水旱轮作条件下秸秆还田的培肥和增产效应
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摘要
本文采用尼龙网袋研究法,连续2年在不同水稻栽培模式和秸秆还田方式下,研究了油菜、小麦秸秆腐解特征及养分释放规律；研究了不同水分管理条件下,秸秆还田对土壤生物学特性和土壤养分状况的影响；采用田间定位试验研究方法,连续3年研究了水旱轮作条件下秸秆覆盖还田对土壤理化性质和作物产量的影响。主要研究结果如下：
1、不同水稻栽培模式和秸秆还田方式下油菜、小麦秸秆腐解特征及养分释放规律的研究结果表明,秸秆还田后,在0-30d腐解较快,后期腐解速率逐渐变慢。油菜秸秆在节水栽培模式下,采用翻压还田腐解率最大,90d时腐解率达到61.06%。试验结束时,小麦秸秆累计腐解率为48.88%-59.95%,油菜秸秆为50.88%-61.06%。常规栽培模式下的秸秆腐解率表现为覆盖还田>翻压还田；节水栽培模式下为秸秆翻压>秸秆覆盖。秸秆覆盖还田时,两种栽培模式秸秆腐解率差异不大。而在秸秆翻压还田时,节水栽培的秸秆腐解率大于常规栽培。秸秆中养分释放速率表现为钾>磷>氮≈碳；90d时,小麦秸秆中48.29%-63.79%的碳、48.35%-52.83%的氮、54.83%-67.49%的磷和91.98%-95.99%的钾被释放；油菜秸秆中50.29%-66.55%的碳、46.48%-57.67%的氮、56.44%-75.64%的磷和92.31%-96.24%的钾被释放。栽培模式和还田方式对秸秆碳、氮和磷释放规律的影响与秸秆腐解趋势基本一致。腐解30d时,秸杆中已有超过90%的钾被释放出来。实行秸秆还田后,水稻栽培模式宜采用节水灌溉栽培,一方面可以促进秸秆腐解,提高其养分释放率；另一方面可减少稻田养分流失,防止农田面源污染；还可以提高水分利用效率,节约水资源。
2、不同水分管理条件下秸秆还田对土壤生物学特性和土壤养分状况影响的研究结果表明,秸秆还田后,土壤微生物数量呈现“前期迅速增加,中期急剧减少,后期缓慢减少”的变化特征。土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性的变化规律与微生物相似,而纤维素酶活性呈现“前期剧升、中期缓增、后期骤降”的变化趋势。节水栽培模式下秸秆还田土壤微生物数量和酶活性均显著高于常规栽培。秸秆还田用量对微生物数量和酶活性影响的总体趋势为：适当增加秸秆用量可以提高微生物数量和酶活性,用量过高对细菌和放线菌数量有负效应。秸秆还田可显著提高土壤有机碳和养分含量。土壤有机碳、全氮、碱解氮和速效磷含量在整个试验期间均呈增加趋势。速效钾含量在秸秆还田30d时达到最高,而后则逐渐降低。节水栽培模式下秸秆还田后土壤有机碳和养分含量的提高效应显著高于常规栽培。增加秸秆还田量对土壤养分含量有显著正效应。
3、水旱轮作条件下连续秸秆覆盖对土壤理化性质和作物产量影响的研究结果显示,连续秸秆覆盖显著降低了土壤表层(0-5cm)容重,提高了0-5cm和5-15cm土层土壤含水量。同时连续秸秆覆盖还田还可以县著提高0-25cm土层土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量。秸秆覆盖对表层(0-5cm)土壤养分状况的效应更明显。秸秆连续覆盖5季后,0-5cm土层土壤速效钾含量的增幅(7.64%-15.33%)>速效磷(7.52%-10.03%)>碱解氮(7.30%-8.74%)>有机质(6.08%-7.53%)。连续秸秆覆盖还田还可以显著提高0-5cm、5-15cm和15-25cm土层土壤NH4+-N、NO3--N含量,并且随着秸秆覆盖还田年限的延长和用量的提高,3个土层土壤的NH4+-N、NO3--N含量的增幅也随之增加。第5季水稻收获后,秸秆覆盖处理NH4+-N、NO3--N含量的增幅分别达到了18.01%-38.43%和11.69%-48.16%。秸秆覆盖还田使水稻生育前期土壤NH4+-N、NO3--N含量降低,有利于减少了N03--N的淋失。而后期N素得到释放满足作物生殖生长的需要,有利于作物产量的提高。另一方面,秸秆覆盖还田使土壤N03--N有向下迁移的趋势。秸秆覆盖还田后,可以提高作物产量,其中旱季作物(小麦、油菜)的增产效应要高于水季作物(水稻),并且随着秸秆还田年限和用量的增加,作物的增产幅度也随之提高。秸秆覆盖还田起主要作用的产量构成因素是通过增加小麦、水稻的有效穗数以及油菜的单株角果数和每角粒数来提高产量。秸秆还田是水旱轮作条件下提高土壤肥力和增加作物产量的重要途径。
In order to study the decomposition characteristics and nutrient release patterns of rapeseed and wheat straws, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.cv.) and rapeseed (Brassica napus) straws were all wrapped in net nylon bags and put on the soil surface or embedded into the soil under different rice cultivations and straw return models in2007and2008growth seasons, respectively, to study the decomposition characteristics and nutrient release patterns of rapeseed and wheat straws. A site-specific experiment (2008-2010) was conducted to study the effect of straw mulching on soil physical and chemical properties and crop yields in paddy-upland rotation system. Effects of straws decomposition on soil biological properties and nutrient status were studied under different water regimes. The major results as follows:
