香港中学体育课程发展研究
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摘要
香港政府善用了九七回归后教育自主的优势,提出了千禧年教育改革蓝图,与此同时,中学体育课程亦同步地作出全面的改革。课程从咨询到落实的十多年改革流程中,诱发了香港教育界与体育界对体育课程功能的反思,创造了体育教师们对课程发展积极讨论的氛围。在此难得时机,对香港中学体育课程的发展作深入的研究正填补了香港对体育课程发展研究的长期空白,为新课程的发展提供了有力的依据与参照。
研究中分别适当地采用了文献资料法、专家访谈法、小组座谈法、慎思民调法、比较研究法、个案研究法、逻辑分析法及数理统计法对本土因素、课程纲要、学习评估、学与教、人力资源五个与体育课程发展相关的系统作详细研究与分析,同时展示了课程发展的最新状况,对持续发展的机遇细加思考。经研究后得出以下结论：
1本土社会大环境是制约香港中学体育课程发展的主因。
1课程纲要是体育课程发展中较规范较完整的部份,但与其他课程相比则还有一大段距离。
1校内评估,校本自决,自由发挥；公开评估,具公信力,无延续性。
1「教学」转为「学与教」,主体由教师向学生慢慢转移。
1体育教师的平均素质与总量长期落后于课程发展的速度。
1香港中学体育课程以分期式,重复性,由上而下,单向推行的规律特征断续发展。
1香港中学体育课程的发展以课程纲要为轴心,并与课程评估、学与教的变化及人才培训体系协作成长。
1香港教育改革是体育课程发展的催化剂,学制改革为体育课程创造了加速发展的良好机遇。
1香港中学体育课程发展始于讨论,以教师培训先行,继而颁布课程纲要,之后以教学配合课程,然后再落实评估机制,各体系基本上是独立运作。
1课程的发展正走向学生为本,多元发展,百花齐放的尝试阶段,各有困难亦各具特色。
1社会要求不断提高,青少年身心发展的走向,为课程持续发展带来了不同的挑战。
Hong Kong Government well utilized the autonomy of education development after the1997return to China; she proposed a blueprint for education reform in the new millennium. At the same time, physical education curriculum also took this opportunity to start an overall reform. From consulting to implementation, it lasted for more than ten years. In this period, an atmosphere of curriculum introspection was created in educational field and sport groups. Physical education teachers also actively involved in the discussion of physical education (PE) and seriously concerned about its development. In such valuable; timing, to study Hong Kong secondary school physical education curriculum (the curriculum) development, not only fill the empty record of such research in the past, and also established some reliable facts and: reference for further study of the physical education curriculum in Hong Kong.
In this research, method of paper research, individual and group interviews, Deliberative Polling, comparative and case studies, logical and statistic techniques were applied. The research areas included local factor, course curriculum, learning assessment, learning and teaching, and human resources. All of them were important systems which may affect the development the curriculum. After that, the most updated situation and continues development difficulties wore also took into account.
After comprehensive investigation and research, the following result and conclusion were found:
1Local factor is the most influence and restriction to the development of the curriculum.
J Although the course curriculum is a relatively complete system in black and white, it still has many rooms for improvement in compare with other subjects in secondary school.
1School base internal assessment is freely run by teacher and public assessment is trustworthy but without continuity.
1The focus of learning process is changed from teaching to learning and the subject is changed from teacher to student.
1The quantity and quality of PE teacher are far behind the needs for a long time.
1The curriculum is repeatedly developed by separate stages in autocratic way.
1The axle of development is the curriculum outline, which cooperatively runs with evaluation, learning and teaching and human resources development systems.
1Education reform in Hong Kong is the catalyst of the curriculum development and also creates opportunities and environment to speed up the curriculum development.
1Every run down of the curriculum development start from public discussion, and then following with teachers'training, curriculum publishing, learning and teaching and learning assessment respectively. Different systems are running individually
1Curriculum will be developed in different kind of trials in the way of student base and multi-content.
1Social standard upgrade and characteristic changes of youngsters will challenge the development of curriculum.
