基于连续可更新动态液滴光化学生物传感技术的研究和应用
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摘要
光化学生物传感是以光学信号选择性表达检测体系化学、生物组分实时信息的应用技术。作为学科交叉与渗透的产物,它是伴随现代分析化学、有机合成技术、生物功能分子的应用、聚合物化学乃至光学波导器件、微电子技术的进步而迅速发展起来的分析化学前沿研究领域之一,它在生命科学、环境监测、疾病诊断、药物筛选、食品工业及材料科学等重要领域中正得到越来越多的应用。
光化学生物传感技术的不断发展与广泛应用,也要求它自身的各种方法与理论不断完善和创新。从化学传感的角度而言,我们希望识别分析对象的化学反应为可逆反应,以便样品浓度增加或减少时能获得连续的响应信号。在已发展的许多光化学生物传感器中,大多数识别反应都符合这一要求。但仍然有一些在分析应用上很有价值的化学反应,由于反应产物稳定性高,或者反应过程中有气体或沉淀生成等原因,使得反应完成后不能返回起始状态。这些反应往往有很高的检测灵敏度和专一性,仅仅由于不可逆性而限制了它们在光化学传感器中的应用。而且在众多的光化学传感器中,敏感材料常常被物理包埋在聚合物膜中制成敏感膜,敏感物质的流失难以避免。基于新生液滴光池的光化学生物传感技术,提供了解决这些问题的办法。这种测量装置具有连续产生新鲜试剂并与样品相互作用的功能,并且液滴本身就是无需任何光窗的光池,它避免了在传统的光化学测量中,试剂和样品对比色池的污染以及因反应池池壁对光的吸收、散射或过程中产生的吸附物质等所引起的对测量信号的干扰;液滴光池近似光学透镜的形态具有聚光作用,使收集到的透射光信号比普通流通池更多,提高了光耦合效率,因而可以大大提高传感器检测的灵敏度和准确性。
本论文在我们实验室前期开展的动态液滴光化学传感技术研究工作的基础上,充分结合现代分析技术和荧光分析手段,系统研究了液滴生长机理、光波传输与耦合效率、信号接收与重现性等涉及液滴光化学生物传感器选择性与灵敏度的技术指标问题;探讨了液滴表面更新技术及在反应体系中既可充当无光窗光池又可充当反应器的特征,从而为不可逆反应体系在光化学生物传感领域中的应用提供了新的思路和方法;通过对以光纤传导为基础的动态液滴光化学传感原理验证机的改进,发展了以F2500和LS55型荧光/磷光/发光光度计为实验平台的新型液滴光化学检测方法;构建了以流动注射分析和动态液滴传感技术相结合的多种新型荧光化学生物传感器,初步实现了自动化程度高、测试过程时间短、样品试剂消耗量低、实时在线的检测模式;首次研制开发出具有自主知识产权的集吸光检测与荧光检测于一体的动态液滴光化学生物传感仪器,从而实现了
Optical chemical biosensing is a technique applied to selectively express real-time information of chemical and biological components with optical signals in detection system. As a product of crossing and penetrating subjects, the technology is becoming one of pioneering researches in analytical chemistry, with the rapid development of the modern analytical chemistry, organic synthetic, biospecific molecular, polymer chemistry and wave-guide apparatus. It is used more and more widely in many important application fields such as life sciences, environment monitoring, illness diagnosis, medication screening, food industry and material sciences.Meanwhile, the wide application of optical chemical sensor requires the improvement of its methods and theories. In view of the principles of chemosensing, the molecular recognition reaction is expected to be reversible, in order to obtain continuous response signals when the sample concentrations increase or decrease, and most of sensing reactions, available up to know, fulfill this requirement. However, still other reactions with high sensitivity and specificity to the analyze have been limited in applying to optical chemical sensor owing to the irreversibility. Furthermore, most of optical sensors are based on the technique of polymer membranes by immobilizing sensing materials in the membrane physically, the leaching of components from membrane phase to solution phase remains a series problem. The sensing technique based on renewable drop provides a most efficient solution to this challenge, which has the function of continuously producing fresh reagents and reacting with a fresh sample. The infections of optical signal, which caused by the absorption and scattering of cell surface and some contaminations of regents and samples to cell in the conventional photometric analysis, can be avoided. The unique features of a liquid drop can be characterized in its reproducibility, renewability, defined volume, and lack of containment walls. The features, individually or in combination, may result in high sensitivity and accuracy for analytes.On the basis of the research work of dynamical droplet optical chemical sensing performed previously in our laboratory, some techniques and parameters involved in selectivity and sensitivity of droplet optical chemical biosensor, such as growth mechanism of liquid drop, transmission and coupling efficiency of light wave, receiving and reproducibility of information, have been investigated by means of fluorescence analysis and modern
