智能家居系统中视频实时传输技术的研究与应用
|
摘要
随着人们生活水平的提高，数字化、智能化的信息家居越来越成为人们追求的目标，而数字化的家庭安防是智能家居系统的重要组成部分。数字化的家庭安防必然要求实现对家庭视频的远程实时监控。远程的视频实时传输要求视频的高效压缩和能够适应各种网络中的远程实时传输。因此，本论文主要针对基于智能家居系统中视频实时传输的研究和应用。
Internet基于TCP／IP协议信道共享，由多种异构网络互连而成的，其中的传输延时、信道带宽、数据包丢失率都是时变的、不可预测的，因此，对延时、带宽要求很高的多媒体通信，必须有一种高效的编码方法和根据带宽变化的实时传输策略。
MPEG-4和传统的MPEG-1、MPEG-2和H.263压缩标准相比，在存储容量、图像质量、网络传输、抗误码性等方面都具有巨大的优势。RTP／RTCP是基于TCP／IP网络的视频实时传输协议和实时传输控制协议，比TCP简单有效，比UDP更可靠。因此系统选择MPEG-4作为压缩标准，选择RTP／RTCP协议作为系统的视频实时传输协议。
本文研究分析了MPEG-4视频的纹理编码、运动估计和运动编码，对一维快速DCT算法、MVFAST和PMVFAST运动搜索算法进行深入研究。分析和比较MPEG-4码流在Internet上的几种实时传输方案，选择了自适应编码方案作为本系统的传输方案；对RTP／RTCP协议、MPEG-4码流在RTP中的包结构、端到端的反馈控制算法和差错控制的解决方案以及基于二级R-D速率控制算法进行了深入的研究，并对二级R-D速率控制算法进行了改进。最后综合运用了XviD、JRTP源码和Video4Linux、DirectShow等技术在智能家居系统中得到了应用实现。
With the continuing improvement of people's living standard, digital and intelligent information home become the goal of people's life. As one of the most important parts of digitalized home security, it needs the real time supervision of home video. Long-distance transportation of real-time video will require efficient compression techniques and be adaptive to all kinds of network environments. This paper based on these above issues and proposed the research and development of the transportation of real time video in smart home system.
The Internet is based on the sharing channel of TCP/IP protocol and consists of various heterogeneous subnets. It is unpredictable of its transportation latency, available bandwidth and data package lost rate. So it's necessary to have an efficient encoding method and an adaptive real time transportation strategy to meet the multimedia communication's requirement of latency and bandwidth.
MPEG-4 is more advantageous than MPEG-1, MPEG-2 and H.263 in store capacity, quality of image, net transportation, and error resistance. RTP/RTCP is a real time video transportation and real time transportation control protocol based on TCP/IP. It is more effective than TCP and more reliable than UDP. As a result, it is worthwhile to choose MPEG-4 as the compression standard and RTP/RTCP as the real time transportation protocol for system.
This paper discusses and analyzes texture coding and motion compensation tools of the MPEG-4 video, especially on the one dimension DCT algorithm, MVFAST and PMVFAST motion prediction algorithms. It compares and analyzes many real time transportation methods of MPEG-4 video bits, and selects the adaptive rate control algorithm for this system; it also discusses RTP/RTCP protocol and RTP payload format for MPEG-4 visual streams, feedback control algorithm and error control methods; It has comprehensive research about the quadratic R-D model algorithm and improves it. Finally, these technologies are applied in smart home system, using XviD , JRTP open source software , Video4Linux and DirectShow technologies.
Internet基于TCP／IP协议信道共享，由多种异构网络互连而成的，其中的传输延时、信道带宽、数据包丢失率都是时变的、不可预测的，因此，对延时、带宽要求很高的多媒体通信，必须有一种高效的编码方法和根据带宽变化的实时传输策略。
MPEG-4和传统的MPEG-1、MPEG-2和H.263压缩标准相比，在存储容量、图像质量、网络传输、抗误码性等方面都具有巨大的优势。RTP／RTCP是基于TCP／IP网络的视频实时传输协议和实时传输控制协议，比TCP简单有效，比UDP更可靠。因此系统选择MPEG-4作为压缩标准，选择RTP／RTCP协议作为系统的视频实时传输协议。
本文研究分析了MPEG-4视频的纹理编码、运动估计和运动编码，对一维快速DCT算法、MVFAST和PMVFAST运动搜索算法进行深入研究。分析和比较MPEG-4码流在Internet上的几种实时传输方案，选择了自适应编码方案作为本系统的传输方案；对RTP／RTCP协议、MPEG-4码流在RTP中的包结构、端到端的反馈控制算法和差错控制的解决方案以及基于二级R-D速率控制算法进行了深入的研究，并对二级R-D速率控制算法进行了改进。最后综合运用了XviD、JRTP源码和Video4Linux、DirectShow等技术在智能家居系统中得到了应用实现。
With the continuing improvement of people's living standard, digital and intelligent information home become the goal of people's life. As one of the most important parts of digitalized home security, it needs the real time supervision of home video. Long-distance transportation of real-time video will require efficient compression techniques and be adaptive to all kinds of network environments. This paper based on these above issues and proposed the research and development of the transportation of real time video in smart home system.
