大理岩应力的电学频域特性实验研究
|
摘要
在岩石应力检测中,由于岩石内部结构的复杂性,需要综合各学科的知识,目前存在很多有用的方法,但还存在着一定程度的局限性和不足,本文利用岩石的电学特性,选择大理岩作为研究对象,进行了大理岩应力的电学频域特性实验研究。
为了达到实验目的,本文建立了合理的大理岩应力电学频域特性实验系统,包括加载系统和电路系统两部分,由加载系统提供实验所需的加载程序,同时获得大理岩试件的应力应变值；电路系统对岩石试件提供可变频的交流电信号并可获得大理岩试件的电阻值。首先在交流输入电信号频率不变的情况下做大理岩应力应变电阻实验,选择两种矿物成分不同的大理岩进行实验,通过比较研究大理岩应力电阻变化关系；在此基础上做大理岩应力的电学频域特性实验,对大理岩试件进行加载,在加载过程中压力每增加5kN保持压力不变的同时,通过改变交流输入电信号频率获得电学频谱曲线后继续加载；对大理岩试件加载卸载,压力每增加10kN进行卸载,完全卸载后通过改变交流输入电信号频率获得电学频谱曲线,在合适的频域范围内研究大理岩应力的电学记忆性。
通过对实验结果的分析研究得到结论：交流输入电信号频率不变的情况下,大理岩试件的电阻随着压缩应力的增加而增加,保持大理岩试件的应力不变时,试件电阻随着交流输入电信号频率的改变而变化,形成大理岩应力的电学频谱曲线,随应力水平升高电学频谱曲线逐渐上移,每一条频谱曲线对应一个应力水平,从而获得不同应力作用下对应的多条电学频谱曲线组成的大理岩应力的电学谱纹,通过对电学谱纹的分析研究应力与电学频谱特征的变化关系,拟合出数学公式用于反映大理岩应力的电学频域特性；大理岩试件每次完全卸载后的电学频谱曲线与初始零应力对应的电学频谱曲线存在差别,并且随着所受应力的增加而逐渐上移,表明大理岩试件应力的电学记忆性存在,通过各频谱曲线之间的相关性研究分析大理岩试件应力的电学记忆性。研究结论可用于岩石应力的检测,岩石内部结构变化的研究。
In the testing of the rock structure, the stress testing of rock is very difficult because of the complicate rock fracturing, the stress testing method of the rock structure have to use others field's knowledge. In recent years, there are some useful methods of the stress testing of rock but some limitation and shortage still existed to some extent. This paper choose marble as research object, then use electrical knowledge of rock to study the stress and electrical frequency effect of marble.
The author of this paper has built the suitable experimental system for complete the experiment of electrical frequency characteristic of marble stress. The experimental system includes loading system and circuit system. The loading system is used for loading and measuring stress and strain value of marble specimen. The circuit system is used for offering AC signal of different frequency and acquiring the electrical resistance of marble specimen. At first, the stress, strain and electrical resistance experiment of marble specimen have finished under condition of invariable frequency of input AC signal. By analysis on the experimental data of two kinds of marble specimens which have different mineral compositions, the author has researched the change relation of electrical resistance with marble stress. On the basis of the stress, strain and electrical resistance experiments of marble, the author has done the experiment of electrical frequency characteristic of marble stress. When the pressure increases 5kN, the author stops loading and sustain loading until acquire the electrical spectrum line by changing the frequency of input AC signal. Then the experiment of loading-on and loading-off of marble specimen were carried out. When the pressure increases 10kN, the author starts unloading. The author has acquired electrical spectrum lines by changing frequency of input AC signal in suitable range when marble specimen stress has unloaded completely. The experiment is used for researching on electrical frequency memory characteristic of marble stress.
