L., Carr, S.M., et al. 1985. Mitochondrial DNA and Two Perspectives on Evolutionary Genetics. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. vol. 26: 375-400.
356. Woodruff DS. 1989. The problems of conserving genes and species. In: Weston D and Pearl M(eds), Conservation for the twenty first century, Oxford University Press, New York. 76-88.
357. Woodruff DS. 1990. Genetics and demography in the conservation of biodiversity. Journal of Scientific Society of Thailand, 16: 117-132.
358. Wright JW. 1983 The origin of the parthenogenetic lizard (Cnemidophorus laredoensis) inferred from mtDNA analysis. Herpetologia, 39:410-416.
359. Wright F. 1990. The 'effective number of codons' used in a gene. Gene 1: 87(1):23-29.
360. Wu GJ, Pan BT, Guan QY, Gao HS. 2002. The maximum glaciation and desert expansion in China during mis16. Journal of glaciology and geocryology 24: 544-549.
361. Yang HR. 1981. Effects of the Pleistocene glaciers on loess. Urumchi: Xinjiang People Press.
362. Yanke C, Zhongliang Z, Naifa L. 2006. Genetic structure of Przewalski's Rock Partridge (Alectoris magna) populations in the Longzhong loess plateau, China. Biochemical Genetics Volume 44, Numbers 5-6: 209-221.
363. Y.B. Esa, J.M. Waters & G.P. Wallis. 2000. Introgressive hybridization between Galaxias depressiceps and Galaxias spD (Teleostei: Galaxiidae) in Otago, New Zealand: Secondary contact mediated by water races. Conservation Genetics. 1: 329-339.
364. Yoram Yom-Tov, Yoav Benjamini and Salit Kark. 2002. Global warming, Bergmann's rule and body mass ± are they related? The chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar) case. J. Zool., Lond. 257: 449-455.
365. Zeng Y, Ma H, Li L, Li Z, Sha Z, Cao G. 1997. Firstly discuss on problems of desertification in Xining basin since 1.2 Ma B.P. JOURNAL OF DESERT RESEARCH 17(3):226-229.
366. Zhang DX and Hewitt GM. 1996. Nuclear integrations: challenges for mitochondrial DNA markers. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 11:247-251.
367. Zhang, A. B.et al., 2005. Species status and phylogeography of two closely related Coptolabrus species (Coleoptera : Carabidae) in South Korea inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences. Molecular Ecology. 14(12): 3823-3841.
368. Zhang HC, Shang YY, Wu XZ. 1991. Partition and Paleoclimate characteristics of loess epoch in Lanzhou. Journal of Lanzhou University. 27: 131-138.
369. Zhao F, Xu Z. 2006. Long-term trend and jump change for major climate processes over the upper yellow river basin. Acta Meteorologica Sinica.
370. Zink RM.1991 Geography of mitochondrial DNA variation on two sympatric sparrows. Evolution, 45: 329-339.
371. Zuckerkandl E and Pauling L. 1965. Evolutionary divergence and convergence in proteins. In: Bryson V and Vogel HJ (eds) New York: Academic Press. 97-166.