The decomposition characteristics and nutrient release patterns of rapeseed and wheat straws were studied under different rice cultivations and straw mulching models in2007and2008growth seasons, respectively. Wheat and rapeseed straws were wrapped in net nylon bags and put on the surface or embedded into the soil under conventional cultivation and water-saving cultivation models. The results showed that the decomposition rate of straw was faster within the first30days and then slowed down until the end of the experiment. Under water-saving cultivation model,90days after straws were embedded into soil, the decomposition rate was high up to61.06%. The cumulative decomposition rates of wheat and rapeseed straw were48.88%-59.95%and50.88%-61.06%, respectively. Under conventional cultivation model, the straws that were mulched decomposed faster than the straws that were embedded into the soil did. With straw mulching, there was no obvious difference on decomposition rates between the two cultivation models. When straws were embedded into the soil, the straw under water-saving cultivation model decomposed faster than the straw under the conventional cultivation model. The sequence of nutrients release rates were K>P>N≈C. C release rates of wheat straw and rapeseed straw were up to48.29%-63.79%and50.29%-66.55%, and N were up to48.35%-52.83%and46.48%-57.67%, and P were up to54.83%-67.49%and56.44%-75.64%, and K were up to91.98%-95.99%and92.31%-96.24%after90days decomposition, respectively. The effect of cultivation model and incorporation method on N, P and C release patterns had almost the same trend with the decomposition of straw. K release rate was more than90%after30days decomposition. It indicated that on the basis of straw mulching, the water-saving cultivation model can promote the straw to decompose and to release the nutrients. At the same time, it also can prevent the loss of nutrients from the soil, prevent pollution and increase water use efficiency.
Soil microbial quantity increased rapidly in the early growth stage after wheat straw was returned to the field, but decreased significantly in the middle growth stage and reduced slowly in the late growth stage. The activities of the urease、alkaline phosphatase and sucrase in the soil had the same rules with the microbial quantity after straw mulching. But the rules of cellulase activity were different; it increased rapidly in the early growth stage, improved slowly in the middle growth stage and decreased rapidly in the late growth stage. The numbers of the microbial and the activity of enzyme under water-saving cultivation model were significantly higher than that under the conventional cultivation model. The effects of different rates of straw returned to the soil on microbial numbers and enzyme activities were that increased the amount of the wheat straw properly could improve microbial numbers and enzyme activities, but the excessive straw would have a negative effect on the number of bacteria and actinomycetes. The results also indicated that soil nutrient contents could be improved notablely by straw returned to the field. After straw returned, the content of the organic carbon, total nitrogen, alkali-hydro nitrogen and available phosphorus increased throughout the whole trial period. The available potassium content reached the highest after30days of straw mulching, and then decreased gradually. The nutrient contents under water-saving cultivation model were significantly higher than that under the conventional cultivation model. Increasing the amount of straw had a significantly positive effect on soil nutrient contents.
