采石废弃地的景观恢复规划研究
|
摘要
随着社会经济的不断发展,传统工业的日趋衰退及产业结构的不断调整,我国的工业化和城市化进程在得到迅猛发展之后,留下的是满目疮痍、千疮百孔的大地。曾经为社会的发展和建设作出贡献的采石场,如今也带来了诸如景观的破损、植被的退化消失、生态环境的破坏、环境污染和生物多样性遭到破坏等严重的环境和社会问题。尤其是在我国土地资源日趋紧张的状况下,对采石废弃地的景观重建成为迫在眉睫的问题。
目前国内对采石废弃地的生态恢复和景观规划的一些研究和探索性的实践相继出现。但大部分都是从宏观角度对所有废弃地或者工业和矿业废弃地进行景观设计的研究,而对于其中的采石废弃地大多数都是以介绍案例的方式进行探讨的,生态学界则主要进行生态恢复技术方面的研究。与此同时,我们已经采取了关停采石场和控制其规模数量等行政管理措施,不断深入在采石废弃地的生态恢复工程技术方面的研究,在此基础之上更重要的问题是怎样通过景观重建规划把这些采石场由“废地”变为“宝地”?这是一直以来国内外专家们共同关注的焦点,它关系到人们生活质量的提高,关系到经济发展与环境保护的协调,意义重大。
因此本论文将以我国的基本国情为出发点,从生态恢复、景观重建以及政策和管理开发模式等更深层面着手,对采石废弃地的类型特征以及其生态恢复和景观重建的基础理论进行重新的梳理和系统的研究,通过对国内外采石废弃地生态恢复和景观更新的成功案例的分析和总结,首次提出采石废弃地景观重建规划的策略—“四步一线法”,即规划原则、规划途径、改造模式、规划措施四步和保障机制—行政措施和开发运营模式对整个规划的一线贯穿,并且以山东省淄博高新区玉皇山生态恢复工程为例,将理论和实践相互论证和渗透,最后对采石废弃地的景观重建提出一些建议,对指导我国采石废弃地的综合治理具有一定的理论和实践意义。
With the development of social economy, declination of traditional industries and adjustment of industrial structure, our country industrialization and urbanization has been rapid developed.However,our land had suffered serious damage. The quarry industry that did great contributiveness for the community development and construction, also brought serious problems about circumstance and society. As the sight disrepair, the vegetation was degenerated and disappeared, the animal habitat,destroyed, environment polluted, biodiversity destroyed and so on. Especially in the situation of increasingly scarce land resources in China, it is imperative to take landscape reconstruction planning for wasted quarrying area.
Currently some researches and exploratory practices on ecological reconstruction and landscape planning of wasted quarrying area have appeared in our country. However ,most are opposite to researches on landscape planning of all waste or industrial waste and mine land from the macro point of view. Most of the wasted quarrying area are probed by the way of introducing cases. And ecologists mainly study the ecological reconstruction technical. Meanwhile, our govenment have taken administrative measures of closing quarry and controling the scale and quantity. And we continue studying the ecological reconstruction technical of quarrying waste. Additionally, the more important problem is how to change the quarrying waste from“waste land”to“precious land”by the way of landscape reconstruction planning. The problem is a focus that abroad experts have been common concerning. It is significant, because it is related to improving the quality of people’s lives and the coordination of economic development and environmental protection.
Therefore, in the paper the type,features and theoretical basis on ecological and landscape reconstruction of wasted quarrying area will be rehackled and systematic studied through the deeper level, as ecological reconstruction and landscape reconstruction,policy and management development model according to China's basic national conditions. This paper first provides the landscape reconstruction planning strategy - the "four-step first-line method", which Includes four-step- planning principles, planning ways ,transformation model and planning measures ;and the line that runs through the entire planning- protection mechanisms - administrative measures and development business model. And the theory and practice will be demonstrated and infiltration taking the ecological reconstruction of Yuhuangshan in Zibogaoxinqu of Shandong province as an example. Finally, some suggestions about landscape reconstruction planning of quarrying waste are proposed, which have some theoretical and practical significance in guiding China's quarrying waste comprehensive management.
