多元合金化D型石墨铸铁玻璃模具的研究
|
摘要
玻璃模具是玻璃制品成型的重要工装,模具材料质量的好坏直接影响玻璃模具的性能和使用寿命。目前,国内广泛使用的普通灰铸铁玻璃模具材料普遍存在着表面光洁差,使用寿命短的缺点。
本文的目的是通过化学成分的控制和对工艺的调整,获得D型石墨,并对微观组织、力学性能、耐高温性能进行研究,以提高玻璃模具的使用寿命。
(1)通过对C、Si和合金元素成分的选择和控制,研究了化学成分对D型石墨铸铁微观组织的影响。结果表明:C、Si是影响D型石墨形成的主要因素,Ti、Cr、Cu有利于促进D型石墨的形成;D型石墨铸铁玻璃模具适宜的化学成分范围为:3.2~3.5%C、2.2~3.0%Si、0.2%Ti、0.54~0.89%Mn、<0.05%S、<0.1%P、0.49~0.54%Cr、0.35~0.65%Cu;当含Ti量在0.1~0.3%之间变化时,随着含Ti量的增加,D型石墨增多。在此成分范围内获得的D型石墨铸铁的力学性能为:硬度HB范围为211~288,抗拉强度MPa范围为246~310。
(2)通过采用浇注阶梯型试样和放置冷铁方法,使铸铁获得不同的冷却速度,研究冷却速度对D型石墨铸铁微观组织的影响。结果表明:随着冷却速度的增大,石墨形态由较粗大的片状石墨逐渐变成细小的点状石墨。在厚度为30mm试样的下方放置冷铁时,在距离冷铁25mm的铸铁组织中能够获得较细小的D型石墨组织。
(3)对不同成分的D型石墨铸铁的高温抗氧化性进行了实验研究。在750℃下,将不同成分的D型石墨铸铁保温24小时,使其氧化增重,研究成分和组织对D型石墨抗氧化性能的影响。结果表明:含有Cr、Cu多元化合金的D型石墨铸铁有比普通灰铸铁高4~5倍的抗氧化性能。
(4)对不同成分的D型石墨铸铁的高温抗热疲劳性进行实验研究。在800℃下,将不同成分的D型石墨铸铁加热到800℃,保温5分钟取出后,立即在冷水中激冷5秒,如此反复循环直至出现肉眼可见的裂纹为止。根据试样表面首次出现裂纹时的循环次数,研究成分和组织对D型石墨抗热疲劳性能的影响。结果表明:含有Cr、Cu多元化合金的D型石墨铸铁有比普通灰铸铁高5~6倍的抗热疲劳性能。
(5)对试制的D型石墨铸铁玻璃模具还进行了工业性装机实验。装机实验结果表明:所研制的D型石墨铸铁玻璃模具具有良好的抗高温氧化性、抗生长变形和抗热疲劳等性能,使用寿命比普通灰铸铁增加5~6倍。
Glass mold is a key processing tools in glass forming. The properties and service life of the glass mold are determined by the material of the mold. Presently, the common gray cast iron glass mold extensively used for glass production have deficiencies in poor surface and the short-life.
The purpose of this paper is to obtain D-type graphite cast iron glass mold by controlling its chemical composition and adjusting the casting process. The microstructure, mechanical properties, high temperature performance are studied to improve the service life of glass molds.
(1)By controlling and choosing C, Si and other alloying elements content. This paper has studied the impact of the chemical composition on the D-type graphite cast iron microstructure. The results indicate that the proper chemical composition range of D-type graphite cast iorn glass molds is 3.2 ~ 3.5% C, 2.2 ~ 3.0% Si, 0.2% Ti, 0.54 ~ 0.89% Mn, <0.05% S, <0.1% P, 0.49 ~ 0.54% Cr, 0.35 ~ 0.65% Cu. C and Si are the major factors in formation of D-type graphite in cast iorn. The element such as Ti, Cr, Cu can promote formation of D-type graphite in cast iron. The content of Ti of the cast iron is in the range of 0.1 ~ 0.3%. During the above chemical range, the mechanical properties such as hardness range of 211~288 HB, tensile strength range of 246 ~ 310 MPa is obtained for the D-type graphite cast iron can.