The Internet is based on the sharing channel of TCP/IP protocol and consists of various heterogeneous subnets. It is unpredictable of its transportation latency, available bandwidth and data package lost rate. So it's necessary to have an efficient encoding method and an adaptive real time transportation strategy to meet the multimedia communication's requirement of latency and bandwidth.
MPEG-4 is more advantageous than MPEG-1, MPEG-2 and H.263 in store capacity, quality of image, net transportation, and error resistance. RTP/RTCP is a real time video transportation and real time transportation control protocol based on TCP/IP. It is more effective than TCP and more reliable than UDP. As a result, it is worthwhile to choose MPEG-4 as the compression standard and RTP/RTCP as the real time transportation protocol for system.
This paper discusses and analyzes texture coding and motion compensation tools of the MPEG-4 video, especially on the one dimension DCT algorithm, MVFAST and PMVFAST motion prediction algorithms. It compares and analyzes many real time transportation methods of MPEG-4 video bits, and selects the adaptive rate control algorithm for this system; it also discusses RTP/RTCP protocol and RTP payload format for MPEG-4 visual streams, feedback control algorithm and error control methods; It has comprehensive research about the quadratic R-D model algorithm and improves it. Finally, these technologies are applied in smart home system, using XviD , JRTP open source software , Video4Linux and DirectShow technologies.
引文
[1]．李心益，裘正定．基于MPEG-4标准和嵌入式技术的数字监控系统，2003.10.http://www.c114.net/technic/technicread.asp?articleid=5103.
[2]．钟玉琢，王琪等编著．《基于对象的多媒体数据压缩编码国际标准-MPEG-4及其校验模型》．科学出版社，2000．10：221-321．
[3]. ISO/IEC 14496-1:2001 Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 1: Systems, Part 2: Visual, Part 4: Conformance testing, Part 5: Reference software, Part 6: DMIF, Part 7: Optimised Reference Software for Coding of Audio-Visual Objects.
[4]. Touradj Ebrahimi, Fernando Pereira. The MPEG-4 Book. 0-13-061621-4 Prentice Hall, 2002.7:293-318.
[5]．张益贞，刘滔编著．《Visual C++实现MPEG／JPEG编解码技术》．人民邮电出版社，2002．11：11-19，173-215，296-340．
[6]. W.A.Chen, C.Harrison, S.C. Fralick. "A Fast computational Algorithm for the Discrete Cosine Transform", IEEE Transcations on Communications, VOl.COM-25,NO.9, Sept.1997,PP.1004-1011.
[7]. Z.Wang, "Fast Algorithms for the Discrete W-Transform and for the Discrete Fourier Transform", IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Vol.ASSP-32, NO.4, Aug.1984, PP.803-816.
[8]. Byeong Lee, "A New Algorithm to Compute the Discrete Cosine Transform", IEEE Transactions on Accoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Vol.ASSP-32,No.6, Dec.1984, PP.1243-1245.
[9]. M. Vetterli, H, Nussbaumer, "Simple FFT and DCT Algorithms with Reduced Number of OPerations", Signal Processing(North Holland), Vol.6, No.4, Aug.1984, PP.267-278.
[10]. Christoph Loeffier, Adriaan Ligtenberg,George S.Moschytz. "PRACTICAL FAST 1-D DCT ALGORITHMS WITH 11 MULTIPLICATIONS". in Proc. ICASSP '89, 1989, pp. 988-991.
[11]. N. SueHiro and M. Hatori, "Fast Algorithms for the DFT and other sinusoidal Transforms", IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Vol. ASSP-34, NO.3, June 1986, pp.642-644.
