芦苇NS法深度脱木素及全无氯漂白的研究
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摘要
本文结合丹东造纸厂的生产实际，对芦苇中性亚硫酸钠蒸煮(NS)深度脱木素及全无氯(TCF)漂白作了较全面的研究，探索出符合工厂实际生产的工艺，以期为实际生产应用提供理论依据。
采用添加助剂的方法对芦苇NS蒸煮进行深度脱木素。选用的蒸煮助剂有河南道纯化工公司生产的绿氧，湖北仙桃化工有限公司生产的CT-1和Buckman公司研制的2282助剂，试验结果表明：在这三种蒸煮助剂中，绿氧对芦苇NS蒸煮深度脱木素的效果最好。添加绿氧的芦苇中性亚钠法蒸煮(NS-绿氧)的最佳工艺条件为：Na_2SO_3用量28％(以Na_2SO_3计)，Na_2CO_3用量6％(以Na_2CO_3计)，绿氧用量0.15％，液比1：5，最高温度165℃，保温时间3小时。在该条件下，蒸煮所得浆的得率为55.8％，卡伯值为17.1，粘度为1144ml/g。与未添加绿氧的NS苇浆相比，卡伯值下降了近8个单位。
在NS-绿氧法蒸煮芦苇的过程中，木素的脱除具有阶段性。从50℃升温开始至105℃为初始脱木素阶段，木素脱除率为10％；从105℃到最高温度下保温30分钟为大量脱木素阶段，木素脱除率可达71％；从保温30分钟至蒸煮结束为脱除残余木素阶段，木素脱除率为11％。
对绿氧、CT-1助剂的红外光谱谱图剖析及与AQ助剂的红外光谱谱图对比分析表明，绿氧与CT-1的红外光谱谱图具有AQ的特征吸收峰，初步可断定它们具有相似的基本结构，在此基础上，绿氧主要复配了一些表面活性剂，但不能完全依据红外光谱分析确定其成分。
通过研究用碱量、温度、时间对NS-绿氧法苇浆氧脱木素的影响的研究表明，用碱量增加有利于提高脱木素速率，但不能增加过多，否则会导致浆粘度降低太多；氧脱木素温度的提高有利于脱木素；延长脱木素时间会使浆白度提高，但反应的选择性变差，粘度下降显著。NS-绿氧法苇浆适宜的氧脱木素条件为：NaOH用量4％，氧压0.6MPa，MgSO_4用量0.05％，温度100℃，时间60min，浆浓12％。以此条件对NS-绿氧法苇浆进行氧脱木素，可以使浆白度从50.2％ISO提高到62.3％ISO，卡伯值从17.1降低到10.5，粘度从1144ml/g降低到1123ml/g。另外，H_2O_2对NS-绿氧苇浆的氧脱木素具有促进作用，加入1.0％H_2O_2强化的氧脱木素，可使纸浆卡伯值在常规氧脱木素基础上又降低了5.8个百分点。经1.0％H_2O_2强化的氧脱木素后，浆(Op)的特性为白度69.7％ISO，卡伯值9.5，粘度1111ml/g。
钼酸钠催化的酸性H_2O_2漂白对NS-绿氧法苇浆具有脱木素作用，钼酸钠用量主要影响脱木素速率，漂白的pH值主要影响漂后浆的白度与粘度。通过研究表明，钼酸钠催化的酸性H_2O_2漂白的最佳条件为：漂前用0.4％DTPA常温预处理浆料30min；漂白时pH5.0，H_2O_2用量1.5％，钼酸钠用量0.1％，
摘要
浆浓120，温度60℃，时间120min。在此条件下，纸浆白度可由39．00ISO
提高到53刀％ISO，白度提高了14个百分点；粘度由1317ml哈下降到1127ml哈；
卡伯值由门．9下降到8．l。
过氧乙酸（PA。）处理NS－绿氧苇浆，在适当的PA。用量下温度是影响
PAC漂白的主要因素，温度升高可使浆的卡伯值和粘度显著下降，白度显著
提高。试验确定的最佳PAC的漂白条件为：PAC用量l．2％，浆浓12％，pH7刀，
温度70℃，时间30min。可将白度为39．0％ISO的纸浆漂到51．0％ISO，白度
增加了口个百分点。
NS苇浆中含有较多的金属离子，漂白时采用酸（HCI、H。SO。、PAC）和
鳌合剂（EDTA、DTPA）除去 Fe、Mn、Cu等金属离子是必要的。就除去效
果而言，鳌合剂处理效果优于酸处理。而螫合剂中DTPA要忧于EDTA；酸
处理中，HCI和 H。SO。的效果优于 PAc；DTPA用量2％即可除去 67．8％的 Fe、
90＊％的 Cu、58％的 Mn。
本研究中采用了纺织工业上用于棉纱精漂的HZOZ稳定剂X，并与N幻
做了对比试验。试验结果表明：采用以下条件（NaO用量3％，MgSO。用量
0．05％，H。O。用量3％，漂白浓度12％，温度80“C，漂白时间3h）对中性亚钠
On苇浆进行H。O。后续漂白，当稳定剂X与NazsiO。用量相同门％）时，采
用稳定剂X的漂后浆白度为sl．4％ISO，采用Na。SIO。的漂后浆白度为
75．6％ISO，说明稳定剂X在纸浆HZOZ漂白中效果显著。
本文就 NS－绿氧苇浆的全无氯（TCF）漂白程序进行了研究，用不同的漂
白程序可以得到不同白度的纸浆。采用OpP两段漂白，纸浆ISO白度由50．2％
提高到 82石％。采用 PAC－P－P三段漂白，纸浆B 白度由 49．6％提高到 sl．0％。
较短的漂白程序为OpP。通过研究表明，对于＊｝绿氧苇浆，实现＊＊F漂白
是可行的。
In this paper, the extended delignification of reed NS cooking and the TCF bleaching of reed NS pulp were comprehensively studied based on the practice of Dandong Paper Mill to find out the technology suitable for the reality of pulp mill, and also to provide the oretical foundation for pulp production.