(2)By using ladder-type specimen and placing cold iron, the cast irons can obtained different cooling rates. In this way, the effect of cooling rates on D-type graphite cast iron microstructure is studied. The results showed that large coarse graphite can be turned to punctuate and small graphite as increasing cooling rates .When a cold iron was placed under the bottom of the sample of 30mm thickness, the smaller D-type graphite can be obtained at the distance of 25mm in the cast iron.
(3)The high-temperature oxidation resistance was studied on different composition of the D-type graphite cast iron. Different composition of the D-type graphite cast iron were heated to 750℃and kept for 24 hours, and the cast iron were oxidationed and its weight increased. In this way, the oxidation resistance of compositions and organizations on the D-type graphite can be studied. The results showed that the oxidation resistance of the D-type graphite cast iron containing Cr、Cu is 4 to 5 times higher than that of ordinary gray Cast Iron.
(4)The thermal fatigue resistance were studied on different composition of the D-type graphite cast iron. In the thermal fatigue resistance, the D-type graphite cast iron was heated to 800℃and kept for 5 minutes, and then chilled in cold water for 5 seconds. This cycle was repeated until the crack was visible to the naked eye. According to the cycle times for creation of surface crack at the first time, the thermal fatigue resistance of compositions and organizations on the D-type graphite can be judged. The results showed that the D-type graphite cast iron containing Cr and Cu is 5 to 6 times of the ordinary Gray Cast Iron in the thermal fatigue resistance
(5) The D-type graphite cast iron glass mold studied were also carried out on industrial installation .The results show that the D-type graphite cast iron glass molds studied has a good high temperature oxidation resistance, anti-growth deformation and thermal fatigue resistance, and has 5 to 6 times than ordinary Gray Cast Iron in service life .
本文的目的是通过化学成分的控制和对工艺的调整,获得D型石墨,并对微观组织、力学性能、耐高温性能进行研究,以提高玻璃模具的使用寿命。
(1)通过对C、Si和合金元素成分的选择和控制,研究了化学成分对D型石墨铸铁微观组织的影响。结果表明:C、Si是影响D型石墨形成的主要因素,Ti、Cr、Cu有利于促进D型石墨的形成;D型石墨铸铁玻璃模具适宜的化学成分范围为:3.2~3.5%C、2.2~3.0%Si、0.2%Ti、0.54~0.89%Mn、<0.05%S、<0.1%P、0.49~0.54%Cr、0.35~0.65%Cu;当含Ti量在0.1~0.3%之间变化时,随着含Ti量的增加,D型石墨增多。在此成分范围内获得的D型石墨铸铁的力学性能为:硬度HB范围为211~288,抗拉强度MPa范围为246~310。
(2)通过采用浇注阶梯型试样和放置冷铁方法,使铸铁获得不同的冷却速度,研究冷却速度对D型石墨铸铁微观组织的影响。结果表明:随着冷却速度的增大,石墨形态由较粗大的片状石墨逐渐变成细小的点状石墨。在厚度为30mm试样的下方放置冷铁时,在距离冷铁25mm的铸铁组织中能够获得较细小的D型石墨组织。
(3)对不同成分的D型石墨铸铁的高温抗氧化性进行了实验研究。在750℃下,将不同成分的D型石墨铸铁保温24小时,使其氧化增重,研究成分和组织对D型石墨抗氧化性能的影响。结果表明:含有Cr、Cu多元化合金的D型石墨铸铁有比普通灰铸铁高4~5倍的抗氧化性能。
(4)对不同成分的D型石墨铸铁的高温抗热疲劳性进行实验研究。在800℃下,将不同成分的D型石墨铸铁加热到800℃,保温5分钟取出后,立即在冷水中激冷5秒,如此反复循环直至出现肉眼可见的裂纹为止。根据试样表面首次出现裂纹时的循环次数,研究成分和组织对D型石墨抗热疲劳性能的影响。结果表明:含有Cr、Cu多元化合金的D型石墨铸铁有比普通灰铸铁高5~6倍的抗热疲劳性能。
(5)对试制的D型石墨铸铁玻璃模具还进行了工业性装机实验。装机实验结果表明:所研制的D型石墨铸铁玻璃模具具有良好的抗高温氧化性、抗生长变形和抗热疲劳等性能,使用寿命比普通灰铸铁增加5~6倍。
Glass mold is a key processing tools in glass forming. The properties and service life of the glass mold are determined by the material of the mold. Presently, the common gray cast iron glass mold extensively used for glass production have deficiencies in poor surface and the short-life.