[12]. T. Koga, K. Iinuma, A. Hirano, Y. Iijima, and T. Ishiguro, "Motion compensated interframe coding for video conferencing," Proc. Nat. Telecommun. Conf., New Orleans, LA, pp. G5.3.1-G5.3.5, Dec'81.
[13]. J.R. Jain and A.K. Jain, "Displacement measurement and its application in
interframe image coding," IEEE Trans. On Communications, vol.COM-29, pp.1799-808, Dec'81.
[14]. R. Li, B. Zeng, and M.L. Liou, "A new three-step search algorithm for block motion estimation," IEEE Trans. On Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 438-42, Aug'94.
[15]. S. Zhu and K.K. Ma, "A new diamond search algorithm for fast block matching motion estimation," Proc. of Int. Conf. Information, Communications and Signal Processing, vol.1, pp.292-6, 1997.
[16]. J.Y. Tham, S. Ranganath, M. Ranganath, and A.A. Kassim, "A Novel Unrestricted Center-Biased Diamond Search Algorithm for Block Motion Estimation," IEEE Trans. On Circuits & Systems for Video Technology, vol.8, pp.369-77, Aug'98.
[17]. A.M. Tourapis, O.C. Au, M.L. Liou, and G. Shen, "An Advanced Zonal Block Based Algorithm for Motion Estimation", Proc. of IEEE Int. Conf. On Image Processing (ICIP'99), section 26PO3.1, Kobe, Japan, Oct'99.
[18]. A. M. Tourapis, O. C. Au, M.L. Liou, G. Shen, and I. Ahmad, "Optimizing the Mpeg-4 Encoder - Advanced Diamond Zonal Search", in Proc. of 2000 IEEE Inter. Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS-2000), Geneva, Switzerland, May, 2000.
[19]. P.I. Hosur and K.K. Ma, "Motion Vector Field Adaptive Fast Motion Estimation," Second International Conference on Information, Communications and Signal Processing (ICICS '99), Singapore, 7-10 Dec'99.
[20]. K.K. Ma and P.I. Hosur, "Performance Report of Motion Vector Field Adaptive Search Technique (MVFAST)," in ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC29/WG11 MPEG99/m5851, Noordwijkerhout, NL, Mar'00.
[21] Alexis M. Tourapisl, Oscar C. Au2. "Predictive Motion Vector Field Adaptive Search Technique (PMVFAST)- Enhancing Block Based Motion Estimation", in proceedings of Visual Communications and Image Processing 2001 (VCIP-2001), San Jose, CA, January 2001.
[22]．钟玉琢，向哲等编著．《流媒体和视频服务器》．清华大学出版社，2003．6：24-82．
[23]. Weiping Li; "Overview of fine granularity scalability in MPEG-4 video standard";Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, IEEE Transactions on, Volume: 11, Issue: 3, March 2001 Pages:301-317.
[24]. Feng Wu; Shipeng Li; Ya-Qin Zhang; "Progressive fine granular scalable (PFGS) video using advance-predicted bitplane coding (APBIC) ". Circuits and
Systems, 2001. ISCAS 2001. The 2001 IEEE International Symposium on, Volume: 5,6-9 May 2001, Pages:97-100 vol. 5.
[25]. Qi Wang; Feng Wu; Shipeng Li; Yuzhuo Zhong; Ya-Qin Zhang; "Fine-granularity spatially scalable video coding Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing", 2001. Proceedings. (ICASSP '01). 2001 IEEE International Conference on, Volume: 3,7-11 May 2001, Pages: 1801-1804 vol.3.
[26]. RFC 1889:RTP: "A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications", 1996.1.
[27]. A.Basso, S.VarakLiotis, "TransPort of MPEG-4 over IP/RTP". Multimedia and Expo, 2000. ICME 2000. 2000 IEEE International Conference on, Volume: 2,30 July-2 Aug. 2000 Pages:1067-1070 vol.2.
[28]. RFC3016: "RTP Payload Format for MPEG-4 Audio/Visual Streams", 2000.11.
[29]. W. Dabbous, "Analysis of a delay-based congestion avoidance algorithm,"in Proc. 4th IFIP Conf. High-Performance Networking, Dec. 1992.
[30]. W. Ding and B. Liu, "Rate control of MPEG video coding and recording by rate-quantization modeling, " IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 6, pp. 12-20, Feb. 1996.
[31]. H. M. Hang and J. J. Chen, "Source model for transform video coder and its application—part Ⅰ: Fundamental theory, " IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 7, pp. 287-298, Apr. 1997.