analytical technique presented in the paper. In addition to the technique of surface renewability of droplet and its characteristics as a windowless and sampler in reactions has also been studied. Some new ideas and methods have been provided for the application of the irreversible reactions in the domains of optical chemical biological sensing. A novel method of drop-based analysis, which regarding F-2500 and LS55 luminescence spectrometers as its experiment window, has been developed by improving dynamical drop-based fiber optical chemical sensor, which was constructed for principle proven. Many new fluorescence chemical biosensors combined with flow-injection analysis and the technique of dynamical drop-based sensing are developed. A model with automatization, short test time, low reagent cost and real-time assay is established. For the first time, dynamical drop-based sensor with our owner knowledge property right and two functions of absorbance assay and fluorescence detection is manufactured, which provides the possibility for optical chemical biosensors to be developed from mono-signal to multi-signal, multi-dimension, and even intelligence due to the realization of simultaneous determination with multi-channel, multi-component and multi -signal.In detail, the thesis includes the following two parts:Part I : Investigation of the principles and instruments about dynamical drop-based optical chemical biosensing techniques.The mechanism and principle of the dynamic drop-based optical chemical biosensing is systematical described. On the base of dynamical droplet sensor for principle proven based on fiber transmission, a liquid drop sensor was manufactured in combination with F-2500 and LS55 luminescence spectrometer. The apparatus was ameliorated in some components such as light source, monochromator, detector, pump and droplet forming device. Its performance has been improved dramatically. The third era dynamical drop-base instrument integrated with both fluorescence and absorbance detection was developed.Part II : The applications of dynamical drop-based optical chemical biosensing techniques in practical system.1. Applications in the determinations of inorganic ions.A fluorometry based on dynamical liquid drop has been developed for the determination of nitrite and iodate. The method is based on the fluorescence quenching of fluorescein fluoresceiniso-thiocyanate by iodine produced in the oxidation-reduction reaction. The sensors show linear responses in the range from 25 to lOOug/1 nitrite and 200 to 800ug/l iodate. The regression equations are JF=202.04+0.7435C and JF=-28.799+0.386C, respectively. The method is used to determine trace nitrite in water samples and iodate in table salt with satisfactory results.
2. Applications in determinations of organic molecular combined with the techniques of immobilized enzyme.(D A drop-based flow-injection fluorometry based on the immobilization of enzyme on gel for determination of trace amount of L-lysine in solutions was proposed. Being illuminated or heated up, gel is formed by cross-linking when propylene amide is used as polymer, N, N'-methene-dipropylene amide as cross-linked agent and ammonium persulfate as attractant. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and L-amino acid oxidase are prepared to be enzyme column on the condition of uniformity dispersal of enzyme. L-lysine in solutions is oxidated to be hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by L-amino acid oxidase. The fluorescence of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethyl-benzidine-dihydrochloride (TMB-d) is quenched by H2O2 in the catalysis of L-amino acid oxidase. The fluorescence change of TMB-d is related to the concentration of L-lysine. Trace amount of L-lysine in solutions is determined based on these mechanisms. Under the optimum conditions, the sensor shows linear response in the range from 2.0xlO"7mol/l tol.lxlO"5mol/l. The regression equation is F(//7=0.9776+2.783xl05C.(2) A method for preparation of enzyme columns based on nanoparticles by sol-gel was developed. Glucose oxidase (GOD) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) mixed with SiC>2 nanoparticles and polyvinglbuty (PVB) medium were immobilized on the surface of capillary tube, respectively. It is proven that the catalysis effect of separate columns is higher than that of mixed columns. The enzyme columns are featured by high activity, more active centers and effective catalysis. An effective and fast method for assay of micro-amount of glucose was established. In the range from 2.0~400ng/ml, the quench value (F