The purpose of this paper is to obtain D-type graphite cast iron glass mold by controlling its chemical composition and adjusting the casting process. The microstructure, mechanical properties, high temperature performance are studied to improve the service life of glass molds.
(1)By controlling and choosing C, Si and other alloying elements content. This paper has studied the impact of the chemical composition on the D-type graphite cast iron microstructure. The results indicate that the proper chemical composition range of D-type graphite cast iorn glass molds is 3.2 ~ 3.5% C, 2.2 ~ 3.0% Si, 0.2% Ti, 0.54 ~ 0.89% Mn, <0.05% S, <0.1% P, 0.49 ~ 0.54% Cr, 0.35 ~ 0.65% Cu. C and Si are the major factors in formation of D-type graphite in cast iorn. The element such as Ti, Cr, Cu can promote formation of D-type graphite in cast iron. The content of Ti of the cast iron is in the range of 0.1 ~ 0.3%. During the above chemical range, the mechanical properties such as hardness range of 211~288 HB, tensile strength range of 246 ~ 310 MPa is obtained for the D-type graphite cast iron can.
(2)By using ladder-type specimen and placing cold iron, the cast irons can obtained different cooling rates. In this way, the effect of cooling rates on D-type graphite cast iron microstructure is studied. The results showed that large coarse graphite can be turned to punctuate and small graphite as increasing cooling rates .When a cold iron was placed under the bottom of the sample of 30mm thickness, the smaller D-type graphite can be obtained at the distance of 25mm in the cast iron.
(3)The high-temperature oxidation resistance was studied on different composition of the D-type graphite cast iron. Different composition of the D-type graphite cast iron were heated to 750℃and kept for 24 hours, and the cast iron were oxidationed and its weight increased. In this way, the oxidation resistance of compositions and organizations on the D-type graphite can be studied. The results showed that the oxidation resistance of the D-type graphite cast iron containing Cr、Cu is 4 to 5 times higher than that of ordinary gray Cast Iron.
(4)The thermal fatigue resistance were studied on different composition of the D-type graphite cast iron. In the thermal fatigue resistance, the D-type graphite cast iron was heated to 800℃and kept for 5 minutes, and then chilled in cold water for 5 seconds. This cycle was repeated until the crack was visible to the naked eye. According to the cycle times for creation of surface crack at the first time, the thermal fatigue resistance of compositions and organizations on the D-type graphite can be judged. The results showed that the D-type graphite cast iron containing Cr and Cu is 5 to 6 times of the ordinary Gray Cast Iron in the thermal fatigue resistance
(5) The D-type graphite cast iron glass mold studied were also carried out on industrial installation .The results show that the D-type graphite cast iron glass molds studied has a good high temperature oxidation resistance, anti-growth deformation and thermal fatigue resistance, and has 5 to 6 times than ordinary Gray Cast Iron in service life .
引文
[1]西北工业学院主编.玻璃工艺学[M].北京:轻工业出版社,1982. 323
[2]陈一鹏.玻璃机械设备[M].齐齐哈尔:齐齐哈尔工学院,1995. 345
[3] P. Manns, W. Doll, G. Kleer. Glass in cnntart with mould materials for container production. Glastech.Ber. Glass Sci.Technol, 1995, 68(12): 389-399
[4]张金山,卫振亚,高慧.低合金蠕墨铸铁玻璃模具的组织与性能[J].太原理工大学学报,2000,31(2):200- 214.
[5]范垂德.玻璃模具与瓶形设计[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社,1981. 239-324
[6]董若景.冶金原理[M].北京:北京工业出版社,1980.121
[7]纪胜如,周平,汪宏城.金属型D型石墨铸铁抗氧化性的研究[J].铸造,1989,(1):12-15
[8]陆文华.铸造合金原理[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1996:126-130
[9] M Cingi.The effect of metal logical structures of different alloyed glass mould cast irons on the mould performance [J].Materials letters,2002,(55):360～363.