[32]. J. Ribas-Corbera and S. Lei, "Rate control in DCT video coding for low-delay communications, " IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 9, pp. 172-185, Feb. 1999.
[33]. Video Codec Test Model, TMNS, ITU-T/SG15, June 1997.
[34]. Tihao Chiang; Ya-Qin Zhang; "A new rate control scheme using quadratic rate distortion model"; Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, IEEE Transactions on, Volume: 7, Issue: 1, Feb. 1997 .Pages:246-250.
[35]. Dapeng Wu, Yiwei Thomas Hou. "On End-to-End Architecture for Transporting MPEG-4 Video Over the Intemet". IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 10, NO. 6, SEPTEMBER 2000. pp.923-941.
[36]. R. Stedman, H. Gharavi, L. Hanzo, and R. Steele, "Transmission of subband-coded images via mobile channels, " IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. vol. 3, pp. 15-26, Feb. 1993.
[37]. Y.-Q. Zhang, Y.-J. Liu, and R. Pickholtz, "Layered image transmission over cellular radio channels", IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 43, Aug. 1994.
[38]. J.-C. Bolot and T. Turletti, "Adaptive error control for packet video in the Internet", in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Image Processing (ICIP'96), Lausanne, Switzerland, Sept. 1996.
[39]. J. Danskin, G. Davis, and X. Song, "Fast lossy Internet image transmission," in Proc. ACM Multimedia, Nov. 1995.
[40]. I. Rhee, "Error control techniques for interactive low-bit-rate video transmission over the Internet," in Proc. ACM SIGCOMM, Aug. 1998.
[41]. R. Talluri, K. Oehler, T. Bannon, J. D. Courtney, A. Das, and J. Liao, "A robust, scalable, object-based video compression technique for very low bit-rate coding," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 7, pp. 221-233, Feb. 1997.
[42] R. Talluri, "Error-resilience video coding in the ISO MPEG-4 standard," IEEE Commun. Mag., pp. 112-119, June 1998.
[43]. J. Villasenor, Y.-Q. Zhang, and J.Wen, "Robust video coding algorithms and systems," in Proc. IEEE, Oct. 1999, vol. 87, pp. 1724-1733.
[44]. Y. Wang and Q.-F. Zhu, "Error control and concealment for video communication: A review," Proc. IEEE, vol. 86, pp. 974-997, May 1998.
[45]. S. Wenger, G. Knorr, J. Ott, and F. Kossentini, "Error resilience support in H.263+," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 8, pp. 867-877, Nov. 1998.
[46]．杨文志著，张树国改编．《深入Linux建构与管理》．人民邮电出版社，2000-12：351-389．
[47]. Alan Cox, 《Video4Linux Programming》
[48]．陆其明编著．《DirectShow开发指南》．清华大学出版社，2003．12：8-51，267-297．
[49]. "Nguyen H., Brouet J., Duhamel R, "Robust and adaptive transmission of compressed video streams over EGPRS", Consumer Communications and Networking Conference, 2004. CCNC 2004. First IEEE, 5-8 Jan. 2004 Pages:320-324.
[50]. D'Antonio L., Forti, F., Lalli R., Petersson J., Terzani A., "QoS enhancement for adaptive streaming services over WCDMA Chemiakina, S. "; Selected Areas in Communications, IEEE Journal on , Volume: 21 , Issue: 10 , Dec. 2003 Pages:1575-1584.
[2]．钟玉琢，王琪等编著．《基于对象的多媒体数据压缩编码国际标准-MPEG-4及其校验模型》．科学出版社，2000．10：221-321．
[3]. ISO/IEC 14496-1:2001 Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 1: Systems, Part 2: Visual, Part 4: Conformance testing, Part 5: Reference software, Part 6: DMIF, Part 7: Optimised Reference Software for Coding of Audio-Visual Objects.
[4]. Touradj Ebrahimi, Fernando Pereira. The MPEG-4 Book. 0-13-061621-4 Prentice Hall, 2002.7:293-318.
[5]．张益贞，刘滔编著．《Visual C++实现MPEG／JPEG编解码技术》．人民邮电出版社，2002．11：11-19，173-215，296-340．
[6]. W.A.Chen, C.Harrison, S.C. Fralick. "A Fast computational Algorithm for the Discrete Cosine Transform", IEEE Transcations on Communications, VOl.COM-25,NO.9, Sept.1997,PP.1004-1011.