The additive-enhanced extended delignification of reed NS cooking was studied. The additives i.e. Lvyang, CT-1 and 2282 were supplied respectively by Daochun Chemical Company of Henan Province, Xiantao Chemical Company of Hubei Province and Buckman Company. The experimental results indicate that Lvyang is the best one of the three additives used for extended delignification. The optimum technological conditions for reed NS-Lvyang cooking are as follows: Na2SO3 dosage 28% (based on Na2SO3), Na2CO3 dosage 6% (based on Na2CO3), Lvyang dosage 0.15%, liquor ratio 1:5, max temperature 165 C and time at max temperature 3 hours. Under the above cooking conditions, pulp yield is 55.8%, the Kappa number of pulp is 17.1 and the pulp viscosity is 1144 ml/g. The Kappa number of reed NS-lvyang pulp is 8 units lower than that of reed NS pulp.
In reed NS-Lvyang cooking, the dilignification process can be divided into three stages. The initial delignification stage corresponds to the period of increasing cooking temperature from 50 CC to 105 C and the lignin remove ratio is 10%; the period from 105 C to keeping max temperature for 30 minutes corresponds to the bulk delignification stage with the lignin remove ratio of 71% and the period from 30 minutes at max temperature to the end of the cooking process correspond to the residual delignification stage with the lignin remove ratio of 11%.
Comparing the IR spectra of Lvyang and CT-1 with that of AQ, it was found that Ivyang, CT-1 and AQ have the same characteristic absorption peak and thus it can be concluded that the three additives have similar structure. The surface-active agents are added in Lvyang, and they can't be confirmed by IR spectrum analysis.
It appears that increasing cooking chemical dosage can accelerate delignification, but extreme cooking chemical dosage results in the sharp decrease of pulp viscosity. Enhancing cooking temperature can speed up delignification. Prolonging the time of delignification can improve the brightness of pulp, however, the poor selectivity of delignification brings about the obvious decrease of pulp
viscosity. The optimum conditions for oxygen delignification of reed NS-lvyang pulp are NaOH dosage 4%, oxygen pressure 0.6MPa, MgSO4 dosage 0.05%, max temperature 100 C, keeping 100 C for 60 mins and pulp consistency 12%. Under the conditions, the brightness of pulp increases from 50.2 %ISO to 62.3 %ISO, the Kappa number of pulp decreases from 17.1 to 10.5 and the viscosity of pulp decreases from 1144 ml/g to 1123ml/g. 1% hydrogen peroxide can effectively enhance the oxygen delignification and reduce pulp Kappa number by 5.8. After the peroxide-enhanced oxygen delignification, the brightness, Kappa number and viscosity of pulp are 69.7%ISO, 9.5 and 1111 ml/g respectively.
Acidic peroxide bleaching catalyzed by sodium molybdate can effectively remove the residual lignin. The dosage of sodium molybdate mainly affects the speed of delignification. The viscosity and brightness of pulp are mainly impacted by the pH value of bleaching. The optimum bleaching conditions obtained are as follows: pretreating the pulp with 0.4% DTPA at normal temperature for 30 mins, bleaching pH value 5.0, peroxide dosage 1.5%, sodium molybdate dosage 0.1%, pulp consistency 12%, temperature 60 C and time at 60 C 120 mins. Under the above conditions, the brightness of pulp can be increased from 39.0%ISO to 53%ISO, a brightness gain of 14%ISO can be achieved, the viscosity of pulp decreases from 1317ml/g to 1127 ml/g and the Kappa number of pulp decreases from 17.9 to 8.1.
