以碳排放补贴（类CDM）为基础的循环农业财政激励机制研究
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摘要
农业活动是温室气体的主要排放源之一,近期有关农业温室气体减排的研究已成为我国循环农业热点问题。为此本文提出通过财政购买建立新的CDM机制,就其可行性进行论证,探讨其对于发展循环农业的现实意义并提出相关政策建议。
本文针对农业温室气体减排政策在我国的适用性问题,运用IPCC的相关权威标准进行了评价,指出了当前政策工具的不足。提出通过财政购买建立新的CDM机制来解决我国农业温室气体减排问题。在此基础上,本文对CDM机制原有流程进行了改造与移植,降低原CDM机制中的交易成本和不确定性并使其更适合我国的实际情况。同时,为了解决该机制运行中对财政资金的大量需求,引入了自愿减排市场拍卖机制,以减轻财政负担。在构建的新机制流程基础上,本文进行了相应的定价分析和CDM项目评价方法的设计,对新机制的整体系统结构进行了完善,为新机制在实际CDM项目开发中的应用提供了一定的依据和标准。
通过实证研究的方法,本文对两种机制下的农户收益和净减排成本进行对比,表明新的CDM财政购买机制大大优于原有机制。在理论研究和实证分析的基础上,给出了解决循环农业发展中存在的问题,实现新的CDM机制的快速推广的政策建议。
Agricultural activities are major sources of emissions of greenhouse gases, so the study of greenhouse gas emission reduction has become a hot topic of China’s circulation agriculture. So,this paper suggests to establish a new CDM mechanism of public finance and demonstrate its feasibility and practical significance on circulation agriculture.Then,this paper make relevant policy suggestions about this mechanism.
This paper used the IPCC standards to evaluate the applicability of China's national greenhouse gas emission reduction policies,and pointed out the deficiencies of present policies.In order to solve the problem of agricultural greenhouse gas emission reduction,he suggested the government to establish a new CDM mechanism of public finance.Based on the analysis above, this paper change the processes of orginal CDM mechanism processes as to reduce the costs and uncertainty,make it more suitable for China’s actual situation. Meanwhile, in order to solve the problem of the high demand for public financial resources, he suggests to establish a voluntary emission reduction market auction mechanism to alleviate the public financial burden.Based on the the new mechanism, this paper discussed the CDM project evaluation and the price for it,so as to perfect the system structure of the new mechanism and supply some evidence and standards for its development in practical applications.
Through empirical study,this paper analysis the income of farmers and the abatement social costs under two mechanisms.It is shown that new mechanism is much better than the orginal mechanism.Based on the theoretical research and empirical analysis, this passage make some policy suggestions as to solve the problems in circulation agricultural development and to attain the rapid development of the new CDM mechanism.
本文针对农业温室气体减排政策在我国的适用性问题,运用IPCC的相关权威标准进行了评价,指出了当前政策工具的不足。提出通过财政购买建立新的CDM机制来解决我国农业温室气体减排问题。在此基础上,本文对CDM机制原有流程进行了改造与移植,降低原CDM机制中的交易成本和不确定性并使其更适合我国的实际情况。同时,为了解决该机制运行中对财政资金的大量需求,引入了自愿减排市场拍卖机制,以减轻财政负担。在构建的新机制流程基础上,本文进行了相应的定价分析和CDM项目评价方法的设计,对新机制的整体系统结构进行了完善,为新机制在实际CDM项目开发中的应用提供了一定的依据和标准。
通过实证研究的方法,本文对两种机制下的农户收益和净减排成本进行对比,表明新的CDM财政购买机制大大优于原有机制。在理论研究和实证分析的基础上,给出了解决循环农业发展中存在的问题,实现新的CDM机制的快速推广的政策建议。
Agricultural activities are major sources of emissions of greenhouse gases, so the study of greenhouse gas emission reduction has become a hot topic of China’s circulation agriculture. So,this paper suggests to establish a new CDM mechanism of public finance and demonstrate its feasibility and practical significance on circulation agriculture.Then,this paper make relevant policy suggestions about this mechanism.