[7]. Z.Wang, "Fast Algorithms for the Discrete W-Transform and for the Discrete Fourier Transform", IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Vol.ASSP-32, NO.4, Aug.1984, PP.803-816.
[8]. Byeong Lee, "A New Algorithm to Compute the Discrete Cosine Transform", IEEE Transactions on Accoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Vol.ASSP-32,No.6, Dec.1984, PP.1243-1245.
[9]. M. Vetterli, H, Nussbaumer, "Simple FFT and DCT Algorithms with Reduced Number of OPerations", Signal Processing(North Holland), Vol.6, No.4, Aug.1984, PP.267-278.
[10]. Christoph Loeffier, Adriaan Ligtenberg,George S.Moschytz. "PRACTICAL FAST 1-D DCT ALGORITHMS WITH 11 MULTIPLICATIONS". in Proc. ICASSP '89, 1989, pp. 988-991.
[11]. N. SueHiro and M. Hatori, "Fast Algorithms for the DFT and other sinusoidal Transforms", IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Vol. ASSP-34, NO.3, June 1986, pp.642-644.
[12]. T. Koga, K. Iinuma, A. Hirano, Y. Iijima, and T. Ishiguro, "Motion compensated interframe coding for video conferencing," Proc. Nat. Telecommun. Conf., New Orleans, LA, pp. G5.3.1-G5.3.5, Dec'81.
[13]. J.R. Jain and A.K. Jain, "Displacement measurement and its application in
interframe image coding," IEEE Trans. On Communications, vol.COM-29, pp.1799-808, Dec'81.
[14]. R. Li, B. Zeng, and M.L. Liou, "A new three-step search algorithm for block motion estimation," IEEE Trans. On Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 438-42, Aug'94.
[15]. S. Zhu and K.K. Ma, "A new diamond search algorithm for fast block matching motion estimation," Proc. of Int. Conf. Information, Communications and Signal Processing, vol.1, pp.292-6, 1997.
[16]. J.Y. Tham, S. Ranganath, M. Ranganath, and A.A. Kassim, "A Novel Unrestricted Center-Biased Diamond Search Algorithm for Block Motion Estimation," IEEE Trans. On Circuits & Systems for Video Technology, vol.8, pp.369-77, Aug'98.
[17]. A.M. Tourapis, O.C. Au, M.L. Liou, and G. Shen, "An Advanced Zonal Block Based Algorithm for Motion Estimation", Proc. of IEEE Int. Conf. On Image Processing (ICIP'99), section 26PO3.1, Kobe, Japan, Oct'99.
[18]. A. M. Tourapis, O. C. Au, M.L. Liou, G. Shen, and I. Ahmad, "Optimizing the Mpeg-4 Encoder - Advanced Diamond Zonal Search", in Proc. of 2000 IEEE Inter. Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS-2000), Geneva, Switzerland, May, 2000.
[19]. P.I. Hosur and K.K. Ma, "Motion Vector Field Adaptive Fast Motion Estimation," Second International Conference on Information, Communications and Signal Processing (ICICS '99), Singapore, 7-10 Dec'99.
[20]. K.K. Ma and P.I. Hosur, "Performance Report of Motion Vector Field Adaptive Search Technique (MVFAST)," in ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC29/WG11 MPEG99/m5851, Noordwijkerhout, NL, Mar'00.
[21] Alexis M. Tourapisl, Oscar C. Au2. "Predictive Motion Vector Field Adaptive Search Technique (PMVFAST)- Enhancing Block Based Motion Estimation", in proceedings of Visual Communications and Image Processing 2001 (VCIP-2001), San Jose, CA, January 2001.
[22]．钟玉琢，向哲等编著．《流媒体和视频服务器》．清华大学出版社，2003．6：24-82．
[23]. Weiping Li; "Overview of fine granularity scalability in MPEG-4 video standard";Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, IEEE Transactions on, Volume: 11, Issue: 3, March 2001 Pages:301-317.
[24]. Feng Wu; Shipeng Li; Ya-Qin Zhang; "Progressive fine granular scalable (PFGS) video using advance-predicted bitplane coding (APBIC) ". Circuits and
Systems, 2001. ISCAS 2001. The 2001 IEEE International Symposium on, Volume: 5,6-9 May 2001, Pages:97-100 vol. 5.
[25]. Qi Wang; Feng Wu; Shipeng Li; Yuzhuo Zhong; Ya-Qin Zhang; "Fine-granularity spatially scalable video coding Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing", 2001. Proceedings. (ICASSP '01). 2001 IEEE International Conference on, Volume: 3,7-11 May 2001, Pages: 1801-1804 vol.3.