研究中分别适当地采用了文献资料法、专家访谈法、小组座谈法、慎思民调法、比较研究法、个案研究法、逻辑分析法及数理统计法对本土因素、课程纲要、学习评估、学与教、人力资源五个与体育课程发展相关的系统作详细研究与分析,同时展示了课程发展的最新状况,对持续发展的机遇细加思考。经研究后得出以下结论：
1本土社会大环境是制约香港中学体育课程发展的主因。
1课程纲要是体育课程发展中较规范较完整的部份,但与其他课程相比则还有一大段距离。
1校内评估,校本自决,自由发挥；公开评估,具公信力,无延续性。
1「教学」转为「学与教」,主体由教师向学生慢慢转移。
1体育教师的平均素质与总量长期落后于课程发展的速度。
1香港中学体育课程以分期式,重复性,由上而下,单向推行的规律特征断续发展。
1香港中学体育课程的发展以课程纲要为轴心,并与课程评估、学与教的变化及人才培训体系协作成长。
1香港教育改革是体育课程发展的催化剂,学制改革为体育课程创造了加速发展的良好机遇。
1香港中学体育课程发展始于讨论,以教师培训先行,继而颁布课程纲要,之后以教学配合课程,然后再落实评估机制,各体系基本上是独立运作。
1课程的发展正走向学生为本,多元发展,百花齐放的尝试阶段,各有困难亦各具特色。
1社会要求不断提高,青少年身心发展的走向,为课程持续发展带来了不同的挑战。
Hong Kong Government well utilized the autonomy of education development after the1997return to China; she proposed a blueprint for education reform in the new millennium. At the same time, physical education curriculum also took this opportunity to start an overall reform. From consulting to implementation, it lasted for more than ten years. In this period, an atmosphere of curriculum introspection was created in educational field and sport groups. Physical education teachers also actively involved in the discussion of physical education (PE) and seriously concerned about its development. In such valuable; timing, to study Hong Kong secondary school physical education curriculum (the curriculum) development, not only fill the empty record of such research in the past, and also established some reliable facts and: reference for further study of the physical education curriculum in Hong Kong.
In this research, method of paper research, individual and group interviews, Deliberative Polling, comparative and case studies, logical and statistic techniques were applied. The research areas included local factor, course curriculum, learning assessment, learning and teaching, and human resources. All of them were important systems which may affect the development the curriculum. After that, the most updated situation and continues development difficulties wore also took into account.
After comprehensive investigation and research, the following result and conclusion were found:
1Local factor is the most influence and restriction to the development of the curriculum.
J Although the course curriculum is a relatively complete system in black and white, it still has many rooms for improvement in compare with other subjects in secondary school.
1School base internal assessment is freely run by teacher and public assessment is trustworthy but without continuity.
1The focus of learning process is changed from teaching to learning and the subject is changed from teacher to student.
1The quantity and quality of PE teacher are far behind the needs for a long time.
1The curriculum is repeatedly developed by separate stages in autocratic way.
1The axle of development is the curriculum outline, which cooperatively runs with evaluation, learning and teaching and human resources development systems.
1Education reform in Hong Kong is the catalyst of the curriculum development and also creates opportunities and environment to speed up the curriculum development.
1Every run down of the curriculum development start from public discussion, and then following with teachers'training, curriculum publishing, learning and teaching and learning assessment respectively. Different systems are running individually
1Curriculum will be developed in different kind of trials in the way of student base and multi-content.
1Social standard upgrade and characteristic changes of youngsters will challenge the development of curriculum.
