不同施肥模式对水稻生长发育及稻田剖面养分分布的影响
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摘要
稻-稻轮作系统是我国长江中下游集约化农区重要的作物种植体系,对我国粮食生产的贡献十分重要,直接影响我国的粮食安全。目前,这种轮作体系存在的主要问题是过量施肥、养分管理不合理和生产力呈下降的趋势以及由此引起的环境问题。因此,在这种轮作体系下,研究建立更好地协调作物生产,养分资源利用和环境风险等矛盾的施肥模式是维持这一系统可持续发展的关键。本研究以水稻“金优207”为材料,对不施氮肥(T1)、试验区当地农民习惯氮肥用量(T2：尿素,纯N187.5kg/hm2)和在农民习惯施氮量基础上减量配施氮肥(T3：氮减少20%,30%农民习惯用化肥+20%习惯用量的有机肥+30%习惯用量的缓释肥,纯N150kg/hm2)3种施肥模式下水稻不同生育期的生理特性、产量、水稻N肥农学利用率及稻田剖面养分分布特征进行了研究。结果如下：
与T2处理相比,T3处理的水稻产量有所提高,农艺学性状更优,证明在农民习惯施氮水平上减施20%和20%有机替代及30%的缓释肥的施肥模式是可行的。T3处理使水稻氮肥农学利用效率提高了30.79%,植株各生育期的株高、分蘖数、叶面积指数、叶片SPAD值(叶绿素相对含量)与总生物量增加；单株的有效穗数、结实率、千粒重、理论产量以及实际产量也有所提高。表明只要合理配施,在保证产量的情况下农民习惯氮肥用量存在一定的减施空间。
三个处理下土壤剖面养分累积的趋势是：有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷含量随土层深度的增加而降低,而全钾及速效钾含量则随土层深度的增加而提高。T3处理中除耕层的有效氮、速效磷及速效钾含量较T2处理降低外,土壤其它各层有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、有效氮、速效磷以及速效钾含量均较T2处理有所增加,但增加幅度随土层深度各异,其中有机质的增加主要集中在0～60cm土层中,氮素主要集中在0～40cm土层中,钾素则主要集中在0～20cm土层中,土壤中各层的磷素在两个施肥处理中无显著差异,说明T3处理这一施肥模式增加的养分主要集中在作物能吸收的范围内,这意味着对土壤培肥和作物生产更有利。
Rice-rice rotation system is an important cropping system in the intensive land region of middle and lower reaches of Changjiang River and important for grain production which has an important contribution for grain production and directly influences food security of China. At present, the main problem of the rice-rice rotation system is excessive fertilization, unreasonable nutrient management, a downward trend in productivity, and the resulting environmental issues. Therefore, to establish fertilization model for the better co-ordination of acute contradiction among crop production, the utilization of nutrient resources and environmental risk is the key that sustain development of this rice-rice rotation system. In an attempt to reduce nitrogen application and improve yields in rice, different fertilization treatments, including control (Tl:no nitrogen fertilizer added), conventional fertilization level of local farmers (T2) and20percentage reduction in nitrogen fertilizer (T3:30%conventional fertilizer of local farmers plus20%organic manure and30%slow release fertilizers), were conducted in this study. The effects of nitrogen reduction on the agricultural characteristics, grain yields and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency of rice and on the soil profile nutrient accumulation and distribution in the paddy fields were carefully evaluated. Main conclusions are listed as follows:
The T3treatment tended to give higher yields and better agricultural characteristics of rice when compared with other treatments. These results demonstrated that the fertilization model of20%reduction in conventional nitrogen fertilizer of local farmers combined with20%organic manure and30%slow release fertilizer is feasible on these fields. The agronomic nitrogen use efficiency of T3treatment increased by30.79%compared with T2treatment. The plant height, tiller number, leaf area index, SPAD value (relative content of chlorophyll) and total dry weight of rice plants at each developmental stage were increased in T3treatment, and the valid panicles per plant, seed setting rate,1000-grain weight, theoretical yield and actual yield were also elevated in T3treatment. These results demonstrated that reasonable application of chemical fertilizer with organic manure and slow release fertilizer can enable reduction of the application of nitrogen fertilizers while maintaining crop yields.
