硬质聚氨酯泡沫阻尼材料的结构与性能研究
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摘要
振动和噪声不仅危害人的听觉系统,还会加速机械结构的老化,影响设备及仪表的精度和使用寿命,阻尼减振技术是有效控制振动和噪声的方法。聚氨酯材料由于其软硬段比例可以调整而被广泛用作阻尼材料。硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料是一种优良的绝热材料和结构材料,但对其阻尼性能的关注较少。本文采用模塑发泡工艺,通过改变配方和工艺条件设计并制备了不同类型的硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料,进行了力学性能测试和动态力学性能测试,讨论了其结构与性能的之间的关系。
研究了扩链剂用量及类型对材料性能的影响,结果表明：扩链剂用量适当时,材料的冲击性能和压缩性能得到提高,但是当其用量过高或过低时发生相分离行为而导致材料力学性能的下降；扩链剂用量的增加会导致材料玻璃化转变温度升高、背景内耗降低和储能模量的增大；扩链剂碳原子数量的增加和侧链基团的引入有利于提高材料的冲击性能,柔性基团的引入则恰好相反；同时,碳原子数量的增加有利于降低玻璃化转变温度,侧链基团和柔性基团的引入有利于提高材料的阻尼因子。
研究了不同比例和类型的混合聚醚对材料性能的影响,结果表明：无论是官能度为2的聚乙二醇(PEG400)、聚四氢呋喃二醇(PTMG1000)，还是官能度为3的聚醚330,都有利于提高材料背景内耗；PTMG1000和聚醚330还能拓宽材料阻尼温域,但得到的材料压缩性能有所下降；混合聚醚的加入对提高材料的冲击性能也有一定的帮助。
玻璃微珠有利于提高材料的阻尼因子,背景内耗略有增加,但是玻璃微珠的加入会在一定程度上破坏泡孔结构,从而导致材料的力学性能下降；孔径的变化对材料玻璃化转变温度影响不大,但对阻尼温域和储能模量有较大的影响。
Mechanical vibration and noise not only hurt system of human being but also threaten the precise of instrument, and damping technology is one of the most efficient methods to control them. Polyurethanes are particularly attractive for a study of the effect of chemical structure on damping because it is possible to change the ratio of hard and soft segments. Rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) is widely used in adiabatic material and structure material, but that is litter paper focused on its damping property. In this thesis, molded foaming is employed to prepare rigid polyurethane foam with different types by varying formulations and processing conditions.Mechanical test and dynamic mechanical analysis test are performed to discuss the relation between structure and properties.
The effects of chain extender with different proportion and different types on RPUF are studied. The results show that the impactive property and compressive property of RPUF are enhanced with the ethylene glycol dose at 3 to 7, but the mechanical properties would be declined when the ethylene glycol dose at 1 and 10 because of the separation of two segment. The damping properties of RPUF would be reduced with the improving of chain extender. The impactive property of RPUF would be improved with the improving of carbon number or the side group, but the result is right-about if the chain containing soft group.The temperature of glass transition would be moved to low temperature with the improving of the number of carbon, and the damping factor would be increased with the side group or the soft group.
The influences of the polyether with different proportion and different types on RPUF are researched. The result show that the damping property in low temperature of the RPUF would be improved with all of the polyalcohol, including polyethylene glycol (PEG400), polytetramethylene ether glycols (PTMG1000), and polyether triol 330.The temperature range of the RPUF glass transition containing PTMG1000 or polyether triol 330 would be wider, but the compressive properties would be fallen. The impactive properties of PRUF containing mixing polyether would be better.
The damping factor of RPUF with filler could be improved, but the structure of cell would be destroyed, and the mechanical properties would be reduced. The temperatures of the RPUF glass transition with different average cell diameters are mostly sameness, but the temperature range of the glass transition and the storage module are obvious difference.