引文
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[2]锺启泉.现代课程论.上海：上海教育出版社.2000：177
[3]王策三.教学论稿.北京：人民教育出版社,1985：202
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[6]王华倬.《中国近现代体育课程史论》.北京：高等教育出版社,2004：25
[7]杨贵仁.《中国学校体育改革的量论与实践》.北京：高等教育出版社,2006：119
[8]宋超美.《初中“体育与健康”新课程教学探索》.北京：北京体育大学出版社.2005：10-12
[9]2008/2009学年统计资料.香港：教育局(http://www.edb.gov.hk)
[10]季浏等.体育教育展望.[M].上海：华东师范大学出版社.2001,12：36
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[12]商务印书馆.现代汉语辞典(繁体字版).香港：商务印书馆(香港)有限公司,2006：310
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[50]香港课程发展议会.中一至中五课程指引.香港：香港教育署,1993
[51]Wong A.C.T. The Secondary School PE Curriculum:A Proposal for Reform. Proceeding of the International Curriculum Conference on Partnership in Curriculum Development: Towards More Effective Learning. Hong Kong Government Printer:1995
[52]Carlson D L. Curriculum Planning and the State:The Dynamics of Control in Education. Beyer L E and Apple M W (ed). The Curriculum:Problems, Politics, and Possibilities. USA:State University of New York Press,1988
[53]The Physically Educated Person.NASPE.1992 http://www2.chappaqua.k12.ny.us/wofaculty/physed/physically_educated_person.htm)
[54]Armstrong N. Cardiopulmonary fitness, physical activity patterns, and selected-coronary risk factor variables in 11-to 16-year-olds. Pediatric Exercise Science:1991 (3):219-228
[55]McManus A, Armstrong N. The physical activity patterns of boys and girls. Macfarlane, D J (ed). Gender issues of sport and exercise.The University of Hong Kong.1996:36-39
[56]Ng Ip, J K W. Physical Activity Patterns of Hong Kong Adolescents. JOPER:1998. Vol.4(1). p61-66
[57]刘民.运动哲学研究.台湾：师大书苑有限公司,1995
[58]中学课程纲要 体育科(中一至中六).香港课程发展议会.1975
[59]中学课程纲要 体育科(中一至中五适用).香港课程发展议会.1988
[60]体育学习领域体育课程及评估指引(中四至中六).课程发展议会.香港考试及评核局.2007
[61]Sharkey,B.J.. Fitness and health, Human Kinetics. USA:Champaign,IL,2002
[62]「334 J新学制大学入学要求联合公布.2008
[63]体育课程及评估指引(中四至中六).香港：课程发展议会与香港考试及评核局,2007：10
[64]体育课程及评估指引(中四至中六).香港：课程发展议会与香港考试及评核局,2007：11
[65]毛振明.体育教学论.北京：高等教育出版社,2006：194
[66]同[64]
[67]香港中学文凭考试(体育)校本评核教师手册(试行版).香港：香港考试及评核局,2009
[68]香港中学会考试题(体育)1998-2002.香港：香港考试及评核局,2002
[69]香港中学文凭考试(体育)校本评核教师手册(试行版).香港：香港考试及评核局,2009
[70]同[68]
[71]香港中学文凭考试(体育)校本评核教师手册(试行版).香港：香港考试及评核局,2009
[72]Wong A C T. Plays or Drills:some social implications of PE pedagogy. Hong Kong Baptist University. HK:JOPER.,1998(4)1, p42-48
[73]崔文季,体育教师手册.北京：中国人民大学出版社,1987,65-67页
[74]Siedentop D. Developing Teaching Skill in Physical Education. London:Mayfield Publishing Company.1991
[75]Apple M and King N. Economics and control in everyday school life. Ideology and Curriculum. New York:Routledge.1990
[76]Deci E L. Why we do what we do:the dynamics of personal autonomy. New York:GP and Putman Sons.1995
[77]Chow B K. Teaching Styles and Learning-research and Applications. Hong Kong Baptist university. PERS Review.3(1), p.29-34..1997