光化学生物传感技术的不断发展与广泛应用,也要求它自身的各种方法与理论不断完善和创新。从化学传感的角度而言,我们希望识别分析对象的化学反应为可逆反应,以便样品浓度增加或减少时能获得连续的响应信号。在已发展的许多光化学生物传感器中,大多数识别反应都符合这一要求。但仍然有一些在分析应用上很有价值的化学反应,由于反应产物稳定性高,或者反应过程中有气体或沉淀生成等原因,使得反应完成后不能返回起始状态。这些反应往往有很高的检测灵敏度和专一性,仅仅由于不可逆性而限制了它们在光化学传感器中的应用。而且在众多的光化学传感器中,敏感材料常常被物理包埋在聚合物膜中制成敏感膜,敏感物质的流失难以避免。基于新生液滴光池的光化学生物传感技术,提供了解决这些问题的办法。这种测量装置具有连续产生新鲜试剂并与样品相互作用的功能,并且液滴本身就是无需任何光窗的光池,它避免了在传统的光化学测量中,试剂和样品对比色池的污染以及因反应池池壁对光的吸收、散射或过程中产生的吸附物质等所引起的对测量信号的干扰;液滴光池近似光学透镜的形态具有聚光作用,使收集到的透射光信号比普通流通池更多,提高了光耦合效率,因而可以大大提高传感器检测的灵敏度和准确性。
本论文在我们实验室前期开展的动态液滴光化学传感技术研究工作的基础上,充分结合现代分析技术和荧光分析手段,系统研究了液滴生长机理、光波传输与耦合效率、信号接收与重现性等涉及液滴光化学生物传感器选择性与灵敏度的技术指标问题;探讨了液滴表面更新技术及在反应体系中既可充当无光窗光池又可充当反应器的特征,从而为不可逆反应体系在光化学生物传感领域中的应用提供了新的思路和方法;通过对以光纤传导为基础的动态液滴光化学传感原理验证机的改进,发展了以F2500和LS55型荧光/磷光/发光光度计为实验平台的新型液滴光化学检测方法;构建了以流动注射分析和动态液滴传感技术相结合的多种新型荧光化学生物传感器,初步实现了自动化程度高、测试过程时间短、样品试剂消耗量低、实时在线的检测模式;首次研制开发出具有自主知识产权的集吸光检测与荧光检测于一体的动态液滴光化学生物传感仪器,从而实现了
Optical chemical biosensing is a technique applied to selectively express real-time information of chemical and biological components with optical signals in detection system. As a product of crossing and penetrating subjects, the technology is becoming one of pioneering researches in analytical chemistry, with the rapid development of the modern analytical chemistry, organic synthetic, biospecific molecular, polymer chemistry and wave-guide apparatus. It is used more and more widely in many important application fields such as life sciences, environment monitoring, illness diagnosis, medication screening, food industry and material sciences.Meanwhile, the wide application of optical chemical sensor requires the improvement of its methods and theories. In view of the principles of chemosensing, the molecular recognition reaction is expected to be reversible, in order to obtain continuous response signals when the sample concentrations increase or decrease, and most of sensing reactions, available up to know, fulfill this requirement. However, still other reactions with high sensitivity and specificity to the analyze have been limited in applying to optical chemical sensor owing to the irreversibility. Furthermore, most of optical sensors are based on the technique of polymer membranes by immobilizing sensing materials in the membrane physically, the leaching of components from membrane phase to solution phase remains a series problem. The sensing technique based on renewable drop provides a most efficient solution to this challenge, which has the function of continuously producing fresh reagents and reacting with a fresh sample. The infections of optical signal, which caused by the absorption and scattering of cell surface and some contaminations of regents and samples to cell in the conventional photometric analysis, can be avoided. The unique features of a liquid drop can be characterized in its reproducibility, renewability, defined volume, and lack of containment walls. The features, individually or in combination, may result in high sensitivity and accuracy for analytes.On the basis of the research work of dynamical droplet optical chemical sensing performed previously in our laboratory, some techniques and parameters involved in selectivity and sensitivity of droplet optical chemical biosensor, such as growth mechanism of liquid drop, transmission and coupling efficiency of light wave, receiving and reproducibility of information, have been investigated by means of fluorescence analysis and modern