This paper used the IPCC standards to evaluate the applicability of China's national greenhouse gas emission reduction policies,and pointed out the deficiencies of present policies.In order to solve the problem of agricultural greenhouse gas emission reduction,he suggested the government to establish a new CDM mechanism of public finance.Based on the analysis above, this paper change the processes of orginal CDM mechanism processes as to reduce the costs and uncertainty,make it more suitable for China’s actual situation. Meanwhile, in order to solve the problem of the high demand for public financial resources, he suggests to establish a voluntary emission reduction market auction mechanism to alleviate the public financial burden.Based on the the new mechanism, this paper discussed the CDM project evaluation and the price for it,so as to perfect the system structure of the new mechanism and supply some evidence and standards for its development in practical applications.
Through empirical study,this paper analysis the income of farmers and the abatement social costs under two mechanisms.It is shown that new mechanism is much better than the orginal mechanism.Based on the theoretical research and empirical analysis, this passage make some policy suggestions as to solve the problems in circulation agricultural development and to attain the rapid development of the new CDM mechanism.
引文
[1]中华人民共和国财政部2009年全国财政支出决算表[EB/OL].(2010-06-29) [2010-08-18].http://yss.mof.gov.cn/2009nianquanguojuesuan/201007/t20100709_327128.html.
[2]联合国气候变化框架公约京都议定书[EB/OL].(2009-08-25) [2010-08-12]. http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpchinese.pdf.
[3] Thomas Reardon, Christopher B. Barrett.Sustainable Versus Unsustainable Agricultural Intensification in Africa: Focus on Policy Reforms and Market Conditions[C]. Paper invited for presentation at the AAEA International Preconference on Agricultural Intensification, Economic Development and the Environment, 1998: 16-22.
[4] Jules Pretty, Rachel Hine. Reducing Food Poverty with Sustainable Agriculture: A Summary of New Evidence[R]. Final Report from the SAFE-World ( The Potential of Sustainable Agriculture to Feed the World) Research Project, University of Essex, 2001: 26-28.
[5] Burja C, Burja V. Adapting the Romanian rural economy to the European agricultural policy from the perspective of sustainable development[J]. The Third International Conference Rural Development, 2007, Lithuanian University of Agriculture Akademija, Kaunas, Lithuania, 2007, : 34-40.
[6] N Jordan,G Boody. Sustainable Development of the Agricultural Bio-Economy[J]. SCIENCE, 2007 (2) : 25-32.
[7] IPCC Working GroupⅢGreenhouse Gas Mitigation in Agriculture[R]. Fourth Assessment Report 2006, 2006: 11-19.
[8] CDM Statistics 2009 [EB/OL] . (2010-03-05) [2010-08-12] . http://CDM.unfccc.int/Statistics/index.html, 2009.
[9] Monique Willis, Martijn Wilder, and Paul Curnow. The Clean Development Mechanism: Special Considerations for Renewable Energy Projects[J]. Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies , 2006(11) : 09-13.
[10]杨大蓉,陈福明.中国西部地区发展农业循环经济的策略探讨[J].贵州农业科学, 2006(5):34-35.
[11]陈诗波,王亚静.基于农户视角的外生性因子对循环农业生产技术效率的影响—来自湖北省的实证研究[J].经济经纬,2009(1):104-107.
[12]郑冬梅.循环农业率先引入政策性保险制度的思考[J].发展研究,2006(2):44-45.
[13]曾艳华.建立促进我国循环农业发展的长效机制[J].学术论坛,2006(7):117-120.
[14]罗小君,颜新建,黎熹.促进农业循环经济发展的财政政策选择[J].金融经济, 2007(22):13-15.