[78]Placek J.Conceptions of success in teaching:Busy, happy and good? Templin T and Olson J (eds). Teaching in physical education. Champaign IL:Human Kinetics.1983
[79]香港教育学院(http://www.ied.edu.hk/web/view.php?page=history)
[80]香港教育局.资助学校资助则例.2008,1.3发行版.13.2(f)
[81]The Hong Kong Institute of Education (http://www.ied.edu.hk/degree/bed_pe.htm#Major)
[82]香港中文大学教育学院体育运动科学系(http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/spe/b5/bed.html)
[83]Bachelor of Science in Exercise and Health (http://www.hku.hk/acad/ugp/faculties_edu_bseh.html)
[84]香港浸会大学体育学系(http://www. hkbu. edu. hk/-sosc1/pe/prog_degree_c. html)
[85]JUPAS Statistics 2003-2007 (http://www.jupas.edu.hk/jupas/c_content_stat_mainround.htm)
[86]Norman Longworth.Lifelong learning in action:transforming education in the 21st century. London:Sterling VA:2003
[87]香港特别行政区教育统筹委员会.教育制度检讨：改革方案,创造空间追求卓越(咨询文件).香港：香港政府印务局,2000
[88]Hong Kong Examination and Assessment Authority (http://www.hkeaa.edu.hk/en/)
[89]Rosary hill School (http://www.rhs.edu.hk/)
[90]Ho Ngai College (http://www.hongai.edu.hk/)
[91]Yan Oi Tong Tin Ka Ping Secondary School (http://www.yottkp.edu.hk/ch/index.php)
[92]香港考试及评核局http://www.hkeaa.edu.hk
[93]高中课程指引.立足现在.创建未来(中四至中六).香港：课程发展议会,2009
[94]香港政府：高中及专上教育发展白皮书.1978
[95]香港考试局.香港中学会考考试报告(1978-1989)
[96]校本管理文件系列 校董手册.香港：教育统筹局,2006
[97]校本管理文件系列 何谓校本管理.香港：教育统筹局,2006
[98]同[96]
[99]教育局通告第24/2008号-学校的商业活动.香港：教育局,2008
[100]Equal Opportunities Commission (http://www.eoc.org.hk)
[101]全校参与模式融合教育-家长篇.香港：香港教育局,2008
[102]全校参与模式融合教育运作指南.香港：教育局,2008
[103]人口下降,开支大减,小班教学,应付有余.香港教育专业人员协会.2010
[104]香港中小学教师上作压力与精神健康状况意见调查2008.香港中文大学业太研究所：2008
[105]施政报告1997.香港特别行政区(http://www.policyaddress.gov.hk/pa97/chinese/pa97_c.htm
[106]黄明乐.港孩.香港：明窗出版社有限公司.2009
2锺启泉.现代课程论.上海：上海教育出版社,2000：177
3王策三.教学论稿.北京：人民教育卅版社.1985：202
4李秉德.教学论.北京：人民教育出版社,2001：150
5杨贵仁.《中国学校体育改革的理论与实践》.北京：高等教育出版社,2006：4
6王华倬.《中国近现代体育课程史论》.北京：高等教育出版社,2004：25
7杨贵仁.《中国学校体育改革的理论与实践》.北京：高等教育出版社,2006：119
8宋超美.《初中“体育与健康”新课程教学探索》.北京：北京体育大学出版社,2005：10-12
92008/2009学年统计资料.香港：教育局(http://www.edb.gov.hk)
10季浏等.体育教育展望.[M].上海：华东师范大学出版社.2001.12：36
11中华书局.辞海.上海：上海辞书出版社,1989：1300
12商务印书馆.现代汉语辞典(繁体字版).香港：商务印书馆(香港)有限公司.2006：310
13 Longman group UK. Longman Language Activator The World's First Production Dictionary. Great Britain:Longman Group UK Limited,1994:333
1朱启贵.可持续发展评估.上海：上海财經大学出版社.1999：5
15 Amy S.Ha, Lijuan Wang. A Critical Review of Hong Kong Schools'Physical Education-1984-2009. HK:Educational Research Journal,2009. Vol.24 p72
17陈侠.课程论.北京：人民教育出版社,1989：161-182
18王策三.教学论稿.北京：人民教育出版社,2000：205-210
19杨亮功.云五社会科学大辞典.台湾：商务印书馆,1984
20 Mangan, J. The Games Ethnic and Imperialism. London:Harmondsworth.,1986
21 Armstrong, C.F.. The lesson of sports:class socialization in British and American Boarding Schools. Sociology of Sport Journal,1984, Vol.1(4),314-331.