A site-specific experiment (2008-2010) was conducted to study the effects of straw mulching on soil physical and chemical properties and crop yields in paddy-upland rotation system. The results showed that compared with no straw mulching treatment, the soil bulk density was reduced at0-5cm soil layer and soil water content was increased at0-5cm and5-15cm soil layer with straw mulching treatment. Straw mulching increased soil organic matter, alkali N, available P and available K contents at0-25cm soil layer. Influences of straw mulching on soil nutrient conditions at0-5cm soil layer were higher than that of5-15cm and15-25cm soil layer. The nutrient contents increase sequence at0-5cm soil layer after5seasons of straw mulching were:available K (7.64%-15.33%)>available P (7.52%-10.03%)>alkali. N (7.30%-8.74%)> organic matter (6.08%-7.53%). At0-5cm,5-15cm and15-25cm soil layers, compared to no straw mulching treatment, the contents of soil NH4+-N and NO3--N increased significantly with straw mulching treatment. With the enhancement of the time of mulching and the rate of straw, the soil NH4+-N and NO3--N contents increased. After the harvest of the fifth season rice, the soil NH4+-N and N03--N contents of straw mulching treatment were higher than that of no straw mulching treatment by18.01%-38.43%and11.69%-48.16%, respectively. Straw mulching could reduce the contents of NH4+-N and NO3--N, and also could reduce the soil NO3--N leaching during rice earlier growth stage, which can promote the crop reproductive growth in the later growth stages and then increase crop yield. On the other hand, NO3--N had a trend of leaching into deeper soil with the straw mulching treatment. The results also indicated that straw mulching increased crop yield and the effect of straw mulching on wheat and rapeseed was higher than that of rice. Increasing the year of straw mulching and the amount of straw had a significantly positive effect on crop yield. The key components of the yield were effective panicles of wheat and rice and pod number and seed per pod of rapeseed.
1、不同水稻栽培模式和秸秆还田方式下油菜、小麦秸秆腐解特征及养分释放规律的研究结果表明,秸秆还田后,在0-30d腐解较快,后期腐解速率逐渐变慢。油菜秸秆在节水栽培模式下,采用翻压还田腐解率最大,90d时腐解率达到61.06%。试验结束时,小麦秸秆累计腐解率为48.88%-59.95%,油菜秸秆为50.88%-61.06%。常规栽培模式下的秸秆腐解率表现为覆盖还田>翻压还田；节水栽培模式下为秸秆翻压>秸秆覆盖。秸秆覆盖还田时,两种栽培模式秸秆腐解率差异不大。而在秸秆翻压还田时,节水栽培的秸秆腐解率大于常规栽培。秸秆中养分释放速率表现为钾>磷>氮≈碳；90d时,小麦秸秆中48.29%-63.79%的碳、48.35%-52.83%的氮、54.83%-67.49%的磷和91.98%-95.99%的钾被释放；油菜秸秆中50.29%-66.55%的碳、46.48%-57.67%的氮、56.44%-75.64%的磷和92.31%-96.24%的钾被释放。栽培模式和还田方式对秸秆碳、氮和磷释放规律的影响与秸秆腐解趋势基本一致。腐解30d时,秸杆中已有超过90%的钾被释放出来。实行秸秆还田后,水稻栽培模式宜采用节水灌溉栽培,一方面可以促进秸秆腐解,提高其养分释放率；另一方面可减少稻田养分流失,防止农田面源污染；还可以提高水分利用效率,节约水资源。
2、不同水分管理条件下秸秆还田对土壤生物学特性和土壤养分状况影响的研究结果表明,秸秆还田后,土壤微生物数量呈现“前期迅速增加,中期急剧减少,后期缓慢减少”的变化特征。土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性的变化规律与微生物相似,而纤维素酶活性呈现“前期剧升、中期缓增、后期骤降”的变化趋势。节水栽培模式下秸秆还田土壤微生物数量和酶活性均显著高于常规栽培。秸秆还田用量对微生物数量和酶活性影响的总体趋势为：适当增加秸秆用量可以提高微生物数量和酶活性,用量过高对细菌和放线菌数量有负效应。秸秆还田可显著提高土壤有机碳和养分含量。土壤有机碳、全氮、碱解氮和速效磷含量在整个试验期间均呈增加趋势。速效钾含量在秸秆还田30d时达到最高,而后则逐渐降低。节水栽培模式下秸秆还田后土壤有机碳和养分含量的提高效应显著高于常规栽培。增加秸秆还田量对土壤养分含量有显著正效应。