By results we can discover several conclusions. If the frequency of input AC signal is invariable, the electrical resistance of marble specimen is increasing with the increase of stress. If the stress of rock specimen is invariable, the electrical resistance is changing with the change of the frequency.The electrical resistance of marble specimen can become electrical spectrum line by changing the frequency of input AC signal. With the increase of the stress, the electrical spectrum line moves up gradually. A piece of the spectrum line corresponds to a stress level. The stress electrical spectrum lines are obtained composed by several pieces of spectrum lines of different stress levels. According on analysis on the electrical spectrum lines, the author has studied the change relation of characteristic of electrical spectrum line with stress, then fitted mathematical formula to reflect electrical frequency characteristic of marble stress. The electrical spectrum line of rock specimen loaded off completely is different from the electrical spectrum line of initial zero stress. With the increase of the stress which had loaded on marble specimen, the electrical spectrum line moves up gradually, this phenomenon can show that the electrical memory characteristic of marble stress exists. The author has studied the memory characteristic of marble stress by using correlation between the electrical spectrum lines. These conclusions will be used for detection of rock stress and researching on inner structure of rock.
为了达到实验目的,本文建立了合理的大理岩应力电学频域特性实验系统,包括加载系统和电路系统两部分,由加载系统提供实验所需的加载程序,同时获得大理岩试件的应力应变值；电路系统对岩石试件提供可变频的交流电信号并可获得大理岩试件的电阻值。首先在交流输入电信号频率不变的情况下做大理岩应力应变电阻实验,选择两种矿物成分不同的大理岩进行实验,通过比较研究大理岩应力电阻变化关系；在此基础上做大理岩应力的电学频域特性实验,对大理岩试件进行加载,在加载过程中压力每增加5kN保持压力不变的同时,通过改变交流输入电信号频率获得电学频谱曲线后继续加载；对大理岩试件加载卸载,压力每增加10kN进行卸载,完全卸载后通过改变交流输入电信号频率获得电学频谱曲线,在合适的频域范围内研究大理岩应力的电学记忆性。
通过对实验结果的分析研究得到结论：交流输入电信号频率不变的情况下,大理岩试件的电阻随着压缩应力的增加而增加,保持大理岩试件的应力不变时,试件电阻随着交流输入电信号频率的改变而变化,形成大理岩应力的电学频谱曲线,随应力水平升高电学频谱曲线逐渐上移,每一条频谱曲线对应一个应力水平,从而获得不同应力作用下对应的多条电学频谱曲线组成的大理岩应力的电学谱纹,通过对电学谱纹的分析研究应力与电学频谱特征的变化关系,拟合出数学公式用于反映大理岩应力的电学频域特性；大理岩试件每次完全卸载后的电学频谱曲线与初始零应力对应的电学频谱曲线存在差别,并且随着所受应力的增加而逐渐上移,表明大理岩试件应力的电学记忆性存在,通过各频谱曲线之间的相关性研究分析大理岩试件应力的电学记忆性。研究结论可用于岩石应力的检测,岩石内部结构变化的研究。
In the testing of the rock structure, the stress testing of rock is very difficult because of the complicate rock fracturing, the stress testing method of the rock structure have to use others field's knowledge. In recent years, there are some useful methods of the stress testing of rock but some limitation and shortage still existed to some extent. This paper choose marble as research object, then use electrical knowledge of rock to study the stress and electrical frequency effect of marble.
The author of this paper has built the suitable experimental system for complete the experiment of electrical frequency characteristic of marble stress. The experimental system includes loading system and circuit system. The loading system is used for loading and measuring stress and strain value of marble specimen. The circuit system is used for offering AC signal of different frequency and acquiring the electrical resistance of marble specimen. At first, the stress, strain and electrical resistance experiment of marble specimen have finished under condition of invariable frequency of input AC signal. By analysis on the experimental data of two kinds of marble specimens which have different mineral compositions, the author has researched the change relation of electrical resistance with marble stress. On the basis of the stress, strain and electrical resistance experiments of marble, the author has done the experiment of electrical frequency characteristic of marble stress. When the pressure increases 5kN, the author stops loading and sustain loading until acquire the electrical spectrum line by changing the frequency of input AC signal. Then the experiment of loading-on and loading-off of marble specimen were carried out. When the pressure increases 10kN, the author starts unloading. The author has acquired electrical spectrum lines by changing frequency of input AC signal in suitable range when marble specimen stress has unloaded completely. The experiment is used for researching on electrical frequency memory characteristic of marble stress.