目前国内对采石废弃地的生态恢复和景观规划的一些研究和探索性的实践相继出现。但大部分都是从宏观角度对所有废弃地或者工业和矿业废弃地进行景观设计的研究,而对于其中的采石废弃地大多数都是以介绍案例的方式进行探讨的,生态学界则主要进行生态恢复技术方面的研究。与此同时,我们已经采取了关停采石场和控制其规模数量等行政管理措施,不断深入在采石废弃地的生态恢复工程技术方面的研究,在此基础之上更重要的问题是怎样通过景观重建规划把这些采石场由“废地”变为“宝地”?这是一直以来国内外专家们共同关注的焦点,它关系到人们生活质量的提高,关系到经济发展与环境保护的协调,意义重大。
因此本论文将以我国的基本国情为出发点,从生态恢复、景观重建以及政策和管理开发模式等更深层面着手,对采石废弃地的类型特征以及其生态恢复和景观重建的基础理论进行重新的梳理和系统的研究,通过对国内外采石废弃地生态恢复和景观更新的成功案例的分析和总结,首次提出采石废弃地景观重建规划的策略—“四步一线法”,即规划原则、规划途径、改造模式、规划措施四步和保障机制—行政措施和开发运营模式对整个规划的一线贯穿,并且以山东省淄博高新区玉皇山生态恢复工程为例,将理论和实践相互论证和渗透,最后对采石废弃地的景观重建提出一些建议,对指导我国采石废弃地的综合治理具有一定的理论和实践意义。
With the development of social economy, declination of traditional industries and adjustment of industrial structure, our country industrialization and urbanization has been rapid developed.However,our land had suffered serious damage. The quarry industry that did great contributiveness for the community development and construction, also brought serious problems about circumstance and society. As the sight disrepair, the vegetation was degenerated and disappeared, the animal habitat,destroyed, environment polluted, biodiversity destroyed and so on. Especially in the situation of increasingly scarce land resources in China, it is imperative to take landscape reconstruction planning for wasted quarrying area.
Currently some researches and exploratory practices on ecological reconstruction and landscape planning of wasted quarrying area have appeared in our country. However ,most are opposite to researches on landscape planning of all waste or industrial waste and mine land from the macro point of view. Most of the wasted quarrying area are probed by the way of introducing cases. And ecologists mainly study the ecological reconstruction technical. Meanwhile, our govenment have taken administrative measures of closing quarry and controling the scale and quantity. And we continue studying the ecological reconstruction technical of quarrying waste. Additionally, the more important problem is how to change the quarrying waste from“waste land”to“precious land”by the way of landscape reconstruction planning. The problem is a focus that abroad experts have been common concerning. It is significant, because it is related to improving the quality of people’s lives and the coordination of economic development and environmental protection.
Therefore, in the paper the type,features and theoretical basis on ecological and landscape reconstruction of wasted quarrying area will be rehackled and systematic studied through the deeper level, as ecological reconstruction and landscape reconstruction,policy and management development model according to China's basic national conditions. This paper first provides the landscape reconstruction planning strategy - the "four-step first-line method", which Includes four-step- planning principles, planning ways ,transformation model and planning measures ;and the line that runs through the entire planning- protection mechanisms - administrative measures and development business model. And the theory and practice will be demonstrated and infiltration taking the ecological reconstruction of Yuhuangshan in Zibogaoxinqu of Shandong province as an example. Finally, some suggestions about landscape reconstruction planning of quarrying waste are proposed, which have some theoretical and practical significance in guiding China's quarrying waste comprehensive management.
引文
[1]安保昭,周庆桐.坡面绿化施工法[M].北京:人民交通出版社,1988,134～142.
[2]包维楷,刘照光,刘庆.生态恢复重建研究与发展现状及存在的主要问题[J].世界科技研究与发展.2000,23(l):4一48.
