连续采煤机块段式开采工艺与围岩控制技术研究
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摘要
近年来，随着我国煤矿大规模粗放性开采，长壁开采后遗留了大量的残留煤柱和不规则块段等煤炭资源，这些煤炭资源的开采主要依赖于连续采煤机短壁机械化开采技术。本文针对现有连续采煤机短壁开采工艺中存在的留设煤柱多，资源回收率低，顶板管理困难（容易形成大面积悬顶，冒落形成飓风对人员和设备都造成威胁）等问题，以神东矿区乌兰木伦煤矿为例，采用理论分析对连采工作面巷道断面、布置方式、煤柱尺寸、采硐参数以及设备配套等方面进行优化设计，提出了连续采采煤机块段式开采工艺，通过数值模拟，实验室相似模拟以及现场矿压观测研究等手段对该工艺条件下的围岩破坏运移规律、顶板控制方式以及通风系统等进行了系统研究。该研究将为连续采煤机工作面设计提供理论依据，也将对矿井边角煤炭资源的安全高效开采，实现煤炭开采技术进步有着非常重要的意义。主要形成结论如下：
（1）边角块段工作面直接顶单轴抗压强度介于33.07～34.25MPa之间，老顶单轴抗压强度介于61.631～124.222MPa之间。确定工作面支巷长度为80～120m，支巷宽度为5-6m，区段隔离煤柱宽度设计10m，刀间煤柱0.3m～1.5m。
（2）数值模拟分析认为块段式开采工艺最大垂直应力出现在刀间煤柱上，集中系数达2.25-2.7，采空区面积越大，刀间煤柱应力峰值越大。相似模拟试验表明，块段式开采工作面开采初期，顶板离层量和位移量都很小，回采完毕后容易形成大面积悬顶。随着回采空间的增大，顶板能够充分垮落。
（3）矿压观测分析表明：支巷口保护煤柱中心应力升高较快且应力值高，而煤柱中心向外的应力升高趋势相对较缓，应力值较小。随着采空区面积增加，煤柱应力增加，采空区密闭后，支巷口保护煤柱边缘部分达到塑性状态，而煤柱中心部分应力继续升高。回采期间，联巷残留三角区和支巷口保护煤柱水平位移均有所增加，采空区密闭后，顶板下沉速度变大，运动加剧。
（4）该工艺设计时取消刀间煤柱或留设小煤柱，采用四台及以上履带行走式液压行走支架支护顶板，实现了全部垮落法管理顶板，工作面回采率提高了20%以上。在工作面边界设计回风巷道，选择合理的挡风帘和局部通风机等通风设施，保证各用风点的需风量，形成了全风压通风系统。
（5）通过煤柱支护、支架切顶以及卸压爆破等综合技术可以实现对顶板的管理与控制，即留设不同功能的煤柱，采用多台履带行走式液压支架支护顶板，选择合理的卸压爆破技术实现顶板压力释放，保障工作面的安全生产。
In recent years, with extensive mining methods adopted on a large scale in coalmines in China, a large amount of residual coal pillar and of irregular blocks of coalresources was left after longwall mining. These coal resources exploitation dependsmostly on the continuous miner short-wall mechanized mining technology. Facingsuch problems as too many coal pillars leaving in the continuous miner short-wallmining technology, low recycling rates, and roof management difficulty (easy to causelarge top to flap and cave to form hurricanes which will pose a threat to personnel andequipment), this paper, taking Ulanmulun Coal Mine in Shendong Mining Camp as anexample and based on theoretical analysis, proposes optimized designs of continuousmining roadway section, the layout, size of coal columns, mining caving parameterand equipment supporting; puts forwards the continuous miners’ block miningtechnology; and carries out systemic research on motion laws of damaged rocks,roof controlling ways and the ventilation systems through numerical simulation,laboratory simulation and on-site mining pressure observation. The study will providea theoretical basis for continuous miner faces design, and will have some veryimportant value for safe and high efficiency mining of corner coal resources and makeprogress in coal mining technology. Main conclusions:
(1) The Single-axle compression strength of Direct roof of Corner blockworkface is between33.07~34.25MPa; the single-axle compression strength of mainroof is between61.631~124.222MPa. After theoretical analysis, the continuousminers’ block mining method is proposed, with the work face divided into severalsmall blocks with branch entry and connection roadways. The branch entry is80-120m long, and5-6m wide; pillars between blocks are10m apart; pillars of every cutare03.-1.5m apart.
(2) Numerical simulation analysis shows that the biggest vertical stress of theblock mining method should be in the pillars between every cut, concentrationcoefficient reaching2.25~2.7.The larger the gob area becomes, the higher the stressvalue will be. The analogy simulation tests show that at the beginning of block mining,the quantity of separation and displacement of the roof remains very small and it caneasily form a large unsupported roof. With the recovering space enlarging, the roofcan fully collapse.
(3) Mining pressure observation shows that the stress increases faster and of ahigh valve in the protective pillar of the branch entry while increases slowly and of a low value from the center to outside. As the gob area enlarges, the stress of the pillarincreases; when the gob area seals, the edge of the protective pillar of the branch entryachieves plastic status while the stress in the center of the pillar goes up continuously.During the recovery period, the displacement of the remaining triangle area in theconnection roadway and the branch entry’s protective pillar intensifies; after the gobarea seals, the roof falling speeds up and moves fiercely.