As reed NS-Lvyang pulp is pretreated by PAc, temperature is the key factor that affects the bleaching results at the suitable PAC dosage. With the temperature increasi
采用添加助剂的方法对芦苇NS蒸煮进行深度脱木素。选用的蒸煮助剂有河南道纯化工公司生产的绿氧，湖北仙桃化工有限公司生产的CT-1和Buckman公司研制的2282助剂，试验结果表明：在这三种蒸煮助剂中，绿氧对芦苇NS蒸煮深度脱木素的效果最好。添加绿氧的芦苇中性亚钠法蒸煮(NS-绿氧)的最佳工艺条件为：Na_2SO_3用量28％(以Na_2SO_3计)，Na_2CO_3用量6％(以Na_2CO_3计)，绿氧用量0.15％，液比1：5，最高温度165℃，保温时间3小时。在该条件下，蒸煮所得浆的得率为55.8％，卡伯值为17.1，粘度为1144ml/g。与未添加绿氧的NS苇浆相比，卡伯值下降了近8个单位。
在NS-绿氧法蒸煮芦苇的过程中，木素的脱除具有阶段性。从50℃升温开始至105℃为初始脱木素阶段，木素脱除率为10％；从105℃到最高温度下保温30分钟为大量脱木素阶段，木素脱除率可达71％；从保温30分钟至蒸煮结束为脱除残余木素阶段，木素脱除率为11％。
对绿氧、CT-1助剂的红外光谱谱图剖析及与AQ助剂的红外光谱谱图对比分析表明，绿氧与CT-1的红外光谱谱图具有AQ的特征吸收峰，初步可断定它们具有相似的基本结构，在此基础上，绿氧主要复配了一些表面活性剂，但不能完全依据红外光谱分析确定其成分。
通过研究用碱量、温度、时间对NS-绿氧法苇浆氧脱木素的影响的研究表明，用碱量增加有利于提高脱木素速率，但不能增加过多，否则会导致浆粘度降低太多；氧脱木素温度的提高有利于脱木素；延长脱木素时间会使浆白度提高，但反应的选择性变差，粘度下降显著。NS-绿氧法苇浆适宜的氧脱木素条件为：NaOH用量4％，氧压0.6MPa，MgSO_4用量0.05％，温度100℃，时间60min，浆浓12％。以此条件对NS-绿氧法苇浆进行氧脱木素，可以使浆白度从50.2％ISO提高到62.3％ISO，卡伯值从17.1降低到10.5，粘度从1144ml/g降低到1123ml/g。另外，H_2O_2对NS-绿氧苇浆的氧脱木素具有促进作用，加入1.0％H_2O_2强化的氧脱木素，可使纸浆卡伯值在常规氧脱木素基础上又降低了5.8个百分点。经1.0％H_2O_2强化的氧脱木素后，浆(Op)的特性为白度69.7％ISO，卡伯值9.5，粘度1111ml/g。
钼酸钠催化的酸性H_2O_2漂白对NS-绿氧法苇浆具有脱木素作用，钼酸钠用量主要影响脱木素速率，漂白的pH值主要影响漂后浆的白度与粘度。通过研究表明，钼酸钠催化的酸性H_2O_2漂白的最佳条件为：漂前用0.4％DTPA常温预处理浆料30min；漂白时pH5.0，H_2O_2用量1.5％，钼酸钠用量0.1％，
摘要
浆浓120，温度60℃，时间120min。在此条件下，纸浆白度可由39．00ISO
提高到53刀％ISO，白度提高了14个百分点；粘度由1317ml哈下降到1127ml哈；
卡伯值由门．9下降到8．l。
过氧乙酸（PA。）处理NS－绿氧苇浆，在适当的PA。用量下温度是影响
PAC漂白的主要因素，温度升高可使浆的卡伯值和粘度显著下降，白度显著
提高。试验确定的最佳PAC的漂白条件为：PAC用量l．2％，浆浓12％，pH7刀，
温度70℃，时间30min。可将白度为39．0％ISO的纸浆漂到51．0％ISO，白度
增加了口个百分点。
NS苇浆中含有较多的金属离子，漂白时采用酸（HCI、H。SO。、PAC）和
鳌合剂（EDTA、DTPA）除去 Fe、Mn、Cu等金属离子是必要的。就除去效
果而言，鳌合剂处理效果优于酸处理。而螫合剂中DTPA要忧于EDTA；酸
处理中，HCI和 H。SO。的效果优于 PAc；DTPA用量2％即可除去 67．8％的 Fe、
90＊％的 Cu、58％的 Mn。
本研究中采用了纺织工业上用于棉纱精漂的HZOZ稳定剂X，并与N幻
做了对比试验。试验结果表明：采用以下条件（NaO用量3％，MgSO。用量
0．05％，H。O。用量3％，漂白浓度12％，温度80“C，漂白时间3h）对中性亚钠
On苇浆进行H。O。后续漂白，当稳定剂X与NazsiO。用量相同门％）时，采
用稳定剂X的漂后浆白度为sl．4％ISO，采用Na。SIO。的漂后浆白度为
75．6％ISO，说明稳定剂X在纸浆HZOZ漂白中效果显著。
本文就 NS－绿氧苇浆的全无氯（TCF）漂白程序进行了研究，用不同的漂
白程序可以得到不同白度的纸浆。采用OpP两段漂白，纸浆ISO白度由50．2％
提高到 82石％。采用 PAC－P－P三段漂白，纸浆B 白度由 49．6％提高到 sl．0％。
较短的漂白程序为OpP。通过研究表明，对于＊｝绿氧苇浆，实现＊＊F漂白
是可行的。
In this paper, the extended delignification of reed NS cooking and the TCF bleaching of reed NS pulp were comprehensively studied based on the practice of Dandong Paper Mill to find out the technology suitable for the reality of pulp mill, and also to provide the oretical foundation for pulp production.
The additive-enhanced extended delignification of reed NS cooking was studied. The additives i.e. Lvyang, CT-1 and 2282 were supplied respectively by Daochun Chemical Company of Henan Province, Xiantao Chemical Company of Hubei Province and Buckman Company. The experimental results indicate that Lvyang is the best one of the three additives used for extended delignification. The optimum technological conditions for reed NS-Lvyang cooking are as follows: Na2SO3 dosage 28% (based on Na2SO3), Na2CO3 dosage 6% (based on Na2CO3), Lvyang dosage 0.15%, liquor ratio 1:5, max temperature 165 C and time at max temperature 3 hours. Under the above cooking conditions, pulp yield is 55.8%, the Kappa number of pulp is 17.1 and the pulp viscosity is 1144 ml/g. The Kappa number of reed NS-lvyang pulp is 8 units lower than that of reed NS pulp.