By results we can discover several conclusions. If the frequency of input AC signal is invariable, the electrical resistance of marble specimen is increasing with the increase of stress. If the stress of rock specimen is invariable, the electrical resistance is changing with the change of the frequency.The electrical resistance of marble specimen can become electrical spectrum line by changing the frequency of input AC signal. With the increase of the stress, the electrical spectrum line moves up gradually. A piece of the spectrum line corresponds to a stress level. The stress electrical spectrum lines are obtained composed by several pieces of spectrum lines of different stress levels. According on analysis on the electrical spectrum lines, the author has studied the change relation of characteristic of electrical spectrum line with stress, then fitted mathematical formula to reflect electrical frequency characteristic of marble stress. The electrical spectrum line of rock specimen loaded off completely is different from the electrical spectrum line of initial zero stress. With the increase of the stress which had loaded on marble specimen, the electrical spectrum line moves up gradually, this phenomenon can show that the electrical memory characteristic of marble stress exists. The author has studied the memory characteristic of marble stress by using correlation between the electrical spectrum lines. These conclusions will be used for detection of rock stress and researching on inner structure of rock.
引文
1.蔡美峰,何满潮,刘东燕.岩石力学与工程[M],北京：科学出版社,2002,129-179
2.蔡美峰.地应力测量原理与技术[M],北京：科学出版社,2000,38-46
3.孙光忠.岩体力学基础[M],北京：科学出版社,1983,1-20
4.楼一珊.地应力的测试方法及其在石油工业中的应用[J],中国海上油气地质,1996,10(4)：271-273
5.蔡美峰.不同岩石条件下地应力解除测量技术可靠性的试验研究[J],岩石力学与工程学报,1991,10(4)：339-353
6.乔兰,蔡美峰.应力解除法在某金矿地应力测量中的新进展[J],岩石力学与工程学报,1995,14(1)：25-32·
7.李化敏,周英,苏承东等.砚北煤矿地应力测量及其特征分析[J],岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(23)：3938-3942
8.王双红,张政辉,蔡美峰.套孔应力解除法在某边坡地应力测量中的应用[J],中国矿业,2001,10(1)：60-63
9.邱贤德,姜永东,卢黎,张兰.套孔应力解除法在危岩边坡地应力测量中的应用[J],重庆大学学报,27(11)：1197-1199
10.李永松,尹健民,艾凯等.深圳抽水蓄能电站地应力测试分析及其在地下硐室设计中的应用[J],岩石力学与工程学报,2006,第25卷增2：3965-3969
11.葛修润,侯明勋.一种测定深部岩体地应力的新方法——钻孔局部壁面应力全解除法[J],岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(23)：3923-3927
12.靳晓光,王兰生,李天斌.地应力测量的应力恢复法试验和数值模拟研究[J],成都理工学院学报,1999,26(3)：287-290
13.靳晓光,王兰生,李晓红.地下工程围岩二次应力场的现场测试与监测[J],岩石力学与工学报,2003,21(5)：651-653
14.尤明庆.水压致裂法测量地应力方法的研究[J],岩土工程学报,2005,27(3)：350-353
15.张辉.水压致裂法应力测量及在工程中的应用[J],云南水力发电,2005,21(6)：25-28
16.李晋平,林健.水压致裂法测量原岩应力在潞安矿区的应用[J],煤炭科学技术,2005,33(3)：39-41
17.陈群策,李方全,毛吉震.水压致裂法三维地应力测量的实用性研究[J],地质力学 学报,2001,7(1)：69-77
18.刘允芳,刘元坤.单钻孔中水压致裂法三维地应力测量的新进展[J],岩石力学与工程学报,2006,第25卷增2：3816-3822
19.巫静波,谢和平,高峰.岩石节理剪切力学特性的光弹实验研究[J],中国矿业大学学报,200,29(6)：640-642
20.单家增,王捷,王秉海等.光弹物理模拟实验法在古应力场研究中的应用[J],石油大学学报(自然科学版),2000,24(4)：61-67
21.李连崇,唐春安,朱万成.数值光弹及其在采矿工程中的应用[J],中国矿业,2002,11(4)：55-58
22.谢卫红,卢爱红,李顺才,钟卫平.岩石分形节理光弹实验与数值模拟研究[J],辽工程技术大学学报,2004,23(1)：35-37
23.尤春安,林从谋,周骏.岩石试件的云纹法实验研究[J],煤炭学报,1999,24(6)：609-611
24.张国,赵文,张治强,林韵梅.云纹法在岩石力学中应用的新进展[J],东北大学学报,1997,18(4)：386-390