[15]韦天珍.如何为发展循环农业提供财政金融支持[J].科技经济市场,2008(2):71-72.
[16]郑小兰,宋屹.发展循环农业的财政金融对策分析[J] .商场现代化,2007(3):261-262.
[17]何尧军,单胜道.循环型农业发展模式与保障机制初探[J].浙江林学院学报,2007, 24(3):247-253.
[18]程序.生物质能与节能减排及低碳经济[J] .中国生态农业学报, 2009 ,17(2):375?378.
[19]张蕾,蔡志坚.低碳经济与我国农村发展[J].生态经济,2010,(9):73-76.
[20]董红敏.中国温室气体排放和减排对策[R].中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所,2008:1-3.
[21]李明峰,董云社,耿元波,齐玉春.农业生产的温室气体排放研究进展[J].山东农业大学学报:自然科学版,2003,34(2):311-314.
[22]张文学,孙刚.我国农业及畜牧业发展CDM项目的潜力分析[J].江西能源, 2008(1): 21-23.
[23]董红敏,李玉娥,陶秀萍,彭小培,李娜,朱志平.中国农业源温室气体排放与减排技术对策[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(10):269-273.
[24]李建国,严玉平,魏林根,周军.农业CDM项目对环境的影响及开发障碍[J].江西农业学报,2008,20(9):131-133.
[25]杨励君,杨达.培育农业CDM项目的意义及现实可行性—以环鄱阳湖区为例[J].江西科学,2009,27(3):367-374.
[26]王礼茂.几种主要碳增汇/减排途径的对比分析[J].第四纪研究,2004,24(2): 191-197.
[27]董红敏,李玉娥,朱志平,陶秀萍.农村户用沼气CDM项目温室气体减排潜力[J].农业工程学报,2009(11):293-296.
[28]中国网.农业部门通过增加土壤碳储量等控制温室气体排放[EB/OL].(2009-08-25) [2010-08-12]. http://www.china.com.cn/news/2009-08/25/content_18399050.htm.
[29]哈维?罗森.财政学[M].中国人民大学出版社,2009:80-92.
[30]王雪臣,冯相昭.温室气体减排政策浅论[J].环境保护,2009,(4): 12-14.
[31] Gilbert E Metcalf. Market-based Policy Options to Control U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions [J]. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2009, 23 (2) : 5-25.
[32]苏明,傅志华,许文,王志刚,李欣,梁强.我国开征碳税的效果预测和影响评价[J].经济研究参考,2009(72):24-28.
[33]任正晓.农业循环经济概论[M].中国经济出版社,2007:68-74.
[34]王英姿,黄毅斌,翁伯琦,王义祥.中国农业CDM的发展现状及潜力研究[J].福建农林大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2010,13(4):26-29.
[35]刘惠萍.CDM简介及项目申报案例分析[J].上海节能,2009(9):14-19.
[36]搜狐新闻.气候变化大会在发布《哥本哈根协议》后闭幕[EB/OL].(2009-12-20) [2010-09-16].http://news.sohu.com/20091220/n269072032.shtml.
[37]中国网.十一五农村沼气建设实现跨越式发展[EB/OL].(2010-12-21)[2011-01-12]. http://news.china.com.cn/rollnews/2010-12/21/content_5737456.htm.
[38]汪应洛.系统工程[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1999:45-68.
[39] 2012年前中国清洁发展机制市场政策环境与发展现状[R].中国-欧盟清洁发展机制促进项目.2010:8-11.
[40]贾璇,杨海真,王峰.基于机制设计理论的环境政策初探[J].四川环境,2009,28(2): 78-81,105.
[41]李学亮.CDM倒逼国内VER市场兴起.[EB/OL].(2010-06-23) [2011-01-12]. http://www.cs.com.cn/cqzk/06/201006/t20100623_2479971.htm.
[42]中国人类发展报告2009/10迈向低碳经济和社会的可持续未来[R].中国人民大学.2009:76-77.