In reed NS-Lvyang cooking, the dilignification process can be divided into three stages. The initial delignification stage corresponds to the period of increasing cooking temperature from 50 CC to 105 C and the lignin remove ratio is 10%; the period from 105 C to keeping max temperature for 30 minutes corresponds to the bulk delignification stage with the lignin remove ratio of 71% and the period from 30 minutes at max temperature to the end of the cooking process correspond to the residual delignification stage with the lignin remove ratio of 11%.
Comparing the IR spectra of Lvyang and CT-1 with that of AQ, it was found that Ivyang, CT-1 and AQ have the same characteristic absorption peak and thus it can be concluded that the three additives have similar structure. The surface-active agents are added in Lvyang, and they can't be confirmed by IR spectrum analysis.
It appears that increasing cooking chemical dosage can accelerate delignification, but extreme cooking chemical dosage results in the sharp decrease of pulp viscosity. Enhancing cooking temperature can speed up delignification. Prolonging the time of delignification can improve the brightness of pulp, however, the poor selectivity of delignification brings about the obvious decrease of pulp
viscosity. The optimum conditions for oxygen delignification of reed NS-lvyang pulp are NaOH dosage 4%, oxygen pressure 0.6MPa, MgSO4 dosage 0.05%, max temperature 100 C, keeping 100 C for 60 mins and pulp consistency 12%. Under the conditions, the brightness of pulp increases from 50.2 %ISO to 62.3 %ISO, the Kappa number of pulp decreases from 17.1 to 10.5 and the viscosity of pulp decreases from 1144 ml/g to 1123ml/g. 1% hydrogen peroxide can effectively enhance the oxygen delignification and reduce pulp Kappa number by 5.8. After the peroxide-enhanced oxygen delignification, the brightness, Kappa number and viscosity of pulp are 69.7%ISO, 9.5 and 1111 ml/g respectively.
Acidic peroxide bleaching catalyzed by sodium molybdate can effectively remove the residual lignin. The dosage of sodium molybdate mainly affects the speed of delignification. The viscosity and brightness of pulp are mainly impacted by the pH value of bleaching. The optimum bleaching conditions obtained are as follows: pretreating the pulp with 0.4% DTPA at normal temperature for 30 mins, bleaching pH value 5.0, peroxide dosage 1.5%, sodium molybdate dosage 0.1%, pulp consistency 12%, temperature 60 C and time at 60 C 120 mins. Under the above conditions, the brightness of pulp can be increased from 39.0%ISO to 53%ISO, a brightness gain of 14%ISO can be achieved, the viscosity of pulp decreases from 1317ml/g to 1127 ml/g and the Kappa number of pulp decreases from 17.9 to 8.1.