25.李元辉,袁瑞甫,赵兴东.岩石受载记忆的声发射实验研究[J],辽宁工程技术大学学报,2006,25(4)：518-519
26.李庶林,尹贤刚,王泳嘉,唐海燕.单轴受压岩石破坏全过程声发射特征研究[J],岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(15)：2499-2503
27.尹贤刚,李庶林.声发射技术在岩土工程中的应用[J],采矿技术,2002,2(4)：39-42
28.彭新明,孙友宏,李安宁.岩石声发射技术的应用现状[J],世界地质,2000,19(3)：303-306
29. Tomoki Shiotania, Masayasu Ohtsub, Kenji Ikedac. Detection and evaluation of AE waves due to rock deformation[J], Construction and Building Materials,2001,15:235-246
30. Xinglin Lei, Koji Masuda, Osamu Nishizawa, Laurence Jouniau, Liqiang Liub, Wentao Mab, Takashi Satoha, Kinichiro Kusunose. Detailed analysis of acoustic emission activity during catastrophic fracture of faults in rock[J],International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences,2004,41:785-812
31.赵兴东,唐春安,李元辉.花岗岩破裂全过程的声发射特性研究[J],岩石力学与工程学报,2006,第25卷增2：：3673-3678
32. Alexander Lavrov. Kaiser effect observation in brittle rock cyclically loaded with different loading rates [J], Mechanics of Materials,2001,33:669-677
33. M. Seto, M. Utagawa, K. Katsuyama, D.K. Nag, V.S. Vutukuri. In situ stress determination by acoustic emission technique [J], Int. J. RockMech. &Min. Sci.34:3-4
34. T. Shiotani. Evaluation of long-term stability for rock slope by means of acoustic emission [J],technique.NDT&E International,2006,39:217-228
35.陈强,朱宝龙,胡厚田.岩石Kaiser效应测定地应力场的试验研究[J],岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(7)：1370-1376
36.张广清,金衍,陈勉.利用围压下岩石的凯泽效应测定地应力[J],岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(3)：360-363
37.杨更社,路忠盛,蒲毅彬.三轴受力状态下岩石损伤扩展力学特性研究[J],西安科技学院学报,2000,20(2)：101-104
38.崔中兴,仵彦卿,吕惠民,蒲毅彬,冯小太,张飞跃.砂岩隙宽变化与CT数变化的相关关系[J],岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(20)：3484-3488
39.任建喜,葛修润,蒲毅彬.岩石破坏全过程的CT细观损伤演化机理动态分析[J],西安公路交通大学学报,2000,20(2)：12-30
40.陈蕴生,李宁,韩信等.非贯通裂隙介质裂隙扩展规律的CT试验研究[J],岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(15)：2665-2670
41. Y. Obaraa, Y. Ishiguro. Measurements of induced stress and strength in the near-field around a tunnel and associated estimation of the Mohr-Coulomb parameters for rock mass strength [J], International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences, 2004,41:761-769
42. B. Shi, Y. Murakami, Z. Wu,J. Chen, H. Inyang. Monitoring of internal failure evolution in soils using computerization X-ray tomography[J],Engineering Geology,2000,20(2): 101-104
43.吴立新,刘善军,吴育华.遥感—岩石力学引论[M],北京：科学出版社,2006,5-20
44. Walsh, J.B.(1965). The effect of cracks on the compressibility of rock [J], Gcophys, Res., 70,2:381-389
45.唐晓敏.低阻油层通用有效介质电阻率模型研究(D),大庆石油学院,2007
46.陈耕野.岩石结构裂变的力电效应研究(D),沈阳东北大学,1999
47.王多君.控制热力学条件下的矿物、岩石电学性质研究(D),2004
48.邢丽波.混合泥质砂岩导电效率、ABC、颗粒导电电阻率模型研究(D),大庆石油学院,2005
49.高楚桥,谭廷栋.用岩石导电效率识别碳酸盐岩储层类型[J],石油学报,2000,21(5)： 32-35
50.蒋宇冰.岩石激发极化现象的实验研究及理论分析(D),2007
51.陈耕野,田军,姚广仁.岩石应力的电学效应及其断裂演化规律[J],岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(11)：1833-1840
52. Chen G.Y, Lin Y. Stress-strain-electrical resistance effects and associated state equations for uniaxial rock compression[J], International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2004,41(2):223-236.