3、水旱轮作条件下连续秸秆覆盖对土壤理化性质和作物产量影响的研究结果显示,连续秸秆覆盖显著降低了土壤表层(0-5cm)容重,提高了0-5cm和5-15cm土层土壤含水量。同时连续秸秆覆盖还田还可以县著提高0-25cm土层土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量。秸秆覆盖对表层(0-5cm)土壤养分状况的效应更明显。秸秆连续覆盖5季后,0-5cm土层土壤速效钾含量的增幅(7.64%-15.33%)>速效磷(7.52%-10.03%)>碱解氮(7.30%-8.74%)>有机质(6.08%-7.53%)。连续秸秆覆盖还田还可以显著提高0-5cm、5-15cm和15-25cm土层土壤NH4+-N、NO3--N含量,并且随着秸秆覆盖还田年限的延长和用量的提高,3个土层土壤的NH4+-N、NO3--N含量的增幅也随之增加。第5季水稻收获后,秸秆覆盖处理NH4+-N、NO3--N含量的增幅分别达到了18.01%-38.43%和11.69%-48.16%。秸秆覆盖还田使水稻生育前期土壤NH4+-N、NO3--N含量降低,有利于减少了N03--N的淋失。而后期N素得到释放满足作物生殖生长的需要,有利于作物产量的提高。另一方面,秸秆覆盖还田使土壤N03--N有向下迁移的趋势。秸秆覆盖还田后,可以提高作物产量,其中旱季作物(小麦、油菜)的增产效应要高于水季作物(水稻),并且随着秸秆还田年限和用量的增加,作物的增产幅度也随之提高。秸秆覆盖还田起主要作用的产量构成因素是通过增加小麦、水稻的有效穗数以及油菜的单株角果数和每角粒数来提高产量。秸秆还田是水旱轮作条件下提高土壤肥力和增加作物产量的重要途径。
In order to study the decomposition characteristics and nutrient release patterns of rapeseed and wheat straws, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.cv.) and rapeseed (Brassica napus) straws were all wrapped in net nylon bags and put on the soil surface or embedded into the soil under different rice cultivations and straw return models in2007and2008growth seasons, respectively, to study the decomposition characteristics and nutrient release patterns of rapeseed and wheat straws. A site-specific experiment (2008-2010) was conducted to study the effect of straw mulching on soil physical and chemical properties and crop yields in paddy-upland rotation system. Effects of straws decomposition on soil biological properties and nutrient status were studied under different water regimes. The major results as follows:
The decomposition characteristics and nutrient release patterns of rapeseed and wheat straws were studied under different rice cultivations and straw mulching models in2007and2008growth seasons, respectively. Wheat and rapeseed straws were wrapped in net nylon bags and put on the surface or embedded into the soil under conventional cultivation and water-saving cultivation models. The results showed that the decomposition rate of straw was faster within the first30days and then slowed down until the end of the experiment. Under water-saving cultivation model,90days after straws were embedded into soil, the decomposition rate was high up to61.06%. The cumulative decomposition rates of wheat and rapeseed straw were48.88%-59.95%and50.88%-61.06%, respectively. Under conventional cultivation model, the straws that were mulched decomposed faster than the straws that were embedded into the soil did. With straw mulching, there was no obvious difference on decomposition rates between the two cultivation models. When straws were embedded into the soil, the straw under water-saving cultivation model decomposed faster than the straw under the conventional cultivation model. The sequence of nutrients release rates were K>P>N≈C. C release rates of wheat straw and rapeseed straw were up to48.29%-63.79%and50.29%-66.55%, and N were up to48.35%-52.83%and46.48%-57.67%, and P were up to54.83%-67.49%and56.44%-75.64%, and K were up to91.98%-95.99%and92.31%-96.24%after90days decomposition, respectively. The effect of cultivation model and incorporation method on N, P and C release patterns had almost the same trend with the decomposition of straw. K release rate was more than90%after30days decomposition. It indicated that on the basis of straw mulching, the water-saving cultivation model can promote the straw to decompose and to release the nutrients. At the same time, it also can prevent the loss of nutrients from the soil, prevent pollution and increase water use efficiency.