As reed NS-Lvyang pulp is pretreated by PAc, temperature is the key factor that affects the bleaching results at the suitable PAC dosage. With the temperature increasi
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40. Akim,G.L. Paper Puu, 1981, 63(4a): 291
41. Hsu, C.L. and Hsich, J.S. Tappi J., 1995, 68(6): 92
42. Hsu, C.L. and Hsieh, J.S.,Tappi J., 1987, 70(12): 107
43. Vincent, A.H.D.et al, Appita, 1994, 47(3): 217-220
44. Myers, M.R.and Edwards, L.L. Tappi J, 1989, 72(9): 215
45. Macleod, J.M.and Li, J., L.1992 Tappi Pulping Conference Proceedings, p829-837
46. Evans, J.E., etal, Tappi J., 1979, 62(6): 37
47. Olm, H.and Teder, A., Tappi J., 1979, 62(6) :37
48. Mcdonough T.J., Tappi J1986, 69(6): 46-52
49. Sjostrom, E., Paperi ja Puu, 1981 , 63(6-7): 438
50．Minor J.1.,1989中国造纸展览会学术报告会论文集(北京)：67～75
51. Abuhasan,M.J. et al. 1992 Tappi Pulping Conference Proceedings, 1992,p1023～1036
52．刑益林译．吉林造纸．1992，No．1～2：53～67
53. Axegard, P. et al. Heft, 1992,10A: V16-25
54. Tench, L., etal, A Tappi Bleaching Press Anthology, 1987, 10-16
55．张翊静．国际造纸．1995，75(1～2)：14～19
56．安国兴．中国造纸学会第八届学术年会论文集 上册，1997，北京：p217
57. Gierer, J.7th ISWPC, 1993, Vol. 1: 301-307
58. Gierer, J. and Imsgard, F. Svensk Paperstidning, 1977, 80(16):510
59. San Clemente, M. R. et al, Svensk Papertidning, 1981, 84(3): 21
60. Gierer, J. et al Holzforschung, 1994, 48(5): 405
61. Lai, Y.Z. Tappi J., 1971,54(11): 220
62. Gierer, J.et al, Seventh International Sympposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry Proceedings, Beijing, 1993, Vol.1:p240-247
63. Yasumoto, M. et al, 7th ISWPC, Beijing, 1993, Vol. 1:p199
64. VikstromO, B. et al. 1998 Tappi Pulping Conference Proceedings, 1998: p609
65．贾彬，陈霞．化学浆过氧化氢漂白．纸和造纸，1998，5：37
66．黄方，詹怀宇．预处理和添加硅酸钠对草浆H_2O_2漂白的影响．纤维科学与技术，2000，8(4)：27～31
67．杨东洁，李远惠．过氧化氢在木质纤维漂白中的应用研究．成都纺织高等专科学校学报，2001，18(3)：5～7
68．徐德，宋彬章．金属离子对马尾松硫酸盐浆碱性过氧化氢漂白的影响．造纸科学与技术，2001，20．3：19～22
69．郭三川，李建军．Cu~(2+)对草类烧碱-AQ浆过氧化氢漂白的研究．造纸科学与技术，2002，21(4)：8～11
70. V. Kubelka,R.C.Rancis and C.W. Dence. Delignification with Acidic Hydrogen Peroxide Activated by Molybdate. JPPS, 1992,vol. 18 No.3 :J78
71. A.S.Jaaaskelainen and K.Poppius. Screening of Process Parameters Affecting the Kinetics of Pine KP Delignification with Peroxyacetic Acid.JPPS, 1998,2(2):J63
72. J.Colodette,M.G.Fairbank and P. Whiting. The Effect of pH Control on Preoxide Brightening of Stonegroundwood Pulp. JPPS. 1990,2(3):J53-57
73. Gerald W. Kuteny and Timothy D.Evans. Peroxide bleaching of mechamical pulps. Svensk papperstidning 1985,R84-89
74. E.L.Springer, Delignification of aspen wood with perniteic acid. TAPPI Journal 77(6): 103-108
75. C.L.Lee et al.Activated oxygen,a selevtive bleaching agent for chemical pulps. JPPS,20(5): J 125-129
76. Sinkey JD.et al.The function ofmagnesium compounds in an oxygen-alkali-carbohydrate system. Pap＞Puu, 1974(5):473
77. Reisner Th B,et al.Umstellung der Zellstoffabrik hallein auf chlofreie bleiche. Wochenblatt fur Papierfabrikation. 1992(18):748