[3]包志毅,陈波.工业废弃地态生恢复中的植被重建技术[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(3):160-164.
[4]曹树刚,刘敏,武晓敏等.特大城市周边采石废弃地的生态恢复与土地再利用探讨[J].中国矿业,2007,16(11):28-29.
[5]陈波,包志毅.国外采石场的生态和景观重建[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(5):71-73.
[6]陈法扬.城市化过程中的废弃采石场治理技术探讨[J].中国水土保持,2002(5):39—40.
[7]迪特·哈森普鲁格(德).德国在后工业时代的转型一IBA埃姆瑟公园和区域规划的新范式121.刘崇译.建筑学报,2005,12:6一8
[8]方华等.采石场生态整治的技术与行政措施——以深圳市为例[J].水土保持研究,2004,11(1):171-173.
[9]傅伯杰主编.景观生态学原理及应用[C].科学出版社,2001.
[10]傅强.生态设计在后工业景观中的应用[D].西安建筑科技大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[11]郭晋平,周志翔主编.景观生态学[C].中国林业出版社,2007.
[12]桂强.景观美学的自律与他律[J].艺术百家,2007,2:115-118.
[13]黄敬军.废弃采石场岩质边坡绿化技术及废弃地开发利用探讨[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2006(9):69—72.
[14]黄滢,城市工业废弃地景观的更新设计[D].南京林业大学,2006.
[15]黄震方等.城郊旅游的可持续发展与观光农业的开发初探:以南京城郊观光农业的发展为例[J].南京师大学报,1999,22(4):103-106.
[16]胡涛,陈同斌.中国的可持续发展研究[J],北京:中国环境科学出版社,1995.
[17]李娟,龙健.矿区土地修复与生态农业可持续发展对策[J].农业现代化研究2004,2(3):90-93.
[18]李娟,赵竟英,陈伟强.矿区废弃地复垦与生态环境重建[J].国土与自然资源研究,2004,1:27-28.
[19]李天雄等.昔日采石场,今日变公园——焦作市缝山公园规划与建设探析[J].园林科技,2007,2:27-33.
[20]李永庚,蒋高明.矿山废弃地生态重建研究进展[J].生态学报,2004, 24(1): 95-100.
[21]梁留科.德国煤矿区景观生态重建/土地复垦及对中国的启示[J].经济地理,2002,6(11):711-715.
[22]刘海龙,采矿废弃地的生态恢复与可持续景观设计[J].生态学报2004(2):323-329.
[23]罗松,郑天媛.采石场遗留石质开采面阶梯整形覆土绿化方法研究[J].中国水土保持,2001(2):36～38.
[24]卢云亭等.观光农业[C].北京:北京出版社,1995.
[25]麦克哈格(美).设计结合自然.芮经炜译.北京:建筑工业出版社,1992:6-30
[26]宁丰收,游霞,杨海林.重庆市主城区废弃采石场生态与景观恢复对策[J].水土保持通报,2005,25(3):80.
[27]彭娟,刘姗姗等.采石废弃地景观与生态恢复规划—以山东淄博高新区玉皇山生态恢复工程为例[J].西南林学院学报,2009,29(6):58-62.
[28]宋书巧,周永章.矿业废弃地及其生态恢复与重建[J].矿产保护与利用,2001,10(5):43-49.
[29]孙丽,工业废弃地的景观整治方法研究[D].北京林业大学,2007.
[30]盛卉,矿山废弃地景观再生设计研究[D].南京林业大学,2009.
[31]王永喜,王丽坤,石质边坡生态修复技术[J].中国城市林业,2004,2(4)42-44.
[32]汤惠君,胡振琪.试论采石场的生态恢复[J].中国业,2004,13(7):38-42.
[33]王兵.从中外乡村旅游的现状对比看我国乡村旅游的未来[J].旅游学刊,1999(2):39.