研究了扩链剂用量及类型对材料性能的影响,结果表明：扩链剂用量适当时,材料的冲击性能和压缩性能得到提高,但是当其用量过高或过低时发生相分离行为而导致材料力学性能的下降；扩链剂用量的增加会导致材料玻璃化转变温度升高、背景内耗降低和储能模量的增大；扩链剂碳原子数量的增加和侧链基团的引入有利于提高材料的冲击性能,柔性基团的引入则恰好相反；同时,碳原子数量的增加有利于降低玻璃化转变温度,侧链基团和柔性基团的引入有利于提高材料的阻尼因子。
研究了不同比例和类型的混合聚醚对材料性能的影响,结果表明：无论是官能度为2的聚乙二醇(PEG400)、聚四氢呋喃二醇(PTMG1000)，还是官能度为3的聚醚330,都有利于提高材料背景内耗；PTMG1000和聚醚330还能拓宽材料阻尼温域,但得到的材料压缩性能有所下降；混合聚醚的加入对提高材料的冲击性能也有一定的帮助。
玻璃微珠有利于提高材料的阻尼因子,背景内耗略有增加,但是玻璃微珠的加入会在一定程度上破坏泡孔结构,从而导致材料的力学性能下降；孔径的变化对材料玻璃化转变温度影响不大,但对阻尼温域和储能模量有较大的影响。
Mechanical vibration and noise not only hurt system of human being but also threaten the precise of instrument, and damping technology is one of the most efficient methods to control them. Polyurethanes are particularly attractive for a study of the effect of chemical structure on damping because it is possible to change the ratio of hard and soft segments. Rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) is widely used in adiabatic material and structure material, but that is litter paper focused on its damping property. In this thesis, molded foaming is employed to prepare rigid polyurethane foam with different types by varying formulations and processing conditions.Mechanical test and dynamic mechanical analysis test are performed to discuss the relation between structure and properties.
The effects of chain extender with different proportion and different types on RPUF are studied. The results show that the impactive property and compressive property of RPUF are enhanced with the ethylene glycol dose at 3 to 7, but the mechanical properties would be declined when the ethylene glycol dose at 1 and 10 because of the separation of two segment. The damping properties of RPUF would be reduced with the improving of chain extender. The impactive property of RPUF would be improved with the improving of carbon number or the side group, but the result is right-about if the chain containing soft group.The temperature of glass transition would be moved to low temperature with the improving of the number of carbon, and the damping factor would be increased with the side group or the soft group.
The influences of the polyether with different proportion and different types on RPUF are researched. The result show that the damping property in low temperature of the RPUF would be improved with all of the polyalcohol, including polyethylene glycol (PEG400), polytetramethylene ether glycols (PTMG1000), and polyether triol 330.The temperature range of the RPUF glass transition containing PTMG1000 or polyether triol 330 would be wider, but the compressive properties would be fallen. The impactive properties of PRUF containing mixing polyether would be better.
The damping factor of RPUF with filler could be improved, but the structure of cell would be destroyed, and the mechanical properties would be reduced. The temperatures of the RPUF glass transition with different average cell diameters are mostly sameness, but the temperature range of the glass transition and the storage module are obvious difference.
引文