[10]李化强.钢质玻璃模具的设计与研究[J].机械设计与制造工程,2001,30(6):65～67
[11]李崇礼.玻璃模具组织与性能研究[J].铸造技术,1990, (4):4 -6.
[12]阎王良映,陈有翰,林良澄,等.铌铸铁在玻璃模上的应用[J].模具工业,1995,(3 ) : 50 --5 2.
[13]李雄杰,高强,于洪志,等.钒钛铝多元合金铸铁玻璃模具性能的改善[J].铸造,1998 , ( 12 ): 46-47.
[14]古可成,聂国海,李士新,等.中硅铬钼合金耐热球铁及在玻璃透镜模具上的应用[J].现代铸铁,1994, (4):8 9-91.
[15]李崇礼.稀土微合金化铸铁玻璃模具的应用[J].模具技术,2000, (1):9 2-95.
[16] CingiM , ArisoyF , BasmanG , SesenK .T heef fectso fm etallurgicalstr cultures d if far entail eyed lassm oldc astir onso nt hem oldp erformance.M aterialsL etters2002 , 5 5 ( 9): 360-363.
[17]罗毅,王强.玻璃模具用耐热合金铸铁的试验研究[J].玻璃与搪瓷,2004, 32(3 ) :15 - 18
[18]古可成等.耐热球墨可锻铸铁的研究[J].铸造,1995.8
[19]张志霞等.球墨铸铁抗热疲劳性能的研究[J].热加工工艺,2004,9.
[20]王唬,张兆云.稀土蠕墨铸铁玻璃瓶模具在我国的应用概况[J].铸造,1990, (12 ) : 1 -4 .
[21]王唬、张兆云、彭贵良,等.玻璃模具用Ti-V-Cu-Cr蠕墨铸铁的研制[J].玻璃与搪瓷,1 99 5, 1 1( 1): 8-15.
[22]杨通,李利君,李燕.Al-Si-Cr-Mo合金蠕铁热物性的研究[J].西安工业学院学报,1994 , 14 ( 1): 14-23.
[23]张金山,许春香.玻璃模具用球墨/蠕墨复合铸铁的研究[J].材料科学与工艺,2000 , 8 (1 ): 109-112.
[24]许春香、张金山.稀土、钾、钠微合金化铁素体基体蠕墨铸铁玻璃模具材质的研究[J].中国稀土学报,2003,2 1( 3):3 15-318.
[25]张金山,许春香,王红霞,等.微合金化蠕墨铸铁玻璃模具材质的研究[J].铸造设备研究,2003, (3): 7-10.104
[26]张明之.铸造词典[M].北京:中国农业机械化出版社,1986.
[27]范志康.对灰铸D型石墨的评价[J].铸造技术,1988, (6).4 4-46.
[28]王唬,张兆云,罗伏生,等.D型石墨铸铁在600-700℃时抗氧化性的研究[J].铸造,1989, (1): 12-16
[29]李化强.钢质玻璃模具的设计与研究[J].机械设计与制造工程,2001, 30 (6 ) :65 -67 .
[30]乔斌,李化强.空心玻璃砖模具的材料选用[J].金属热处理,2000 (5) :41-44.
[31]周福新,楼惠芬.高温玻璃成型模具GY钢的研制[J].机械工程材料,1995 19(6) :4 1- 43 .105
[32]李崇礼.SMRI-86型合金铸铁玻璃模具的组织与性能研究[J].机械工程材料,198 9 , (1 ) : 35-39.
[33]罗毅,王强.玻璃模具用耐热合金铸铁的试验研究[J].玻璃与搪瓷,2004, 32 (3 ) :15 - 18 .
[34]李荣菊.几种耐热铸铁的抗氧化性和热疲劳性研究[J].河北工业科技,2002, 19(3) :4-7 .
[35]刘义汉.复合玻璃模具[P].中国,专利号88203923. 1989. 5. 17.
[36]姜金三,张满营.特种玻璃模具材料的开发与应用[J].玻璃与搪瓷,2002, 30 (1) :28-29.