(4) This method cancels the pillars between cuts or pre-reserving small pillars,and supports the roof with4or more hydraulic walking crawlers. As a result, thismethod realizes the fully-caving management of the roof; improves the recovery ratioby at least20%; and forms a total ventilation system to assure the required airflow inevery air assumption place through the return airways on the boarder of the work faceand reasonable wind curtain and auxiliary fan etc.
(5)The roof’s management and control can be realized through such integratedtechniques as pillar support, support topping and pressure-leaking explosion, that is,to pre-reserve pillars of different functions, to use several hydraulic walking crawlersto prop the roof, and to use reasonable pressure-leaking explosion techniques torealize roof pressure-leaking to ensure safe production in the workface.
（1）边角块段工作面直接顶单轴抗压强度介于33.07～34.25MPa之间，老顶单轴抗压强度介于61.631～124.222MPa之间。确定工作面支巷长度为80～120m，支巷宽度为5-6m，区段隔离煤柱宽度设计10m，刀间煤柱0.3m～1.5m。
（2）数值模拟分析认为块段式开采工艺最大垂直应力出现在刀间煤柱上，集中系数达2.25-2.7，采空区面积越大，刀间煤柱应力峰值越大。相似模拟试验表明，块段式开采工作面开采初期，顶板离层量和位移量都很小，回采完毕后容易形成大面积悬顶。随着回采空间的增大，顶板能够充分垮落。
（3）矿压观测分析表明：支巷口保护煤柱中心应力升高较快且应力值高，而煤柱中心向外的应力升高趋势相对较缓，应力值较小。随着采空区面积增加，煤柱应力增加，采空区密闭后，支巷口保护煤柱边缘部分达到塑性状态，而煤柱中心部分应力继续升高。回采期间，联巷残留三角区和支巷口保护煤柱水平位移均有所增加，采空区密闭后，顶板下沉速度变大，运动加剧。
（4）该工艺设计时取消刀间煤柱或留设小煤柱，采用四台及以上履带行走式液压行走支架支护顶板，实现了全部垮落法管理顶板，工作面回采率提高了20%以上。在工作面边界设计回风巷道，选择合理的挡风帘和局部通风机等通风设施，保证各用风点的需风量，形成了全风压通风系统。
（5）通过煤柱支护、支架切顶以及卸压爆破等综合技术可以实现对顶板的管理与控制，即留设不同功能的煤柱，采用多台履带行走式液压支架支护顶板，选择合理的卸压爆破技术实现顶板压力释放，保障工作面的安全生产。
In recent years, with extensive mining methods adopted on a large scale in coalmines in China, a large amount of residual coal pillar and of irregular blocks of coalresources was left after longwall mining. These coal resources exploitation dependsmostly on the continuous miner short-wall mechanized mining technology. Facingsuch problems as too many coal pillars leaving in the continuous miner short-wallmining technology, low recycling rates, and roof management difficulty (easy to causelarge top to flap and cave to form hurricanes which will pose a threat to personnel andequipment), this paper, taking Ulanmulun Coal Mine in Shendong Mining Camp as anexample and based on theoretical analysis, proposes optimized designs of continuousmining roadway section, the layout, size of coal columns, mining caving parameterand equipment supporting; puts forwards the continuous miners’ block miningtechnology; and carries out systemic research on motion laws of damaged rocks,roof controlling ways and the ventilation systems through numerical simulation,laboratory simulation and on-site mining pressure observation. The study will providea theoretical basis for continuous miner faces design, and will have some veryimportant value for safe and high efficiency mining of corner coal resources and makeprogress in coal mining technology. Main conclusions:
(1) The Single-axle compression strength of Direct roof of Corner blockworkface is between33.07~34.25MPa; the single-axle compression strength of mainroof is between61.631~124.222MPa. After theoretical analysis, the continuousminers’ block mining method is proposed, with the work face divided into severalsmall blocks with branch entry and connection roadways. The branch entry is80-120m long, and5-6m wide; pillars between blocks are10m apart; pillars of every cutare03.-1.5m apart.
(2) Numerical simulation analysis shows that the biggest vertical stress of theblock mining method should be in the pillars between every cut, concentrationcoefficient reaching2.25~2.7.The larger the gob area becomes, the higher the stressvalue will be. The analogy simulation tests show that at the beginning of block mining,the quantity of separation and displacement of the roof remains very small and it caneasily form a large unsupported roof. With the recovering space enlarging, the roofcan fully collapse.
(3) Mining pressure observation shows that the stress increases faster and of ahigh valve in the protective pillar of the branch entry while increases slowly and of a low value from the center to outside. As the gob area enlarges, the stress of the pillarincreases; when the gob area seals, the edge of the protective pillar of the branch entryachieves plastic status while the stress in the center of the pillar goes up continuously.During the recovery period, the displacement of the remaining triangle area in theconnection roadway and the branch entry’s protective pillar intensifies; after the gobarea seals, the roof falling speeds up and moves fiercely.
(4) This method cancels the pillars between cuts or pre-reserving small pillars,and supports the roof with4or more hydraulic walking crawlers. As a result, thismethod realizes the fully-caving management of the roof; improves the recovery ratioby at least20%; and forms a total ventilation system to assure the required airflow inevery air assumption place through the return airways on the boarder of the work faceand reasonable wind curtain and auxiliary fan etc.
(5)The roof’s management and control can be realized through such integratedtechniques as pillar support, support topping and pressure-leaking explosion, that is,to pre-reserve pillars of different functions, to use several hydraulic walking crawlersto prop the roof, and to use reasonable pressure-leaking explosion techniques torealize roof pressure-leaking to ensure safe production in the workface.
引文
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