1 吕冬.阻尼材料的制备及其性能研究[D].硕士论文.北京：北京化工大学,2006
2 李沛勇,戴圣龙,刘大博等.材料阻尼及阻尼合金的研究现状[J].材料工程,1999(8)：44-48
3 邓建国,王建华,贺传兰.聚氨酯阻尼材料研究进展[J].聚氨酯工业,2001,16(2):1-4
4 张忠明,刘宏昭,王锦程等.材料阻尼及阻尼材料的研究进展[J].功能材料,2001,32(3):227-230
5 赵云峰.ZN系列粘弹性阻尼材料的性能及应用[J].宇航材料工艺,2001,31(2):19-23
6 张庆鸿.振动与噪声的阻尼控制[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1993
7 R. Chandra, S.P.Singh, K. Gupta. Damping studies in fiber-reinforced composites- a review[J].Composite Structures,1999,46:41-51
8 张人德,赵钧良.减振降噪阻尼材料及其应用[J].上海金属,2002,24(2):18-23
9 杨亦权,杜淼,郑强.新型高聚物阻尼材料研究进展[J].功能材料,2002,33(3)：234-236
10 Chuan Li Qin, Wei Min Cai, Jun Cai et al. Damping properties and morphology of polyurethane/vinyl ester rein interpenetrating polymer network[J].Materials Chemistry and Physics 2004,85:402-409
11 Sriram Venkataramani, Tharanikkarasu Kannan, Ganga Radhakrishnan. Novel AB crosslinked polymer networks based on 1-vinylimidazole-teminated polyurethane and poly(methyl methacrylate) [J].Polymer International.2006,55:1209-1214
12 C. L. Qin, D. Y. Zhao, X. D. Bai et al. Vibration damping properties of gradient polyurethane/vinyl ester resin interpenetrating polymer network. [J].Materials Chemistry and Physics.2006,97:517-524
13马丽华,高永忠,马卫东等.粘弹性高温阻尼材料的研究[J].工程塑料应用,1999,27(8):5-7
14李贤品.高阻尼聚氨酯结构泡沫材料的研究[J].中国塑料,2000,14(12):38-41
15何曼君,陈维孝,董西侠.高分子物理[M].上海：复旦大学出版社,2000
16 Jonas O, Hans B, Mikel R. Styrene-Ethylene/Butylene-Styene Blends of Improved Constrained-Layer Damping[J].Journal of Applied Polymer Science,2001,80(14):2865-2876
17 Rao D K.Frequency and loss factors of sandwich beams under various boundary conditions[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineer Science,1978,20(5):271-282
18 X. Q. Yu,G. Gao,Y.Wang,et al.Damping Materials Based on Polyurethane/polyacrylate IPN: Dynamic Mechanical Spectroscopy, Mechanical Properties and Multiphase Morphology[J].Polymer International,1999,48(3):805-810
19 D. G. Fradkin,J. N. Foster.Quantitive Determination of Damping Behavior of Acrylichased Interpenetrating Polymer Networks[J].Rubber Chemical Technology.1986,59:255
20 M. C.0. Chang,D. A. Thomas.L. H.Sperling.Characterization of Area Under Loss Modulus and Tan δ-Temperature Curves:Acrylic Polymers and Their Sequential Interpenetrating Polymer Networks[J].Journal of Applied Polymer Science,1987,34(1):409-422
21 M. C.0. Chang,D.A. Thomas,L. H. Sperling.Group Contribution Analysis of the Damping Behavior of Homopolymers, Statistical Copolymers, and Interpenetrating Polymer Networks Based on Acrylic, Vinyl, and Styrenic Mers[J].Journal of Applied Polymer Science:Part B:Polymer Physics,1988,26:1627-1640
22 J. J. Fay, D.A. Thomas, L. H. Sperling.Evaluation of the Area under Linear Loss Modulus-Temperature Curves[J]. Journal of Applied Polymer Science,1991,43:1617-1623
23倪少儒.高聚物阻尼及其对振动与噪声的防护作用[D].长春：长春应用化学研究所,1988
24 Zhang J,Perez R. J.,Lavernia E. J.. Documentation of Damping Capacity of Metallic, Ceramic and Metal-Matrix Composite Materials [J].Journal of Materials Science,1993,28:2935-2404