[43]储诚山,陈洪波,刘伯霞.模糊算法用于CDM项目可持续影响评价的研究[J].开发研究,2008(4):16-18.
[44]恩施新闻网.利用世界银行贷款湖北省恩施州新农村生态家园富民工程项目建议书[EB/OL].(2009-6-20) [2010-12-16]. http://zw.enshi.cn/article.htm1?Id=3918.
[45]刘尚余,骆志刚,赵黛青.农村沼气工程温室气体减排分析[J].太阳能学报,2006,27(7):652-655.
[46]朱家贤.低炭经济中的固碳农业与农民增收[EB/OL].(2010-03-11) [2011-01-12]. http://www.chimo.org.cn/show.aspx?id=915&cid=16.
[47]张蕾,蔡志坚,牛利民.低碳经济与我国农村发展[J].生态经济,2010(9).73-76.
[48]新浪财经.新疆试验:农业碳排放交易[EB/OL].(2007-06-21) [2011-01-12]. http://finance.sina.com.cn/g/20070621/09493711700.shtml.
[2]联合国气候变化框架公约京都议定书[EB/OL].(2009-08-25) [2010-08-12]. http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpchinese.pdf.
[3] Thomas Reardon, Christopher B. Barrett.Sustainable Versus Unsustainable Agricultural Intensification in Africa: Focus on Policy Reforms and Market Conditions[C]. Paper invited for presentation at the AAEA International Preconference on Agricultural Intensification, Economic Development and the Environment, 1998: 16-22.
[4] Jules Pretty, Rachel Hine. Reducing Food Poverty with Sustainable Agriculture: A Summary of New Evidence[R]. Final Report from the SAFE-World ( The Potential of Sustainable Agriculture to Feed the World) Research Project, University of Essex, 2001: 26-28.
[5] Burja C, Burja V. Adapting the Romanian rural economy to the European agricultural policy from the perspective of sustainable development[J]. The Third International Conference Rural Development, 2007, Lithuanian University of Agriculture Akademija, Kaunas, Lithuania, 2007, : 34-40.
[6] N Jordan,G Boody. Sustainable Development of the Agricultural Bio-Economy[J]. SCIENCE, 2007 (2) : 25-32.
[7] IPCC Working GroupⅢGreenhouse Gas Mitigation in Agriculture[R]. Fourth Assessment Report 2006, 2006: 11-19.
[8] CDM Statistics 2009 [EB/OL] . (2010-03-05) [2010-08-12] . http://CDM.unfccc.int/Statistics/index.html, 2009.
[9] Monique Willis, Martijn Wilder, and Paul Curnow. The Clean Development Mechanism: Special Considerations for Renewable Energy Projects[J]. Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies , 2006(11) : 09-13.
[10]杨大蓉,陈福明.中国西部地区发展农业循环经济的策略探讨[J].贵州农业科学, 2006(5):34-35.
[11]陈诗波,王亚静.基于农户视角的外生性因子对循环农业生产技术效率的影响—来自湖北省的实证研究[J].经济经纬,2009(1):104-107.
[12]郑冬梅.循环农业率先引入政策性保险制度的思考[J].发展研究,2006(2):44-45.
[13]曾艳华.建立促进我国循环农业发展的长效机制[J].学术论坛,2006(7):117-120.
[14]罗小君,颜新建,黎熹.促进农业循环经济发展的财政政策选择[J].金融经济, 2007(22):13-15.
[15]韦天珍.如何为发展循环农业提供财政金融支持[J].科技经济市场,2008(2):71-72.
[16]郑小兰,宋屹.发展循环农业的财政金融对策分析[J] .商场现代化,2007(3):261-262.
[17]何尧军,单胜道.循环型农业发展模式与保障机制初探[J].浙江林学院学报,2007, 24(3):247-253.
[18]程序.生物质能与节能减排及低碳经济[J] .中国生态农业学报, 2009 ,17(2):375?378.