2.蔡美峰.地应力测量原理与技术[M],北京：科学出版社,2000,38-46
3.孙光忠.岩体力学基础[M],北京：科学出版社,1983,1-20
4.楼一珊.地应力的测试方法及其在石油工业中的应用[J],中国海上油气地质,1996,10(4)：271-273
5.蔡美峰.不同岩石条件下地应力解除测量技术可靠性的试验研究[J],岩石力学与工程学报,1991,10(4)：339-353
6.乔兰,蔡美峰.应力解除法在某金矿地应力测量中的新进展[J],岩石力学与工程学报,1995,14(1)：25-32·
7.李化敏,周英,苏承东等.砚北煤矿地应力测量及其特征分析[J],岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(23)：3938-3942
8.王双红,张政辉,蔡美峰.套孔应力解除法在某边坡地应力测量中的应用[J],中国矿业,2001,10(1)：60-63
9.邱贤德,姜永东,卢黎,张兰.套孔应力解除法在危岩边坡地应力测量中的应用[J],重庆大学学报,27(11)：1197-1199
10.李永松,尹健民,艾凯等.深圳抽水蓄能电站地应力测试分析及其在地下硐室设计中的应用[J],岩石力学与工程学报,2006,第25卷增2：3965-3969
11.葛修润,侯明勋.一种测定深部岩体地应力的新方法——钻孔局部壁面应力全解除法[J],岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(23)：3923-3927
12.靳晓光,王兰生,李天斌.地应力测量的应力恢复法试验和数值模拟研究[J],成都理工学院学报,1999,26(3)：287-290
13.靳晓光,王兰生,李晓红.地下工程围岩二次应力场的现场测试与监测[J],岩石力学与工学报,2003,21(5)：651-653
14.尤明庆.水压致裂法测量地应力方法的研究[J],岩土工程学报,2005,27(3)：350-353
15.张辉.水压致裂法应力测量及在工程中的应用[J],云南水力发电,2005,21(6)：25-28
16.李晋平,林健.水压致裂法测量原岩应力在潞安矿区的应用[J],煤炭科学技术,2005,33(3)：39-41
17.陈群策,李方全,毛吉震.水压致裂法三维地应力测量的实用性研究[J],地质力学 学报,2001,7(1)：69-77
18.刘允芳,刘元坤.单钻孔中水压致裂法三维地应力测量的新进展[J],岩石力学与工程学报,2006,第25卷增2：3816-3822
19.巫静波,谢和平,高峰.岩石节理剪切力学特性的光弹实验研究[J],中国矿业大学学报,200,29(6)：640-642
20.单家增,王捷,王秉海等.光弹物理模拟实验法在古应力场研究中的应用[J],石油大学学报(自然科学版),2000,24(4)：61-67
21.李连崇,唐春安,朱万成.数值光弹及其在采矿工程中的应用[J],中国矿业,2002,11(4)：55-58
22.谢卫红,卢爱红,李顺才,钟卫平.岩石分形节理光弹实验与数值模拟研究[J],辽工程技术大学学报,2004,23(1)：35-37
23.尤春安,林从谋,周骏.岩石试件的云纹法实验研究[J],煤炭学报,1999,24(6)：609-611
24.张国,赵文,张治强,林韵梅.云纹法在岩石力学中应用的新进展[J],东北大学学报,1997,18(4)：386-390
25.李元辉,袁瑞甫,赵兴东.岩石受载记忆的声发射实验研究[J],辽宁工程技术大学学报,2006,25(4)：518-519
26.李庶林,尹贤刚,王泳嘉,唐海燕.单轴受压岩石破坏全过程声发射特征研究[J],岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(15)：2499-2503
27.尹贤刚,李庶林.声发射技术在岩土工程中的应用[J],采矿技术,2002,2(4)：39-42
28.彭新明,孙友宏,李安宁.岩石声发射技术的应用现状[J],世界地质,2000,19(3)：303-306
29. Tomoki Shiotania, Masayasu Ohtsub, Kenji Ikedac. Detection and evaluation of AE waves due to rock deformation[J], Construction and Building Materials,2001,15:235-246
30. Xinglin Lei, Koji Masuda, Osamu Nishizawa, Laurence Jouniau, Liqiang Liub, Wentao Mab, Takashi Satoha, Kinichiro Kusunose. Detailed analysis of acoustic emission activity during catastrophic fracture of faults in rock[J],International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences,2004,41:785-812