78. Bouchard J. et al. A comparison between acid treatment and chelation prior to hydrogen peroxide bleaching of kraft pulps. JPPS, 1995,21 (6):J203
79. Y. Ni,G.Court,Z.Li, et al. improving peroxide bleaching of mechanical pulps by an enhanced chelation process. Pulp and Paper Canada 1999,(10):T327-331
80. Darrel M.Martin. The Bleaching of Eastern Spruce Groundwood with Alkaline Peroxide. TAPPI. 1957,40(2):65-68
81. Josef Gierer and Finn Imsgard. The reactions of lignins with oxygen and hydrogen peroxide in alkaline media. svensk paperstidning nr. 1977(16):510-517
82. J.Colodette,M.G.Fairbank and P. Whiting. The Effect of pH Control on Peroxide
Brightening of Stonegroundwood Pulp.JPPS. 1990,16(2):J53-57
83. Gerald W. kutney and Timonthy D.Evans. Peroxide bleaching of mechanical pulps, svensk papperstidning 1985(9):R84-89
84. J.Prasakis, M.sain and C.Daneault. Metal management improves peroxide bleaching of TMP. TAPPI. 1996,79(10): 161 - 165
85. Basciano, C.R.Importance of Chemical pretreatment on the Hydrogen Peroxide Brightening of Mechanical pulps. Proceedings of the 76th Annual Meeting, Technical Section, Canadian Pulp and Paper Association, Montreal,1990,p.A7
86. Gonzalez-sierra, G.Decomposition of Peroxide in Groundwood Bleaching. TAPPI 1979 International Pulp Bleaching Conference Proceedings, TAPPI PRESS, Atlanta, p257
87. ALI,D. Mcarthur, D. Stott, M. Fairbank. The Role of Silicate in Peroxide Brightening of Mechanical Pulp. JPPS, 1986, 12(6): J166-170
88. Y. Ni, Z. Li and A.R.P. Pulse chelation with DTPA. PPC, 1999, 100(12): T382-385
89. Y. Ni, Z. Li,Q. Jiang. Improved transition metal removal in a reducing agent-assisted chelation stage: a laboratory study. Pulp. PPC, 1998, 99(8): T285-288
90. Z. Yuan, M. D. Entremont, Ni. The role of transition metal ions during peracetic acid bleaching of chemical pulps. PPC, 1997, 98(11): T408-413
91．隆言泉，石淑兰，胡惠仁，魏德津．荻在硫酸盐法和亚硫酸盐法蒸煮中反应历程的比较．中国造纸，1984，4：3-12
92．雷金选，张桂兰，张桂珍．造纸植物纤维原料和纸浆中酸溶木素与总木素的测定．中国造纸．1987，3：21-26
93．陈允魁．红外光谱法及其应用．上海：上海交通大学出版社，1993
94．卢勇泉，邓振华．实用红外光谱解析．北京：电子工业出版社，1989
95. Birger ericsson. Bengt O. Lindgren and Olof Theander. Factors influencing the carbohydrate degradation under oxygen-alkali bleaching. Svensk Pappertidning arg. Nr22 30(10), 1971, 757-765
96．张运展 等．杨木酸性重硫酸盐浆氯化前碱处理的研究．中国造纸学报 2001，(2)
97．陈嘉川等．中国造纸．1993，12(5)：10-16
98．ISO(778-1982) 纸浆—铜含量的测定
99．ISO(1830-1982) 纸浆—锰含量的测定
100．ISO(779-1982) 纸浆—铁含量的测定
2．聂勋载等．中国碱法非木材纤维制浆造纸可持续发展纲要(摘要)．农垦造纸，1999，(1)：1-8
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8．施南生．芦苇质量对制浆造纸的影响及其评价方法的探讨．湖南造纸，1992，(3)
9. B Johanson, etai, Svensk, Papperstid, 1984;87(10):30
10. Jiang J.E.Etal, Appita, 1992,45(1):19-22
11. Geffrey M .Irvine, Appita, 1996,49(4):251-257
12. TAPPI, Pulping Conference Preprints, 1992:10-15
13. J Martin Macleod, Appita, 1993, 46(6):445-451
14. Michael Kaiser etal Tappij, 1986,(10):45-48
15. Russell Hong etal. paper Asia, August, 1998,12-13
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17. John C W Evans, Pulp and Paper, May 1987,61(5):93-95
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19. Scheldorf J J etal, Tappi J, 1991,74(3):109-112