[37]邱复兴. D.E石墨的形成机理和防止E型石墨产生的措施[J ].铸造, 1989, (3) : 24～25.
[38]徐忠华,裘国仁. D型石墨含量对灰铸铁强度的影响[J ].铸造技术, 1996, (1) : 25～28.
[39]范志康,王贻青.对灰铸铁中D型石墨的评价[J ].铸造技术, 1998, (6) : 44～46.
[40]刘炳,周小演.灰铸铁石墨形态的研究[J ].新疆工学院,学报, 1996, 17 (4) : 271～275.
[41] M Cingi. The effect of metallurgical structures of different alloyed glassmould cast irons on the mould performance[J]. M arterials letters, 2002, (55) : 360～363.
[42]李崇礼.D墨铸铁玻璃模具材料[J].玻璃与搪瓷,1997, 26 (1) :28-30.
[43]李崇礼.SMRI-92型D墨铸铁玻璃模具的性能研究[J].山东冶金,1997, 19 (1 ) : 3739.
[44]杨森,魏芳,梁文心,等.玻璃模具用低铬D型石墨灰铸铁的研究[J].铸造,2001 , 50 (8): 462-465.
[45]李小平,钟元龙,林元祖,等.合金元素Ti对D型石墨形成条件的影响[J].钢铁钒钛,2003,2 4 (4): 68-71.
[46]陈绍春,卢月美,李树江,等.铝合金化D型石墨铸铁[J].福州大学学报(自然科学版) ,2003,3 1( 2): 171-173.
[47]邓有福.点状石墨合金铸铁模具材质研究[J].钢铁钒钛,2004, 25 (2) :44-48.
[48]中国机械工程学会铸造分会,铸造手册第1卷,铸铁.北京:机械工业出版社,2002: 503-504
[49]陈绍春,卢月美,林小瑛,等.钛对D型石墨铸铁的组织与性能的影响现代铸铁,2003, (3):61-64
[50]董若景.冶金原理[M].北京:北京工业出版社,1980.121
[51]沈保罗,李莉,等.高强度D型石墨铸铁的研究[J].现代铸造,2006,(6):51
[52]徐忠华,裘国仁,蒋百灵,等. D型石墨含量对灰铸铁强度的影响[J] .铸造技术,1986 ,(1):27
[53]陆文华.铸铁及熔炼[M] .北京:机械工业出版社, 1981. 52.
[54]陈王景.钒钛元素在铸铁中存在状态及其影响[A].国际铸造会议论文集Ⅱ[C],北京:1986. 622
[55]苏华钦,施居府.铸铁凝固及其质量控制[M] .北京:机械工业出版社, 1993. 148
[56]格里戈B A.电炉炼钢过程理论基础[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1985. 153 - 155
[57]范志康,王贻青,黄忠松. D型石墨形成条件的研究[J].热加工工艺, 1990 , (1) :34 - 39
[58]张兆云,徐春杰,牛宏建.D型石墨灰铸铁的认识[J].铸造技术,2003,Volo.24,No.4:283-284
[59]陆文华.铸铁及其熔炼[M ].北京:机械工业出版社,1981. 52
[60]程和法,等.铁素体球铁高炉冷却壁的试验研究[J].现代铸铁,1994,(2):69-71
[61]罗毅,王强.玻璃模具用耐热合金铸铁的试验研究[J].玻璃与搪瓷,2004,Vol.32,No.3:15-17
[62]刘兴鹏.灰铸铁抗疲劳性能的研究[J].铸造,1989(5):12-15
[63]李荣生译,杰兢校.铝青铜玻璃模具[J].玻璃与搪瓷,1973, (2):2 1-22
[64]李雄杰.Minox.铜合金瓶口模具的铸造生产[J].中国铸造装备与技术,1999, (5):49 -51
[2]陈一鹏.玻璃机械设备[M].齐齐哈尔:齐齐哈尔工学院,1995. 345
[3] P. Manns, W. Doll, G. Kleer. Glass in cnntart with mould materials for container production. Glastech.Ber. Glass Sci.Technol, 1995, 68(12): 389-399
[4]张金山,卫振亚,高慧.低合金蠕墨铸铁玻璃模具的组织与性能[J].太原理工大学学报,2000,31(2):200- 214.