22 Sport in Education. Hong Kong:The Council for Recreation and Sport.1998
23 Mitchee, R. E. (1969). Asian Folklore and Social Life Monographs-Pupil, Parent and School. Hong Kong:1969
24 Yuen, Y.K. An Assessment of the Physical Education and Recreational Sports Delivery System in Hong Kong. Hong Kong:University Microfilms.1984:148
25 Sports in Education. HongKong:Sport Development Board.1991
26 Report on the study of HongKong pupils' recreational choice after school. HongKong:Ming Pao Daily.1996/2/8
27 Coleman,J. Education and Political Development. Princeton, N.J:Princeton:University Press.1965
28 Sweeting, A. Hong Kong Education within Historical Processes. UK:In G. Postiglione (ed).1992
29 Speak, M. The contribution of universities to sport in the community. UK:The Sporting,1988
30 Aitken, M. Developing sport into the 90's. Sports in Education-The Future Challenge, Proceeding of a Seminar for the Physical Education Profession of HongKong. HK:Hong Kong Sports Development Board.1991:20-25
31香港2007(香港特别行政区成立十周年纪念版].香港：香港政府,2008
32香港政府统计数字一览2009.香港：香港特别行政区政府,2009：11
33香港康乐及文化事务署年报(2007-08).香港：香港政府,2008
14 Siu,Helene. Hong Kong:Cultural kaleidoscope on a world scale. Hong Kong:Oxford University Press,2003:113-114
35费考通.乡土中国.香港：三联书店(香港)有限公司，1985(差序格局：费考通教授在1947年提出强调以血源关系,人际网络,讲求出身的社会格局。)
36陆鸿基.香港历史与香港文化.香港：香港大学亚洲研究中心(香港文化与社会),2005：64-79
37吴俊雄,马杰伟,吕大乐.香港.文化.研究.香港：香港大学出版社,2006：6-13
40中华人民共和国香港特别行政区基本法简称基本法(http：//www.basiclaw.gov.hk)
41王叔文.香港特别行政区基本法导论.北京：中国民主法制出版社,2005：384
42香港特别行政区教育局.资助学校资助则例.香港：教育局,2007
43政府统计处.综合住户统计调查按季统计报告书(2009第四季).香港：香港政府,2010
44香港教育资料中心.香港教育发展历程大事记(1075—2003).香港：香港各界文化促进会,2004
46教育局.教育统计资料.香港：香港特别行政区政府,2008
47香港政府新闻处.香港年报.香港：政府物流服务署,1957-1998
48黄志德.从历史看香港学校体育发展.香港：浸会大学康体学报,Vol.5(2)：35-44.
49 Underwood GL. The Physical Education Curriculum in the Secondary School:Planning & I mplementat ion.London:The Falmer Press,1983
50香港课程发展议会.中一至中五课程指引.香港：香港教育署.1993
51 Wong A.C.T. The Secondary School PE Curriculum:A Proposal for Reform. Proceeding of the International Curriculum Conference on Partnership in Curriculum Development:Towards More Effective Learning. Hong Kong Government Printer:1995
52 Carlson D L. Curriculum Planning and the State:The Dynamics of Control in Education. Beyer L E and Apple M W (ed). The Curriculum:Problems, Politics, and Possibilities. USA:State University of New York Press,1988
53 The Physically Educated Person.NASPE.1992 (http://www2.chappaqua.k12.ny.us/wofaculty/physed/physically_educated_person.htm)
54 Armstrong N. Cardiopulmonary fitness, physical activity patterns, and selected-coronary risk factor variables in 11-to 16-year-olds. Pediatric Exercise Science:1991(3):219-228
55 McManus A, Armstrong N. The physical activity patterns of boys and girls. Macfarlane, D J (ed). Gender issues of sport and exercise.The University of Hong Kong.1996:36-39