20. Scheldorf J J etal, Tappi J,1993,76(11):97-104
21. Sezgi U M etal Tappi J, 1994,77(7):213-220
22. P O Tikka etal. Tappi, Feb, 1988,51
23. M.D.Meredith, 1986 Alkaline Pulping Conf.,TAPPI PRESS,p651
24．陈嘉翔．高效清洁制浆漂白新技术．中国轻工业出版社，1996
25．陈嘉翔主编．制浆原理与工程．中国轻工业出版社，1990
26．潘伟．使用CT-1蒸煮助剂的效果．四川造纸，1998，(3)：131
27．姜林宗．绿氧碱法制浆蒸煮机理．精细与专用化学品，1997，12：11～14
28．方碧波，王萍等．绿氧在荻苇制浆过程中的应用．国际造纸，1999，3：
29．牛华．绿氧．国际造纸，1998，第2-3期：p37．
30．李元禄．纸浆厂漂白废液“零排放”的脚步．纸和造纸，1998，No．1：10
31．李元禄．世界纸浆工业漂白技术的发展和前景．北方造纸，1995，No．1：9
32. P. Lavielle. Tappi bleaching Committee spring meeting, 1992
33. J.C Turneretal. Tappi, J, 1992, 75(12): 83
34. J.S.Tolan etal PPC, 1992, 93(5): 39
35. J.S.Tolan etal PPC, 1992, 93(5): 39
36. D.C.Prgke etal PPC, 1994, 95(6): 40-46
37. P..M.Cottlieb, W.E.Nutt. Tappi J, 1994, 77(6): 117-124
38. Eka Nobel. The white book on white paper, 1994
39. R.J.Albert. Pulp and Paper, 1994, June: 93-103
40. Akim,G.L. Paper Puu, 1981, 63(4a): 291
41. Hsu, C.L. and Hsich, J.S. Tappi J., 1995, 68(6): 92
42. Hsu, C.L. and Hsieh, J.S.,Tappi J., 1987, 70(12): 107
43. Vincent, A.H.D.et al, Appita, 1994, 47(3): 217-220
44. Myers, M.R.and Edwards, L.L. Tappi J, 1989, 72(9): 215
45. Macleod, J.M.and Li, J., L.1992 Tappi Pulping Conference Proceedings, p829-837
46. Evans, J.E., etal, Tappi J., 1979, 62(6): 37
47. Olm, H.and Teder, A., Tappi J., 1979, 62(6) :37
48. Mcdonough T.J., Tappi J1986, 69(6): 46-52
49. Sjostrom, E., Paperi ja Puu, 1981 , 63(6-7): 438
50．Minor J.1.,1989中国造纸展览会学术报告会论文集(北京)：67～75
51. Abuhasan,M.J. et al. 1992 Tappi Pulping Conference Proceedings, 1992,p1023～1036
52．刑益林译．吉林造纸．1992，No．1～2：53～67
53. Axegard, P. et al. Heft, 1992,10A: V16-25
54. Tench, L., etal, A Tappi Bleaching Press Anthology, 1987, 10-16
55．张翊静．国际造纸．1995，75(1～2)：14～19
56．安国兴．中国造纸学会第八届学术年会论文集 上册，1997，北京：p217
57. Gierer, J.7th ISWPC, 1993, Vol. 1: 301-307
58. Gierer, J. and Imsgard, F. Svensk Paperstidning, 1977, 80(16):510
59. San Clemente, M. R. et al, Svensk Papertidning, 1981, 84(3): 21
60. Gierer, J. et al Holzforschung, 1994, 48(5): 405
61. Lai, Y.Z. Tappi J., 1971,54(11): 220
62. Gierer, J.et al, Seventh International Sympposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry Proceedings, Beijing, 1993, Vol.1:p240-247
63. Yasumoto, M. et al, 7th ISWPC, Beijing, 1993, Vol. 1:p199
64. VikstromO, B. et al. 1998 Tappi Pulping Conference Proceedings, 1998: p609
65．贾彬，陈霞．化学浆过氧化氢漂白．纸和造纸，1998，5：37
66．黄方，詹怀宇．预处理和添加硅酸钠对草浆H_2O_2漂白的影响．纤维科学与技术，2000，8(4)：27～31
67．杨东洁，李远惠．过氧化氢在木质纤维漂白中的应用研究．成都纺织高等专科学校学报，2001，18(3)：5～7
68．徐德，宋彬章．金属离子对马尾松硫酸盐浆碱性过氧化氢漂白的影响．造纸科学与技术，2001，20．3：19～22
69．郭三川，李建军．Cu~(2+)对草类烧碱-AQ浆过氧化氢漂白的研究．造纸科学与技术，2002，21(4)：8～11
70. V. Kubelka,R.C.Rancis and C.W. Dence. Delignification with Acidic Hydrogen Peroxide Activated by Molybdate. JPPS, 1992,vol. 18 No.3 :J78
71. A.S.Jaaaskelainen and K.Poppius. Screening of Process Parameters Affecting the Kinetics of Pine KP Delignification with Peroxyacetic Acid.JPPS, 1998,2(2):J63
72. J.Colodette,M.G.Fairbank and P. Whiting. The Effect of pH Control on Preoxide Brightening of Stonegroundwood Pulp. JPPS. 1990,2(3):J53-57