25 Zener C.Elasticity and Anelasticity of Metals[M].Chicago:The University of Chicago Press, 1956:1-80
26 Ritchie I, G, Pan Z L.High Damping Metals and Alloys [J].Metallurgical Transaction A,1991, 22A:607-616
27 Nowick A S,Berry B S.Anelastic Relaxation in Crystalline Solids[M].New York:Academic Press,1972
28戴家兵,张兴元,李维虎等.新型水分散有机硅—聚氨酯共聚物的结构与性能[J].高分子材料科学与工程,2007,23(3)：122-125
29潘光君,辛浩波,陈由亮.聚氨酯接枝改性环氧树脂的制备和性能[J].高分子科学与工程,2008,24(12)：66-69
30赫玉欣,马建中,张丽等.新型接枝共聚物EVA-g-PU的研究[J].中国塑料,2008,22(7)：37-41
31谢刚,耿凯,王鹏等.聚甲醛／热塑性聚氨酯弹性体共混增韧的研究[J].黑龙江大学自然科学学报.2008,5(2)：163-165；
32赖强,刘河洲,胡文彬.纳米Si02改性浇注型聚氨酯的性能[J].机械工程材料.2007,31(9)：61-63
33 L. H. Spring.Interpenetrating polymer Networks and Released Materials[M].New York:Plenum Press,1981;
34李永清,朱锡,石勇等.聚硅氧烷嵌段聚氨酯／环氧树脂IPN的动态力学性能与形态性能[J].高分子材料科学与工程.2008,24(11)：111-114
35 T. Trakulsujaritchok,D.J. Hourston.Damping characteristics and mechanical properties of silica filled PUR/PEMA simultaneous interpenetrating polymer networks[J].European Polymer Journal.2006,42:2968-2976
36 S.P.Lin,J.L.Han,J. T. Yeh et al.Composites of UHMWPE fiber reinforced PU/epoxy grafted interpenetrating polymer networks[J].European Polymer Journal.2007,43:996-1008
37朱锡,黄若波,石勇等.安静型夹芯复合材料舵设计及其力学性能分析[J].海军工程大学学报.2007,19(4)：1-5
38杨雪,王源升,朱金华等.多层粘弹性阻尼复合结构阻尼性能得研究[J].海军工程大学学报.2005,17(2)：72-74
39宋雪晶,罗运军,柴春鹏.超支化聚酯／端羟基聚丁二烯型聚氨酯互穿网络的固化动力学[J].高分子材料科学与工程.2008,24(9)：104-107
40杨宇润,陈永林,张志平等.聚氨酯／环氧树脂互穿网络硬质泡沫塑料反应过程和微观结构[J].功能高分子学报.2003,16(2)：159-165
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44刘宇,唐小斗,周远建等.苯基硅橡胶—聚氨酯共混体系阻尼性能的研究[J].有机硅材料.2009,23(3)：135-139
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46王建华,芦艾,周秋明等.高密度增强硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料的复合泡体结构[J].中国塑料,2001,13(4)：28-31
47梁书恩.聚氨酯泡沫塑料泡孔结构与力学性能关系的研究[D].硕士论文.绵阳：中国工程物理研究院,2005
2 李沛勇,戴圣龙,刘大博等.材料阻尼及阻尼合金的研究现状[J].材料工程,1999(8)：44-48
3 邓建国,王建华,贺传兰.聚氨酯阻尼材料研究进展[J].聚氨酯工业,2001,16(2):1-4
4 张忠明,刘宏昭,王锦程等.材料阻尼及阻尼材料的研究进展[J].功能材料,2001,32(3):227-230
5 赵云峰.ZN系列粘弹性阻尼材料的性能及应用[J].宇航材料工艺,2001,31(2):19-23
6 张庆鸿.振动与噪声的阻尼控制[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1993
7 R. Chandra, S.P.Singh, K. Gupta. Damping studies in fiber-reinforced composites- a review[J].Composite Structures,1999,46:41-51
8 张人德,赵钧良.减振降噪阻尼材料及其应用[J].上海金属,2002,24(2):18-23
9 杨亦权,杜淼,郑强.新型高聚物阻尼材料研究进展[J].功能材料,2002,33(3)：234-236
10 Chuan Li Qin, Wei Min Cai, Jun Cai et al. Damping properties and morphology of polyurethane/vinyl ester rein interpenetrating polymer network[J].Materials Chemistry and Physics 2004,85:402-409
11 Sriram Venkataramani, Tharanikkarasu Kannan, Ganga Radhakrishnan. Novel AB crosslinked polymer networks based on 1-vinylimidazole-teminated polyurethane and poly(methyl methacrylate) [J].Polymer International.2006,55:1209-1214
12 C. L. Qin, D. Y. Zhao, X. D. Bai et al. Vibration damping properties of gradient polyurethane/vinyl ester resin interpenetrating polymer network. [J].Materials Chemistry and Physics.2006,97:517-524
13马丽华,高永忠,马卫东等.粘弹性高温阻尼材料的研究[J].工程塑料应用,1999,27(8):5-7
14李贤品.高阻尼聚氨酯结构泡沫材料的研究[J].中国塑料,2000,14(12):38-41
15何曼君,陈维孝,董西侠.高分子物理[M].上海：复旦大学出版社,2000