56 Ng Ip, J KW. Physical Activity Patterns of Hong Kong Adolescents. JOPER:1998. Vol.4(1). p61-66
57刘一民.运动哲学研究.台湾：师大书苑有限公司,1995
58中学课程纲要体育科(中一至中六).香港课程发展议会.1975
59中学课程纲要体育科(中一至中五适用).香港课程发展议会.1988
60体育学习领域体育课程及评估指引(中四至中六).课程发展议会,香港考试及评核局.2007
61 Sharkey.B.J.. Fitness and health, Human Kinetics. USA:Champaign,IL,2002
52「334」新学制大学入学要求联合公布.2008
64体育课程及评估指引(中四至中六).香港：课程发展议会与香港考试及评核局，2007：11
65毛振明.体育教学论.北京：高等教育出版社，2006：194
70香港中学会考试题(体育)1998-2002香港：香港考试及评核局.2002
71香港中学文凭考试(休育)校本评核教师手册(试行版).香港：香港考试及评核局,2009
72 Wong A C T. Plays or Drills:some social implications of PE pedagogy. Hong Kong Baptist University.HK:JOPER.,1998(4)1, p42-48
73崔文季,体育教师手册.北京：中国人民大学出版社,1987,65—67页
74 Siedentop D. Developing Teaching Skill in Physical Education. London:Mayfield Publishing Company.1991
75 Apple M and King N. Economics and control in everyday school life. Ideology and Curriculum. New York:Routledge.1990
76 Deci E L. Why we do what we do:the dynamics of personal autonomy. New York:GPand Putman Sons.1995
77 Chow B K. Teaching Styles and Learning-research and Applications. Hong Kong Baptist university. PERS Review.3(l), p.29-34..1997
78 Placek J.Conceptions of success in teaching:Busy, happy and good? Templin T and Olson J (eds). Teaching in physical education. Champaign IL:Human Kinetics.1983
80香港教育局.资助学校资助则例.2008，1.3.发行版.13.2(f)
94高中及及专上教育发展白皮书.香港：香港政府.1978
95香港中学会考考试报告.香港：香港考试局.(1978-1989)
[1]教育大辞典(卷1).上海：上海教育出版社.1990：257
[2]锺启泉.现代课程论.上海：上海教育出版社.2000：177
[3]王策三.教学论稿.北京：人民教育出版社,1985：202
[4]李秉德.教学论.北京：人民教育出版社.2001：150
[5]杨贵仁. 《中国学校体育改革的理论与实践》.北京：高等教育出版社,2006：4
[6]王华倬.《中国近现代体育课程史论》.北京：高等教育出版社,2004：25
[7]杨贵仁.《中国学校体育改革的量论与实践》.北京：高等教育出版社,2006：119
[8]宋超美.《初中“体育与健康”新课程教学探索》.北京：北京体育大学出版社.2005：10-12
[9]2008/2009学年统计资料.香港：教育局(http://www.edb.gov.hk)
[10]季浏等.体育教育展望.[M].上海：华东师范大学出版社.2001,12：36
[11]中华书局.辞海.上海：上海辞书出版社,1989：1300
[12]商务印书馆.现代汉语辞典(繁体字版).香港：商务印书馆(香港)有限公司,2006：310
[13]Longman group UK. Longman Language Activator The World's First Production Dictionary. Great Britain:Longman Group UK Limited,1994:333
[14]朱启贵.可持续发展评估.上海：上海财经大学出版社,1999：5
[15]Amy S.Ha, Lijuan Wang. A Critical Review of Hong Kong Schools'Physical Education-1984-2009. HK:Educational Research Journal,2009. Vol.24 p72
[16]斯坦福大学协商民主研究中心(http://cdd.stanford.edu)
[17]陈侠.课程论.北京：人民教育出版社,1989：161—182
[18]王策三.教学论稿.北京：人民教育出版社,2000：205-210
[19]杨亮功.云五社会科学大辞典.台湾：商务印书馆,1984
[20]Mangan, J. The Games Ethnic and Imperialism. London:Harmondsworth.,1986
[21]Armstrong, C.F.. The lesson of sports:class socialization in British and American Boarding Schools. Sociology of Sport Journal,1984, Vol.1(4),314-331
[22]Sport in Education. Hong Kong:The Council for Recreation and Sport.1998
[23]Mitchee, R. E. (1969). Asian Folklore and Social Life Monographs-Pupil, Parent and School. Hong Kong:1969
[24]Yuen, Y.K. An Assessment of the Physical Education and Recreational Sports Delivery System in Hong Kong. HongKong:University Microfilms.1984:148