31.赵兴东,唐春安,李元辉.花岗岩破裂全过程的声发射特性研究[J],岩石力学与工程学报,2006,第25卷增2：：3673-3678
32. Alexander Lavrov. Kaiser effect observation in brittle rock cyclically loaded with different loading rates [J], Mechanics of Materials,2001,33:669-677
33. M. Seto, M. Utagawa, K. Katsuyama, D.K. Nag, V.S. Vutukuri. In situ stress determination by acoustic emission technique [J], Int. J. RockMech. &Min. Sci.34:3-4
34. T. Shiotani. Evaluation of long-term stability for rock slope by means of acoustic emission [J],technique.NDT&E International,2006,39:217-228
35.陈强,朱宝龙,胡厚田.岩石Kaiser效应测定地应力场的试验研究[J],岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(7)：1370-1376
36.张广清,金衍,陈勉.利用围压下岩石的凯泽效应测定地应力[J],岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(3)：360-363
37.杨更社,路忠盛,蒲毅彬.三轴受力状态下岩石损伤扩展力学特性研究[J],西安科技学院学报,2000,20(2)：101-104
38.崔中兴,仵彦卿,吕惠民,蒲毅彬,冯小太,张飞跃.砂岩隙宽变化与CT数变化的相关关系[J],岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(20)：3484-3488
39.任建喜,葛修润,蒲毅彬.岩石破坏全过程的CT细观损伤演化机理动态分析[J],西安公路交通大学学报,2000,20(2)：12-30
40.陈蕴生,李宁,韩信等.非贯通裂隙介质裂隙扩展规律的CT试验研究[J],岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(15)：2665-2670
41. Y. Obaraa, Y. Ishiguro. Measurements of induced stress and strength in the near-field around a tunnel and associated estimation of the Mohr-Coulomb parameters for rock mass strength [J], International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences, 2004,41:761-769
42. B. Shi, Y. Murakami, Z. Wu,J. Chen, H. Inyang. Monitoring of internal failure evolution in soils using computerization X-ray tomography[J],Engineering Geology,2000,20(2): 101-104
43.吴立新,刘善军,吴育华.遥感—岩石力学引论[M],北京：科学出版社,2006,5-20
44. Walsh, J.B.(1965). The effect of cracks on the compressibility of rock [J], Gcophys, Res., 70,2:381-389
45.唐晓敏.低阻油层通用有效介质电阻率模型研究(D),大庆石油学院,2007
46.陈耕野.岩石结构裂变的力电效应研究(D),沈阳东北大学,1999
47.王多君.控制热力学条件下的矿物、岩石电学性质研究(D),2004
48.邢丽波.混合泥质砂岩导电效率、ABC、颗粒导电电阻率模型研究(D),大庆石油学院,2005
49.高楚桥,谭廷栋.用岩石导电效率识别碳酸盐岩储层类型[J],石油学报,2000,21(5)： 32-35
50.蒋宇冰.岩石激发极化现象的实验研究及理论分析(D),2007
51.陈耕野,田军,姚广仁.岩石应力的电学效应及其断裂演化规律[J],岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(11)：1833-1840
52. Chen G.Y, Lin Y. Stress-strain-electrical resistance effects and associated state equations for uniaxial rock compression[J], International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2004,41(2):223-236.