16 Jonas O, Hans B, Mikel R. Styrene-Ethylene/Butylene-Styene Blends of Improved Constrained-Layer Damping[J].Journal of Applied Polymer Science,2001,80(14):2865-2876
17 Rao D K.Frequency and loss factors of sandwich beams under various boundary conditions[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineer Science,1978,20(5):271-282
18 X. Q. Yu,G. Gao,Y.Wang,et al.Damping Materials Based on Polyurethane/polyacrylate IPN: Dynamic Mechanical Spectroscopy, Mechanical Properties and Multiphase Morphology[J].Polymer International,1999,48(3):805-810
19 D. G. Fradkin,J. N. Foster.Quantitive Determination of Damping Behavior of Acrylichased Interpenetrating Polymer Networks[J].Rubber Chemical Technology.1986,59:255
20 M. C.0. Chang,D. A. Thomas.L. H.Sperling.Characterization of Area Under Loss Modulus and Tan δ-Temperature Curves:Acrylic Polymers and Their Sequential Interpenetrating Polymer Networks[J].Journal of Applied Polymer Science,1987,34(1):409-422
21 M. C.0. Chang,D.A. Thomas,L. H. Sperling.Group Contribution Analysis of the Damping Behavior of Homopolymers, Statistical Copolymers, and Interpenetrating Polymer Networks Based on Acrylic, Vinyl, and Styrenic Mers[J].Journal of Applied Polymer Science:Part B:Polymer Physics,1988,26:1627-1640
22 J. J. Fay, D.A. Thomas, L. H. Sperling.Evaluation of the Area under Linear Loss Modulus-Temperature Curves[J]. Journal of Applied Polymer Science,1991,43:1617-1623
23倪少儒.高聚物阻尼及其对振动与噪声的防护作用[D].长春：长春应用化学研究所,1988
24 Zhang J,Perez R. J.,Lavernia E. J.. Documentation of Damping Capacity of Metallic, Ceramic and Metal-Matrix Composite Materials [J].Journal of Materials Science,1993,28:2935-2404
25 Zener C.Elasticity and Anelasticity of Metals[M].Chicago:The University of Chicago Press, 1956:1-80
26 Ritchie I, G, Pan Z L.High Damping Metals and Alloys [J].Metallurgical Transaction A,1991, 22A:607-616
27 Nowick A S,Berry B S.Anelastic Relaxation in Crystalline Solids[M].New York:Academic Press,1972
28戴家兵,张兴元,李维虎等.新型水分散有机硅—聚氨酯共聚物的结构与性能[J].高分子材料科学与工程,2007,23(3)：122-125
29潘光君,辛浩波,陈由亮.聚氨酯接枝改性环氧树脂的制备和性能[J].高分子科学与工程,2008,24(12)：66-69
30赫玉欣,马建中,张丽等.新型接枝共聚物EVA-g-PU的研究[J].中国塑料,2008,22(7)：37-41
31谢刚,耿凯,王鹏等.聚甲醛／热塑性聚氨酯弹性体共混增韧的研究[J].黑龙江大学自然科学学报.2008,5(2)：163-165；
32赖强,刘河洲,胡文彬.纳米Si02改性浇注型聚氨酯的性能[J].机械工程材料.2007,31(9)：61-63
33 L. H. Spring.Interpenetrating polymer Networks and Released Materials[M].New York:Plenum Press,1981;
34李永清,朱锡,石勇等.聚硅氧烷嵌段聚氨酯／环氧树脂IPN的动态力学性能与形态性能[J].高分子材料科学与工程.2008,24(11)：111-114
35 T. Trakulsujaritchok,D.J. Hourston.Damping characteristics and mechanical properties of silica filled PUR/PEMA simultaneous interpenetrating polymer networks[J].European Polymer Journal.2006,42:2968-2976
36 S.P.Lin,J.L.Han,J. T. Yeh et al.Composites of UHMWPE fiber reinforced PU/epoxy grafted interpenetrating polymer networks[J].European Polymer Journal.2007,43:996-1008
37朱锡,黄若波,石勇等.安静型夹芯复合材料舵设计及其力学性能分析[J].海军工程大学学报.2007,19(4)：1-5
38杨雪,王源升,朱金华等.多层粘弹性阻尼复合结构阻尼性能得研究[J].海军工程大学学报.2005,17(2)：72-74
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