The content of organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available nitrogen and phosphorus decreases with the increase of the soil depth in T1, T2and T3treatments, respectively, while total potassium and available potassium increases with the increase of the soil depth. Except for available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of the top layer soil (0～20cm), the organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of0-20cm,20～40cm,40～60cm,60～80cm,80～100cm soil layer in the profile of0～100cm were increased in T3treatment comparing with T2treatment, and the increases were different among the5soil layers at the depth of0-100cm. The marked increasing quantity of organic matter was mainly on3soil layers at the depth of0-60cm, and nitrogen was mainly on2soil layers at the depth of0-40cm, and potassium was mainly on the top layer soil (0-20cm), while T3and T2treatment have no significant effect on phosphorus. These results demonstrated that the fertilization model of20%reduction in conventional nitrogen fertilizer of local farmers combined with20%organic manure and30%slow release fertilizer increased the nutrient content that was concentrated primarily in the absorption region of crop. This is important to improve soil fertility and enhance the crop production.
与T2处理相比,T3处理的水稻产量有所提高,农艺学性状更优,证明在农民习惯施氮水平上减施20%和20%有机替代及30%的缓释肥的施肥模式是可行的。T3处理使水稻氮肥农学利用效率提高了30.79%,植株各生育期的株高、分蘖数、叶面积指数、叶片SPAD值(叶绿素相对含量)与总生物量增加；单株的有效穗数、结实率、千粒重、理论产量以及实际产量也有所提高。表明只要合理配施,在保证产量的情况下农民习惯氮肥用量存在一定的减施空间。
三个处理下土壤剖面养分累积的趋势是：有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷含量随土层深度的增加而降低,而全钾及速效钾含量则随土层深度的增加而提高。T3处理中除耕层的有效氮、速效磷及速效钾含量较T2处理降低外,土壤其它各层有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、有效氮、速效磷以及速效钾含量均较T2处理有所增加,但增加幅度随土层深度各异,其中有机质的增加主要集中在0～60cm土层中,氮素主要集中在0～40cm土层中,钾素则主要集中在0～20cm土层中,土壤中各层的磷素在两个施肥处理中无显著差异,说明T3处理这一施肥模式增加的养分主要集中在作物能吸收的范围内,这意味着对土壤培肥和作物生产更有利。
Rice-rice rotation system is an important cropping system in the intensive land region of middle and lower reaches of Changjiang River and important for grain production which has an important contribution for grain production and directly influences food security of China. At present, the main problem of the rice-rice rotation system is excessive fertilization, unreasonable nutrient management, a downward trend in productivity, and the resulting environmental issues. Therefore, to establish fertilization model for the better co-ordination of acute contradiction among crop production, the utilization of nutrient resources and environmental risk is the key that sustain development of this rice-rice rotation system. In an attempt to reduce nitrogen application and improve yields in rice, different fertilization treatments, including control (Tl:no nitrogen fertilizer added), conventional fertilization level of local farmers (T2) and20percentage reduction in nitrogen fertilizer (T3:30%conventional fertilizer of local farmers plus20%organic manure and30%slow release fertilizers), were conducted in this study. The effects of nitrogen reduction on the agricultural characteristics, grain yields and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency of rice and on the soil profile nutrient accumulation and distribution in the paddy fields were carefully evaluated. Main conclusions are listed as follows:
The T3treatment tended to give higher yields and better agricultural characteristics of rice when compared with other treatments. These results demonstrated that the fertilization model of20%reduction in conventional nitrogen fertilizer of local farmers combined with20%organic manure and30%slow release fertilizer is feasible on these fields. The agronomic nitrogen use efficiency of T3treatment increased by30.79%compared with T2treatment. The plant height, tiller number, leaf area index, SPAD value (relative content of chlorophyll) and total dry weight of rice plants at each developmental stage were increased in T3treatment, and the valid panicles per plant, seed setting rate,1000-grain weight, theoretical yield and actual yield were also elevated in T3treatment. These results demonstrated that reasonable application of chemical fertilizer with organic manure and slow release fertilizer can enable reduction of the application of nitrogen fertilizers while maintaining crop yields.
The content of organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available nitrogen and phosphorus decreases with the increase of the soil depth in T1, T2and T3treatments, respectively, while total potassium and available potassium increases with the increase of the soil depth. Except for available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of the top layer soil (0～20cm), the organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of0-20cm,20～40cm,40～60cm,60～80cm,80～100cm soil layer in the profile of0～100cm were increased in T3treatment comparing with T2treatment, and the increases were different among the5soil layers at the depth of0-100cm. The marked increasing quantity of organic matter was mainly on3soil layers at the depth of0-60cm, and nitrogen was mainly on2soil layers at the depth of0-40cm, and potassium was mainly on the top layer soil (0-20cm), while T3and T2treatment have no significant effect on phosphorus. These results demonstrated that the fertilization model of20%reduction in conventional nitrogen fertilizer of local farmers combined with20%organic manure and30%slow release fertilizer increased the nutrient content that was concentrated primarily in the absorption region of crop. This is important to improve soil fertility and enhance the crop production.
引文
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