[26]. RFC 1889:RTP: "A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications", 1996.1.
[27]. A.Basso, S.VarakLiotis, "TransPort of MPEG-4 over IP/RTP". Multimedia and Expo, 2000. ICME 2000. 2000 IEEE International Conference on, Volume: 2,30 July-2 Aug. 2000 Pages:1067-1070 vol.2.
[28]. RFC3016: "RTP Payload Format for MPEG-4 Audio/Visual Streams", 2000.11.
[29]. W. Dabbous, "Analysis of a delay-based congestion avoidance algorithm,"in Proc. 4th IFIP Conf. High-Performance Networking, Dec. 1992.
[30]. W. Ding and B. Liu, "Rate control of MPEG video coding and recording by rate-quantization modeling, " IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 6, pp. 12-20, Feb. 1996.
[31]. H. M. Hang and J. J. Chen, "Source model for transform video coder and its application—part Ⅰ: Fundamental theory, " IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 7, pp. 287-298, Apr. 1997.
[32]. J. Ribas-Corbera and S. Lei, "Rate control in DCT video coding for low-delay communications, " IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 9, pp. 172-185, Feb. 1999.
[33]. Video Codec Test Model, TMNS, ITU-T/SG15, June 1997.
[34]. Tihao Chiang; Ya-Qin Zhang; "A new rate control scheme using quadratic rate distortion model"; Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, IEEE Transactions on, Volume: 7, Issue: 1, Feb. 1997 .Pages:246-250.
[35]. Dapeng Wu, Yiwei Thomas Hou. "On End-to-End Architecture for Transporting MPEG-4 Video Over the Intemet". IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 10, NO. 6, SEPTEMBER 2000. pp.923-941.
[36]. R. Stedman, H. Gharavi, L. Hanzo, and R. Steele, "Transmission of subband-coded images via mobile channels, " IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. vol. 3, pp. 15-26, Feb. 1993.
[37]. Y.-Q. Zhang, Y.-J. Liu, and R. Pickholtz, "Layered image transmission over cellular radio channels", IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 43, Aug. 1994.
[38]. J.-C. Bolot and T. Turletti, "Adaptive error control for packet video in the Internet", in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Image Processing (ICIP'96), Lausanne, Switzerland, Sept. 1996.
[39]. J. Danskin, G. Davis, and X. Song, "Fast lossy Internet image transmission," in Proc. ACM Multimedia, Nov. 1995.
[40]. I. Rhee, "Error control techniques for interactive low-bit-rate video transmission over the Internet," in Proc. ACM SIGCOMM, Aug. 1998.
[41]. R. Talluri, K. Oehler, T. Bannon, J. D. Courtney, A. Das, and J. Liao, "A robust, scalable, object-based video compression technique for very low bit-rate coding," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 7, pp. 221-233, Feb. 1997.
[42] R. Talluri, "Error-resilience video coding in the ISO MPEG-4 standard," IEEE Commun. Mag., pp. 112-119, June 1998.
[43]. J. Villasenor, Y.-Q. Zhang, and J.Wen, "Robust video coding algorithms and systems," in Proc. IEEE, Oct. 1999, vol. 87, pp. 1724-1733.
[44]. Y. Wang and Q.-F. Zhu, "Error control and concealment for video communication: A review," Proc. IEEE, vol. 86, pp. 974-997, May 1998.
[45]. S. Wenger, G. Knorr, J. Ott, and F. Kossentini, "Error resilience support in H.263+," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 8, pp. 867-877, Nov. 1998.
[46]．杨文志著，张树国改编．《深入Linux建构与管理》．人民邮电出版社，2000-12：351-389．
[47]. Alan Cox, 《Video4Linux Programming》
[48]．陆其明编著．《DirectShow开发指南》．清华大学出版社，2003．12：8-51，267-297．
[49]. "Nguyen H., Brouet J., Duhamel R, "Robust and adaptive transmission of compressed video streams over EGPRS", Consumer Communications and Networking Conference, 2004. CCNC 2004. First IEEE, 5-8 Jan. 2004 Pages:320-324.
[50]. D'Antonio L., Forti, F., Lalli R., Petersson J., Terzani A., "QoS enhancement for adaptive streaming services over WCDMA Chemiakina, S. "; Selected Areas in Communications, IEEE Journal on , Volume: 21 , Issue: 10 , Dec. 2003 Pages:1575-1584.