[34]王存存等.采石废弃地开发旅游景区可行性分析[J].地理学与地理信息科学,2006, 21(3):68-71.
[35]王存存等.矿区废弃地生态恢复和可持续发展研究[J].中国农学通报,2006,21(3):68-71.
[36]王伶云等.采石场生态治理植物选择初探[J].农业科技与信息,2007,6:67-68.
[37]吴人韦.论旅游规划的性质[J].地理学与国土研究,1999,4(11):50-54.
[38]邬建国.景观生态学—格局、过程、尺度与等级[J].北京:高等教育出版社,2000:15~17.
[39]肖笃宁主编.景观生态学研究进展[C].湖南科学技术出版社.1999.
[40]肖笃宁.景观生态学理论、方法及应用[C].北京:中国林业出版社,1991.
[41]肖笃宁,李晓文.试论景观规划的目标、任务和基本原则[J].生态学杂志,1998,17(3):46-52.
[42]肖胜和.浅论郊野旅游开发[J].桂林旅游高等专科学校学报,1999,10(3):44-46.
[43]谢益贵.废弃采石矿山绿化治理方案设计初探[J].福建林业科技,1999,4(12):218-221.
[44]徐海顺等.城郊矿区废弃地观光农业生态规划[J].中国农学通报,2006,22(2):275-279.
[45]阳承胜等.矿业废弃地生态恢复的土壤生物肥力[J].生态科学,2000,19(3):73-78.
[46]夏夏.从废弃地走向现代城市景观[D].南京林业大学,2007.
[47]虞莳君.废弃地再生研究[D].南京农业大学,2007.
[48]俞孔坚,李迪华,段铁武.生物多样性保护的景观规划途径[J].生物多样性,1998,6(3): 205-212.
[49]俞孔坚.论景观概念及其研究的发展[J].北京林业大学学报,1987, 9(4):433-438.
[50]俞孔坚主编.景观:文化、生态与感知[C].科学出版社.1998.
[51]俞孔坚.追求场所性:景观设计的几个途径及比较研究[J].建筑学报. 2000, 2:45-48.
[52]赵晓英,孙成权.恢复生态学及其发展[J].地球科学进展,1998:12一15
[53]张璐璐,矿业城市景观再生初探[D].东南大学,2006.
[54]张惠远.景观规划:概念、起源与发展[J].应用生态学报,1999,10(3):373-378.
[55]章振国等.采石场、挖沙场环境问题与防治对策[J].中国环境管理,2000,(6):24-26.
[56]周进生,石森.矿区生态恢复理论综述[J].中国矿业2004,13(3):10-12.
[57]朱建宁,郑光霞.采石场上的记忆——日照市银河公园改建设计[J].中国园林,2007,1:18-24.
[58]朱海骏等.某废弃采石场的边坡治理与景观设计探讨[J].金属矿山,2006,5:63-65.
[59]赵和生主编.城市规划与城市发展[C].东南大学出版社,2005.
[60]Anthony Bradshaw.Reconstruction of mined lands:using natural processes[J].Ecological Engineering,1997,(8):255-269.
[61]Chapman M G. Improving sampling designs for measuring reconstruction in aquatic habitats. Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery, 1999, 6:235-251.
[62]Cook EA, Van Lier HN. Landscape planning and ecological networks[M].Amsterdam:Elsevier,1994.
[63]Cullen WR ,Wheater CP ,Dunleavy PJ . 1998. Establishment ofspecies2rich vegetation on reclaimed limestone quarry faces inDerbyshire ,U K [J ] . Biol . Conser. ,84 :25～33.
[64]Cristea V, Hodisan I, Pop I, et al. Ecological reconstruction of mining refuse dumps.Development of spontaneous vegetation. Contributii Botanice Universitatea Cluj Napoca Gradina Botanica, 1990, 33-37.
[65]Darmer G and Dietrich N. Landscape and Surface Mining: Ecological Guidelines for Reclamation, Van Nostrand Rein-hold Company, New York,1992.