73. Gerald W. Kuteny and Timothy D.Evans. Peroxide bleaching of mechamical pulps. Svensk papperstidning 1985,R84-89
74. E.L.Springer, Delignification of aspen wood with perniteic acid. TAPPI Journal 77(6): 103-108
75. C.L.Lee et al.Activated oxygen,a selevtive bleaching agent for chemical pulps. JPPS,20(5): J 125-129
76. Sinkey JD.et al.The function ofmagnesium compounds in an oxygen-alkali-carbohydrate system. Pap＞Puu, 1974(5):473
77. Reisner Th B,et al.Umstellung der Zellstoffabrik hallein auf chlofreie bleiche. Wochenblatt fur Papierfabrikation. 1992(18):748
78. Bouchard J. et al. A comparison between acid treatment and chelation prior to hydrogen peroxide bleaching of kraft pulps. JPPS, 1995,21 (6):J203
79. Y. Ni,G.Court,Z.Li, et al. improving peroxide bleaching of mechanical pulps by an enhanced chelation process. Pulp and Paper Canada 1999,(10):T327-331
80. Darrel M.Martin. The Bleaching of Eastern Spruce Groundwood with Alkaline Peroxide. TAPPI. 1957,40(2):65-68
81. Josef Gierer and Finn Imsgard. The reactions of lignins with oxygen and hydrogen peroxide in alkaline media. svensk paperstidning nr. 1977(16):510-517
82. J.Colodette,M.G.Fairbank and P. Whiting. The Effect of pH Control on Peroxide
Brightening of Stonegroundwood Pulp.JPPS. 1990,16(2):J53-57
83. Gerald W. kutney and Timonthy D.Evans. Peroxide bleaching of mechanical pulps, svensk papperstidning 1985(9):R84-89
84. J.Prasakis, M.sain and C.Daneault. Metal management improves peroxide bleaching of TMP. TAPPI. 1996,79(10): 161 - 165
85. Basciano, C.R.Importance of Chemical pretreatment on the Hydrogen Peroxide Brightening of Mechanical pulps. Proceedings of the 76th Annual Meeting, Technical Section, Canadian Pulp and Paper Association, Montreal,1990,p.A7
86. Gonzalez-sierra, G.Decomposition of Peroxide in Groundwood Bleaching. TAPPI 1979 International Pulp Bleaching Conference Proceedings, TAPPI PRESS, Atlanta, p257
87. ALI,D. Mcarthur, D. Stott, M. Fairbank. The Role of Silicate in Peroxide Brightening of Mechanical Pulp. JPPS, 1986, 12(6): J166-170
88. Y. Ni, Z. Li and A.R.P. Pulse chelation with DTPA. PPC, 1999, 100(12): T382-385
89. Y. Ni, Z. Li,Q. Jiang. Improved transition metal removal in a reducing agent-assisted chelation stage: a laboratory study. Pulp. PPC, 1998, 99(8): T285-288
90. Z. Yuan, M. D. Entremont, Ni. The role of transition metal ions during peracetic acid bleaching of chemical pulps. PPC, 1997, 98(11): T408-413
91．隆言泉，石淑兰，胡惠仁，魏德津．荻在硫酸盐法和亚硫酸盐法蒸煮中反应历程的比较．中国造纸，1984，4：3-12
92．雷金选，张桂兰，张桂珍．造纸植物纤维原料和纸浆中酸溶木素与总木素的测定．中国造纸．1987，3：21-26
93．陈允魁．红外光谱法及其应用．上海：上海交通大学出版社，1993
94．卢勇泉，邓振华．实用红外光谱解析．北京：电子工业出版社，1989
95. Birger ericsson. Bengt O. Lindgren and Olof Theander. Factors influencing the carbohydrate degradation under oxygen-alkali bleaching. Svensk Pappertidning arg. Nr22 30(10), 1971, 757-765
96．张运展 等．杨木酸性重硫酸盐浆氯化前碱处理的研究．中国造纸学报 2001，(2)
97．陈嘉川等．中国造纸．1993，12(5)：10-16
98．ISO(778-1982) 纸浆—铜含量的测定
99．ISO(1830-1982) 纸浆—锰含量的测定
100．ISO(779-1982) 纸浆—铁含量的测定