[19]张蕾,蔡志坚.低碳经济与我国农村发展[J].生态经济,2010,(9):73-76.
[20]董红敏.中国温室气体排放和减排对策[R].中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所,2008:1-3.
[21]李明峰,董云社,耿元波,齐玉春.农业生产的温室气体排放研究进展[J].山东农业大学学报:自然科学版,2003,34(2):311-314.
[22]张文学,孙刚.我国农业及畜牧业发展CDM项目的潜力分析[J].江西能源, 2008(1): 21-23.
[23]董红敏,李玉娥,陶秀萍,彭小培,李娜,朱志平.中国农业源温室气体排放与减排技术对策[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(10):269-273.
[24]李建国,严玉平,魏林根,周军.农业CDM项目对环境的影响及开发障碍[J].江西农业学报,2008,20(9):131-133.
[25]杨励君,杨达.培育农业CDM项目的意义及现实可行性—以环鄱阳湖区为例[J].江西科学,2009,27(3):367-374.
[26]王礼茂.几种主要碳增汇/减排途径的对比分析[J].第四纪研究,2004,24(2): 191-197.
[27]董红敏,李玉娥,朱志平,陶秀萍.农村户用沼气CDM项目温室气体减排潜力[J].农业工程学报,2009(11):293-296.
[28]中国网.农业部门通过增加土壤碳储量等控制温室气体排放[EB/OL].(2009-08-25) [2010-08-12]. http://www.china.com.cn/news/2009-08/25/content_18399050.htm.
[29]哈维?罗森.财政学[M].中国人民大学出版社,2009:80-92.
[30]王雪臣,冯相昭.温室气体减排政策浅论[J].环境保护,2009,(4): 12-14.
[31] Gilbert E Metcalf. Market-based Policy Options to Control U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions [J]. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2009, 23 (2) : 5-25.
[32]苏明,傅志华,许文,王志刚,李欣,梁强.我国开征碳税的效果预测和影响评价[J].经济研究参考,2009(72):24-28.
[33]任正晓.农业循环经济概论[M].中国经济出版社,2007:68-74.
[34]王英姿,黄毅斌,翁伯琦,王义祥.中国农业CDM的发展现状及潜力研究[J].福建农林大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2010,13(4):26-29.
[35]刘惠萍.CDM简介及项目申报案例分析[J].上海节能,2009(9):14-19.
[36]搜狐新闻.气候变化大会在发布《哥本哈根协议》后闭幕[EB/OL].(2009-12-20) [2010-09-16].http://news.sohu.com/20091220/n269072032.shtml.
[37]中国网.十一五农村沼气建设实现跨越式发展[EB/OL].(2010-12-21)[2011-01-12]. http://news.china.com.cn/rollnews/2010-12/21/content_5737456.htm.
[38]汪应洛.系统工程[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1999:45-68.
[39] 2012年前中国清洁发展机制市场政策环境与发展现状[R].中国-欧盟清洁发展机制促进项目.2010:8-11.
[40]贾璇,杨海真,王峰.基于机制设计理论的环境政策初探[J].四川环境,2009,28(2): 78-81,105.
[41]李学亮.CDM倒逼国内VER市场兴起.[EB/OL].(2010-06-23) [2011-01-12]. http://www.cs.com.cn/cqzk/06/201006/t20100623_2479971.htm.
[42]中国人类发展报告2009/10迈向低碳经济和社会的可持续未来[R].中国人民大学.2009:76-77.
[43]储诚山,陈洪波,刘伯霞.模糊算法用于CDM项目可持续影响评价的研究[J].开发研究,2008(4):16-18.
[44]恩施新闻网.利用世界银行贷款湖北省恩施州新农村生态家园富民工程项目建议书[EB/OL].(2009-6-20) [2010-12-16]. http://zw.enshi.cn/article.htm1?Id=3918.
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