analytical technique presented in the paper. In addition to the technique of surface renewability of droplet and its characteristics as a windowless and sampler in reactions has also been studied. Some new ideas and methods have been provided for the application of the irreversible reactions in the domains of optical chemical biological sensing. A novel method of drop-based analysis, which regarding F-2500 and LS55 luminescence spectrometers as its experiment window, has been developed by improving dynamical drop-based fiber optical chemical sensor, which was constructed for principle proven. Many new fluorescence chemical biosensors combined with flow-injection analysis and the technique of dynamical drop-based sensing are developed. A model with automatization, short test time, low reagent cost and real-time assay is established. For the first time, dynamical drop-based sensor with our owner knowledge property right and two functions of absorbance assay and fluorescence detection is manufactured, which provides the possibility for optical chemical biosensors to be developed from mono-signal to multi-signal, multi-dimension, and even intelligence due to the realization of simultaneous determination with multi-channel, multi-component and multi -signal.In detail, the thesis includes the following two parts:Part I : Investigation of the principles and instruments about dynamical drop-based optical chemical biosensing techniques.The mechanism and principle of the dynamic drop-based optical chemical biosensing is systematical described. On the base of dynamical droplet sensor for principle proven based on fiber transmission, a liquid drop sensor was manufactured in combination with F-2500 and LS55 luminescence spectrometer. The apparatus was ameliorated in some components such as light source, monochromator, detector, pump and droplet forming device. Its performance has been improved dramatically. The third era dynamical drop-base instrument integrated with both fluorescence and absorbance detection was developed.Part II : The applications of dynamical drop-based optical chemical biosensing techniques in practical system.1. Applications in the determinations of inorganic ions.A fluorometry based on dynamical liquid drop has been developed for the determination of nitrite and iodate. The method is based on the fluorescence quenching of fluorescein fluoresceiniso-thiocyanate by iodine produced in the oxidation-reduction reaction. The sensors show linear responses in the range from 25 to lOOug/1 nitrite and 200 to 800ug/l iodate. The regression equations are JF=202.04+0.7435C and JF=-28.799+0.386C, respectively. The method is used to determine trace nitrite in water samples and iodate in table salt with satisfactory results.
2. Applications in determinations of organic molecular combined with the techniques of immobilized enzyme.(D A drop-based flow-injection fluorometry based on the immobilization of enzyme on gel for determination of trace amount of L-lysine in solutions was proposed. Being illuminated or heated up, gel is formed by cross-linking when propylene amide is used as polymer, N, N'-methene-dipropylene amide as cross-linked agent and ammonium persulfate as attractant. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and L-amino acid oxidase are prepared to be enzyme column on the condition of uniformity dispersal of enzyme. L-lysine in solutions is oxidated to be hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by L-amino acid oxidase. The fluorescence of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethyl-benzidine-dihydrochloride (TMB-d) is quenched by H2O2 in the catalysis of L-amino acid oxidase. The fluorescence change of TMB-d is related to the concentration of L-lysine. Trace amount of L-lysine in solutions is determined based on these mechanisms. Under the optimum conditions, the sensor shows linear response in the range from 2.0xlO"7mol/l tol.lxlO"5mol/l. The regression equation is F(//7=0.9776+2.783xl05C.(2) A method for preparation of enzyme columns based on nanoparticles by sol-gel was developed. Glucose oxidase (GOD) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) mixed with SiC>2 nanoparticles and polyvinglbuty (PVB) medium were immobilized on the surface of capillary tube, respectively. It is proven that the catalysis effect of separate columns is higher than that of mixed columns. The enzyme columns are featured by high activity, more active centers and effective catalysis. An effective and fast method for assay of micro-amount of glucose was established. In the range from 2.0~400ng/ml, the quench value (F
引文
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