Soil microbial quantity increased rapidly in the early growth stage after wheat straw was returned to the field, but decreased significantly in the middle growth stage and reduced slowly in the late growth stage. The activities of the urease、alkaline phosphatase and sucrase in the soil had the same rules with the microbial quantity after straw mulching. But the rules of cellulase activity were different; it increased rapidly in the early growth stage, improved slowly in the middle growth stage and decreased rapidly in the late growth stage. The numbers of the microbial and the activity of enzyme under water-saving cultivation model were significantly higher than that under the conventional cultivation model. The effects of different rates of straw returned to the soil on microbial numbers and enzyme activities were that increased the amount of the wheat straw properly could improve microbial numbers and enzyme activities, but the excessive straw would have a negative effect on the number of bacteria and actinomycetes. The results also indicated that soil nutrient contents could be improved notablely by straw returned to the field. After straw returned, the content of the organic carbon, total nitrogen, alkali-hydro nitrogen and available phosphorus increased throughout the whole trial period. The available potassium content reached the highest after30days of straw mulching, and then decreased gradually. The nutrient contents under water-saving cultivation model were significantly higher than that under the conventional cultivation model. Increasing the amount of straw had a significantly positive effect on soil nutrient contents.
A site-specific experiment (2008-2010) was conducted to study the effects of straw mulching on soil physical and chemical properties and crop yields in paddy-upland rotation system. The results showed that compared with no straw mulching treatment, the soil bulk density was reduced at0-5cm soil layer and soil water content was increased at0-5cm and5-15cm soil layer with straw mulching treatment. Straw mulching increased soil organic matter, alkali N, available P and available K contents at0-25cm soil layer. Influences of straw mulching on soil nutrient conditions at0-5cm soil layer were higher than that of5-15cm and15-25cm soil layer. The nutrient contents increase sequence at0-5cm soil layer after5seasons of straw mulching were:available K (7.64%-15.33%)>available P (7.52%-10.03%)>alkali. N (7.30%-8.74%)> organic matter (6.08%-7.53%). At0-5cm,5-15cm and15-25cm soil layers, compared to no straw mulching treatment, the contents of soil NH4+-N and NO3--N increased significantly with straw mulching treatment. With the enhancement of the time of mulching and the rate of straw, the soil NH4+-N and NO3--N contents increased. After the harvest of the fifth season rice, the soil NH4+-N and N03--N contents of straw mulching treatment were higher than that of no straw mulching treatment by18.01%-38.43%and11.69%-48.16%, respectively. Straw mulching could reduce the contents of NH4+-N and NO3--N, and also could reduce the soil NO3--N leaching during rice earlier growth stage, which can promote the crop reproductive growth in the later growth stages and then increase crop yield. On the other hand, NO3--N had a trend of leaching into deeper soil with the straw mulching treatment. The results also indicated that straw mulching increased crop yield and the effect of straw mulching on wheat and rapeseed was higher than that of rice. Increasing the year of straw mulching and the amount of straw had a significantly positive effect on crop yield. The key components of the yield were effective panicles of wheat and rice and pod number and seed per pod of rapeseed.
引文
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