[66]Edward Inskeep.Tourism Planning: An Integrated and Sustainable Approach[M]. The Hugne:Van Nostrand Rein-nold,1991.112-123.
[67]Forman, R.T.T & M. Godron. Landscape Ecology[M]. New York: john Wiley & Sons,1986.
[68]George Seddon. Landscape Planning: A conceptual Perspective[J], Landscape and Urban Planning,1986,13: 335-347.
[69]Haber W. Using landscape ecology in planning and management. In: Zonneveld IS and Forman RTT eds. Changing Landscape: An Ecological Perspective. New York:Springer-Verlag.1990.
[70]Hooper D U,P M Vitousek. The effect of plant composition and diversity on ecosystem processes[J]. Science,1997,277: 1302-1305.
[71]James Corner. Ecology and landscape as agents of creativity. Landscape architecture:ecological design and planning. New York:John Wiley & Sons,1993,80～108.
[72]Mark Johnson. Ecology and the urban aesthetic. Landscape architecture:ecological design and planning. New York:John Wiley & Sons,1993,167～184.
[73]Law Dennis L. Mined-Land Rehabilitation, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York,1984.
[74]Mohan K W. Ecological succession and the rehabilitation of disturbed terrestrial ecosystems. Plant and Soil, 1999,213:195-220.
[75]Parham W. Improving degrade lands: Promising experience from South China.Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press, 1993,11-23.
[76]Raman Kumar Dutta, Madhoolika Agrawal. Reconstruction of opencast coalmine spoils by planting exotic tree Ecological Engineering. 2003, 21:143-151.
[77]Sally L. Brown. Zinc and Cadmium uptake and metal tolerant S. vulgaris grown Technol.,1995,29(6): 1581-1585.
[78]Sundaravadivel, M., Vigneswaran, S., 2001.Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31:351-409.
[79]Tom Turner. Landscape Planning And Environmental Impact Design [M].England: UCL Press,1998.
[2]包维楷,刘照光,刘庆.生态恢复重建研究与发展现状及存在的主要问题[J].世界科技研究与发展.2000,23(l):4一48.
[3]包志毅,陈波.工业废弃地态生恢复中的植被重建技术[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(3):160-164.
[4]曹树刚,刘敏,武晓敏等.特大城市周边采石废弃地的生态恢复与土地再利用探讨[J].中国矿业,2007,16(11):28-29.
[5]陈波,包志毅.国外采石场的生态和景观重建[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(5):71-73.
[6]陈法扬.城市化过程中的废弃采石场治理技术探讨[J].中国水土保持,2002(5):39—40.
[7]迪特·哈森普鲁格(德).德国在后工业时代的转型一IBA埃姆瑟公园和区域规划的新范式121.刘崇译.建筑学报,2005,12:6一8
[8]方华等.采石场生态整治的技术与行政措施——以深圳市为例[J].水土保持研究,2004,11(1):171-173.
[9]傅伯杰主编.景观生态学原理及应用[C].科学出版社,2001.
[10]傅强.生态设计在后工业景观中的应用[D].西安建筑科技大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[11]郭晋平,周志翔主编.景观生态学[C].中国林业出版社,2007.
[12]桂强.景观美学的自律与他律[J].艺术百家,2007,2:115-118.
[13]黄敬军.废弃采石场岩质边坡绿化技术及废弃地开发利用探讨[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2006(9):69—72.
[14]黄滢,城市工业废弃地景观的更新设计[D].南京林业大学,2006.
[15]黄震方等.城郊旅游的可持续发展与观光农业的开发初探:以南京城郊观光农业的发展为例[J].南京师大学报,1999,22(4):103-106.
[16]胡涛,陈同斌.中国的可持续发展研究[J],北京:中国环境科学出版社,1995.
[17]李娟,龙健.矿区土地修复与生态农业可持续发展对策[J].农业现代化研究2004,2(3):90-93.