[5]范垂德.玻璃模具与瓶形设计[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社,1981. 239-324
[6]董若景.冶金原理[M].北京:北京工业出版社,1980.121
[7]纪胜如,周平,汪宏城.金属型D型石墨铸铁抗氧化性的研究[J].铸造,1989,(1):12-15
[8]陆文华.铸造合金原理[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1996:126-130
[9] M Cingi.The effect of metal logical structures of different alloyed glass mould cast irons on the mould performance [J].Materials letters,2002,(55):360～363.
[10]李化强.钢质玻璃模具的设计与研究[J].机械设计与制造工程,2001,30(6):65～67
[11]李崇礼.玻璃模具组织与性能研究[J].铸造技术,1990, (4):4 -6.
[12]阎王良映,陈有翰,林良澄,等.铌铸铁在玻璃模上的应用[J].模具工业,1995,(3 ) : 50 --5 2.
[13]李雄杰,高强,于洪志,等.钒钛铝多元合金铸铁玻璃模具性能的改善[J].铸造,1998 , ( 12 ): 46-47.
[14]古可成,聂国海,李士新,等.中硅铬钼合金耐热球铁及在玻璃透镜模具上的应用[J].现代铸铁,1994, (4):8 9-91.
[15]李崇礼.稀土微合金化铸铁玻璃模具的应用[J].模具技术,2000, (1):9 2-95.
[16] CingiM , ArisoyF , BasmanG , SesenK .T heef fectso fm etallurgicalstr cultures d if far entail eyed lassm oldc astir onso nt hem oldp erformance.M aterialsL etters2002 , 5 5 ( 9): 360-363.
[17]罗毅,王强.玻璃模具用耐热合金铸铁的试验研究[J].玻璃与搪瓷,2004, 32(3 ) :15 - 18
[18]古可成等.耐热球墨可锻铸铁的研究[J].铸造,1995.8
[19]张志霞等.球墨铸铁抗热疲劳性能的研究[J].热加工工艺,2004,9.
[20]王唬,张兆云.稀土蠕墨铸铁玻璃瓶模具在我国的应用概况[J].铸造,1990, (12 ) : 1 -4 .
[21]王唬、张兆云、彭贵良,等.玻璃模具用Ti-V-Cu-Cr蠕墨铸铁的研制[J].玻璃与搪瓷,1 99 5, 1 1( 1): 8-15.
[22]杨通,李利君,李燕.Al-Si-Cr-Mo合金蠕铁热物性的研究[J].西安工业学院学报,1994 , 14 ( 1): 14-23.
[23]张金山,许春香.玻璃模具用球墨/蠕墨复合铸铁的研究[J].材料科学与工艺,2000 , 8 (1 ): 109-112.
[24]许春香、张金山.稀土、钾、钠微合金化铁素体基体蠕墨铸铁玻璃模具材质的研究[J].中国稀土学报,2003,2 1( 3):3 15-318.
[25]张金山,许春香,王红霞,等.微合金化蠕墨铸铁玻璃模具材质的研究[J].铸造设备研究,2003, (3): 7-10.104
[26]张明之.铸造词典[M].北京:中国农业机械化出版社,1986.
[27]范志康.对灰铸D型石墨的评价[J].铸造技术,1988, (6).4 4-46.
[28]王唬,张兆云,罗伏生,等.D型石墨铸铁在600-700℃时抗氧化性的研究[J].铸造,1989, (1): 12-16
[29]李化强.钢质玻璃模具的设计与研究[J].机械设计与制造工程,2001, 30 (6 ) :65 -67 .
[30]乔斌,李化强.空心玻璃砖模具的材料选用[J].金属热处理,2000 (5) :41-44.
[31]周福新,楼惠芬.高温玻璃成型模具GY钢的研制[J].机械工程材料,1995 19(6) :4 1- 43 .105
[32]李崇礼.SMRI-86型合金铸铁玻璃模具的组织与性能研究[J].机械工程材料,198 9 , (1 ) : 35-39.
[33]罗毅,王强.玻璃模具用耐热合金铸铁的试验研究[J].玻璃与搪瓷,2004, 32 (3 ) :15 - 18 .