[25]Sports in Education. HongKong:Sport Development Board.1991
[26]Report on the study of HongKong pupils'recreational choice after school. HongKong:Ming Pao Daily.1996/2/8
[27]Coleman, J. Education and Political Development. Princeton, N.J:Princeton:University Press.1965
[28]Sweeting. A. Hong Kong Education within Historical Processes. UK:In G. Postiglione (ed). 1992
[29]Speak, M.The contribution of universities to sport in the community. UK:The Sporting,1988
[30]Aitken, M. Developing sport into the 90's. Sports in Education-The Future Challenge, Proceeding of a Seminar for the Physical Education Profession of HongKong. HK:Hong Kong Sports Development Board.1991:20-25
[31]香港2007[香港特别行政区成立十周年纪念版).香港：香港政府,2008
[32]香港政府统计数字一览2009.香港：香港特别行政区政府,2009：11
[33]香港康乐及文化事务署年报(2007-08].香港：香港政府,2008
[34]Siu,Helene. Hong Kong:Cultural kaleidoscope on a world scale. Hong Kong:Oxford University Press.2003:113-114
[35]费考通.乡土中国.香港：三联书店(香港)有限公司,1985
[36]陆鸿基.香港历史与香港文化.香港：香港大学亚洲研究中心(香港文化与社会),2005：64-79
[37]吴俊雄,马杰伟,吕大乐.香港.文化.研究.香港：香港大学出版社,2006：6-13
[38]香港政府统计处.2006香港人口统计.香港：香港政府,2007
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[41]王叔文.香港特别行政区基本法导论.北京：中国民上法制出版社,2005：384
[42]香港特别行政区教育局.资助学校资助则例.香港：敦育局,2007
[43]政府统计处.综合住户统计调查按季统计报告书(2009第四季).香港：香港政府,2010
[44]香港教育资料中心.香港教育发展历程大事记(1075—2003).香港：香港各界文化促进会,2004
[45]香港课程发展议会(http://cdl.edb.hkedcity.net/cd/cdc/tc/page01.htm)
[46]教育局.教育统计资料.香港：香港特别行政区政府,2008
[47]香港政府新闻处.香港年报.香港：政府物流服务署.1957-1998
[48]黄志德.从历史看香港学校体育发展.香港：浸会大学康体学报,Vo1.5(2)：35—44
[49]Underwood GL. The Physical Education Curriculum in the Secondary School:Planning & Implementation.London:The Falmer Press,1983
[50]香港课程发展议会.中一至中五课程指引.香港：香港教育署,1993
[51]Wong A.C.T. The Secondary School PE Curriculum:A Proposal for Reform. Proceeding of the International Curriculum Conference on Partnership in Curriculum Development: Towards More Effective Learning. Hong Kong Government Printer:1995
[52]Carlson D L. Curriculum Planning and the State:The Dynamics of Control in Education. Beyer L E and Apple M W (ed). The Curriculum:Problems, Politics, and Possibilities. USA:State University of New York Press,1988
[53]The Physically Educated Person.NASPE.1992 http://www2.chappaqua.k12.ny.us/wofaculty/physed/physically_educated_person.htm)
[54]Armstrong N. Cardiopulmonary fitness, physical activity patterns, and selected-coronary risk factor variables in 11-to 16-year-olds. Pediatric Exercise Science:1991 (3):219-228
[55]McManus A, Armstrong N. The physical activity patterns of boys and girls. Macfarlane, D J (ed). Gender issues of sport and exercise.The University of Hong Kong.1996:36-39
[56]Ng Ip, J K W. Physical Activity Patterns of Hong Kong Adolescents. JOPER:1998. Vol.4(1). p61-66
[57]刘民.运动哲学研究.台湾：师大书苑有限公司,1995
[58]中学课程纲要 体育科(中一至中六).香港课程发展议会.1975
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