[18]李娟,赵竟英,陈伟强.矿区废弃地复垦与生态环境重建[J].国土与自然资源研究,2004,1:27-28.
[19]李天雄等.昔日采石场,今日变公园——焦作市缝山公园规划与建设探析[J].园林科技,2007,2:27-33.
[20]李永庚,蒋高明.矿山废弃地生态重建研究进展[J].生态学报,2004, 24(1): 95-100.
[21]梁留科.德国煤矿区景观生态重建/土地复垦及对中国的启示[J].经济地理,2002,6(11):711-715.
[22]刘海龙,采矿废弃地的生态恢复与可持续景观设计[J].生态学报2004(2):323-329.
[23]罗松,郑天媛.采石场遗留石质开采面阶梯整形覆土绿化方法研究[J].中国水土保持,2001(2):36～38.
[24]卢云亭等.观光农业[C].北京:北京出版社,1995.
[25]麦克哈格(美).设计结合自然.芮经炜译.北京:建筑工业出版社,1992:6-30
[26]宁丰收,游霞,杨海林.重庆市主城区废弃采石场生态与景观恢复对策[J].水土保持通报,2005,25(3):80.
[27]彭娟,刘姗姗等.采石废弃地景观与生态恢复规划—以山东淄博高新区玉皇山生态恢复工程为例[J].西南林学院学报,2009,29(6):58-62.
[28]宋书巧,周永章.矿业废弃地及其生态恢复与重建[J].矿产保护与利用,2001,10(5):43-49.
[29]孙丽,工业废弃地的景观整治方法研究[D].北京林业大学,2007.
[30]盛卉,矿山废弃地景观再生设计研究[D].南京林业大学,2009.
[31]王永喜,王丽坤,石质边坡生态修复技术[J].中国城市林业,2004,2(4)42-44.
[32]汤惠君,胡振琪.试论采石场的生态恢复[J].中国业,2004,13(7):38-42.
[33]王兵.从中外乡村旅游的现状对比看我国乡村旅游的未来[J].旅游学刊,1999(2):39.
[34]王存存等.采石废弃地开发旅游景区可行性分析[J].地理学与地理信息科学,2006, 21(3):68-71.
[35]王存存等.矿区废弃地生态恢复和可持续发展研究[J].中国农学通报,2006,21(3):68-71.
[36]王伶云等.采石场生态治理植物选择初探[J].农业科技与信息,2007,6:67-68.
[37]吴人韦.论旅游规划的性质[J].地理学与国土研究,1999,4(11):50-54.
[38]邬建国.景观生态学—格局、过程、尺度与等级[J].北京:高等教育出版社,2000:15~17.
[39]肖笃宁主编.景观生态学研究进展[C].湖南科学技术出版社.1999.
[40]肖笃宁.景观生态学理论、方法及应用[C].北京:中国林业出版社,1991.
[41]肖笃宁,李晓文.试论景观规划的目标、任务和基本原则[J].生态学杂志,1998,17(3):46-52.
[42]肖胜和.浅论郊野旅游开发[J].桂林旅游高等专科学校学报,1999,10(3):44-46.
[43]谢益贵.废弃采石矿山绿化治理方案设计初探[J].福建林业科技,1999,4(12):218-221.
[44]徐海顺等.城郊矿区废弃地观光农业生态规划[J].中国农学通报,2006,22(2):275-279.
[45]阳承胜等.矿业废弃地生态恢复的土壤生物肥力[J].生态科学,2000,19(3):73-78.
[46]夏夏.从废弃地走向现代城市景观[D].南京林业大学,2007.
[47]虞莳君.废弃地再生研究[D].南京农业大学,2007.
[48]俞孔坚,李迪华,段铁武.生物多样性保护的景观规划途径[J].生物多样性,1998,6(3): 205-212.
[49]俞孔坚.论景观概念及其研究的发展[J].北京林业大学学报,1987, 9(4):433-438.
[50]俞孔坚主编.景观:文化、生态与感知[C].科学出版社.1998.