[34]李荣菊.几种耐热铸铁的抗氧化性和热疲劳性研究[J].河北工业科技,2002, 19(3) :4-7 .
[35]刘义汉.复合玻璃模具[P].中国,专利号88203923. 1989. 5. 17.
[36]姜金三,张满营.特种玻璃模具材料的开发与应用[J].玻璃与搪瓷,2002, 30 (1) :28-29.
[37]邱复兴. D.E石墨的形成机理和防止E型石墨产生的措施[J ].铸造, 1989, (3) : 24～25.
[38]徐忠华,裘国仁. D型石墨含量对灰铸铁强度的影响[J ].铸造技术, 1996, (1) : 25～28.
[39]范志康,王贻青.对灰铸铁中D型石墨的评价[J ].铸造技术, 1998, (6) : 44～46.
[40]刘炳,周小演.灰铸铁石墨形态的研究[J ].新疆工学院,学报, 1996, 17 (4) : 271～275.
[41] M Cingi. The effect of metallurgical structures of different alloyed glassmould cast irons on the mould performance[J]. M arterials letters, 2002, (55) : 360～363.
[42]李崇礼.D墨铸铁玻璃模具材料[J].玻璃与搪瓷,1997, 26 (1) :28-30.
[43]李崇礼.SMRI-92型D墨铸铁玻璃模具的性能研究[J].山东冶金,1997, 19 (1 ) : 3739.
[44]杨森,魏芳,梁文心,等.玻璃模具用低铬D型石墨灰铸铁的研究[J].铸造,2001 , 50 (8): 462-465.
[45]李小平,钟元龙,林元祖,等.合金元素Ti对D型石墨形成条件的影响[J].钢铁钒钛,2003,2 4 (4): 68-71.
[46]陈绍春,卢月美,李树江,等.铝合金化D型石墨铸铁[J].福州大学学报(自然科学版) ,2003,3 1( 2): 171-173.
[47]邓有福.点状石墨合金铸铁模具材质研究[J].钢铁钒钛,2004, 25 (2) :44-48.
[48]中国机械工程学会铸造分会,铸造手册第1卷,铸铁.北京:机械工业出版社,2002: 503-504
[49]陈绍春,卢月美,林小瑛,等.钛对D型石墨铸铁的组织与性能的影响现代铸铁,2003, (3):61-64
[50]董若景.冶金原理[M].北京:北京工业出版社,1980.121
[51]沈保罗,李莉,等.高强度D型石墨铸铁的研究[J].现代铸造,2006,(6):51
[52]徐忠华,裘国仁,蒋百灵,等. D型石墨含量对灰铸铁强度的影响[J] .铸造技术,1986 ,(1):27
[53]陆文华.铸铁及熔炼[M] .北京:机械工业出版社, 1981. 52.
[54]陈王景.钒钛元素在铸铁中存在状态及其影响[A].国际铸造会议论文集Ⅱ[C],北京:1986. 622
[55]苏华钦,施居府.铸铁凝固及其质量控制[M] .北京:机械工业出版社, 1993. 148
[56]格里戈B A.电炉炼钢过程理论基础[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1985. 153 - 155
[57]范志康,王贻青,黄忠松. D型石墨形成条件的研究[J].热加工工艺, 1990 , (1) :34 - 39
[58]张兆云,徐春杰,牛宏建.D型石墨灰铸铁的认识[J].铸造技术,2003,Volo.24,No.4:283-284
[59]陆文华.铸铁及其熔炼[M ].北京:机械工业出版社,1981. 52
[60]程和法,等.铁素体球铁高炉冷却壁的试验研究[J].现代铸铁,1994,(2):69-71
[61]罗毅,王强.玻璃模具用耐热合金铸铁的试验研究[J].玻璃与搪瓷,2004,Vol.32,No.3:15-17
[62]刘兴鹏.灰铸铁抗疲劳性能的研究[J].铸造,1989(5):12-15
[63]李荣生译,杰兢校.铝青铜玻璃模具[J].玻璃与搪瓷,1973, (2):2 1-22
[64]李雄杰.Minox.铜合金瓶口模具的铸造生产[J].中国铸造装备与技术,1999, (5):49 -51