[51]俞孔坚.追求场所性:景观设计的几个途径及比较研究[J].建筑学报. 2000, 2:45-48.
[52]赵晓英,孙成权.恢复生态学及其发展[J].地球科学进展,1998:12一15
[53]张璐璐,矿业城市景观再生初探[D].东南大学,2006.
[54]张惠远.景观规划:概念、起源与发展[J].应用生态学报,1999,10(3):373-378.
[55]章振国等.采石场、挖沙场环境问题与防治对策[J].中国环境管理,2000,(6):24-26.
[56]周进生,石森.矿区生态恢复理论综述[J].中国矿业2004,13(3):10-12.
[57]朱建宁,郑光霞.采石场上的记忆——日照市银河公园改建设计[J].中国园林,2007,1:18-24.
[58]朱海骏等.某废弃采石场的边坡治理与景观设计探讨[J].金属矿山,2006,5:63-65.
[59]赵和生主编.城市规划与城市发展[C].东南大学出版社,2005.
[60]Anthony Bradshaw.Reconstruction of mined lands:using natural processes[J].Ecological Engineering,1997,(8):255-269.
[61]Chapman M G. Improving sampling designs for measuring reconstruction in aquatic habitats. Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery, 1999, 6:235-251.
[62]Cook EA, Van Lier HN. Landscape planning and ecological networks[M].Amsterdam:Elsevier,1994.
[63]Cullen WR ,Wheater CP ,Dunleavy PJ . 1998. Establishment ofspecies2rich vegetation on reclaimed limestone quarry faces inDerbyshire ,U K [J ] . Biol . Conser. ,84 :25～33.
[64]Cristea V, Hodisan I, Pop I, et al. Ecological reconstruction of mining refuse dumps.Development of spontaneous vegetation. Contributii Botanice Universitatea Cluj Napoca Gradina Botanica, 1990, 33-37.
[65]Darmer G and Dietrich N. Landscape and Surface Mining: Ecological Guidelines for Reclamation, Van Nostrand Rein-hold Company, New York,1992.
[66]Edward Inskeep.Tourism Planning: An Integrated and Sustainable Approach[M]. The Hugne:Van Nostrand Rein-nold,1991.112-123.
[67]Forman, R.T.T & M. Godron. Landscape Ecology[M]. New York: john Wiley & Sons,1986.
[68]George Seddon. Landscape Planning: A conceptual Perspective[J], Landscape and Urban Planning,1986,13: 335-347.
[69]Haber W. Using landscape ecology in planning and management. In: Zonneveld IS and Forman RTT eds. Changing Landscape: An Ecological Perspective. New York:Springer-Verlag.1990.
[70]Hooper D U,P M Vitousek. The effect of plant composition and diversity on ecosystem processes[J]. Science,1997,277: 1302-1305.
[71]James Corner. Ecology and landscape as agents of creativity. Landscape architecture:ecological design and planning. New York:John Wiley & Sons,1993,80～108.
[72]Mark Johnson. Ecology and the urban aesthetic. Landscape architecture:ecological design and planning. New York:John Wiley & Sons,1993,167～184.
[73]Law Dennis L. Mined-Land Rehabilitation, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York,1984.
[74]Mohan K W. Ecological succession and the rehabilitation of disturbed terrestrial ecosystems. Plant and Soil, 1999,213:195-220.
[75]Parham W. Improving degrade lands: Promising experience from South China.Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press, 1993,11-23.
[76]Raman Kumar Dutta, Madhoolika Agrawal. Reconstruction of opencast coalmine spoils by planting exotic tree Ecological Engineering. 2003, 21:143-151.
[77]Sally L. Brown. Zinc and Cadmium uptake and metal tolerant S. vulgaris grown Technol.,1995,29(6): 1581-1585.
[78]Sundaravadivel, M., Vigneswaran, S., 2001.Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31:351-409.
[79]Tom Turner. Landscape Planning And Environmental Impact Design [M].England: UCL Press,1998.