重庆市温塘峡背斜地下热水水文地球化学特征研究
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摘要
生态环境与社会发展,是当今国际社会普遍关注的重大问题。在人类漫长的发展历程中,尤其是从工业革命以来,在改造自然和发展经济方面取得了辉煌的业绩。与此同时,由于工业化过程中的处置失当,尤其是不合理的开发利用自然资源,造成了全球性的环境污染和生态破坏,对人类的生存与发展构成了现实威胁。保护生态环境,实现可持续发展,已成为全世界紧迫而艰巨的任务。
地下热水作为一种特殊的水资源,由于其能源价值、疗养价值和休闲娱乐带来的巨大经济价值,一直以来都受到人们的广泛关注,尤其在水资源短缺、能源危机四伏的21世纪,合理的开发利用好地下热水资源尤显重要,目前,地下热水作为旅游资源被广泛开发利用。
重庆是我国西部经济发展中心,有名的温泉之都,地下热水资源非常丰富。随着社会经济的增长和旅游业发展的需要,重庆市地热温泉水的综合开发利用已呈现出一派方兴未艾的势头。近年来,“五方十泉”、“一圈百泉”和“两翼多泉”等系列温泉开发计划的实施,成功将重庆打造成为了“中国温泉之都”,温泉旅游资源已在重庆旅游业发展战略中占据了十分重要的位置。然而,重庆市温泉旅游业的快速发展对地下热水资源的可持续开发利用和科学的保护提出更高的要求。因此,对于重庆市地下热水资源的补给来源、储存条件等做系统的综合研究就更显必要。
本研究选取重庆市温塘峡背斜出露的两处温泉作为研究对象,主要采用水化学方法和同位素手段对其地下热水的水化学特征、来源以及冷热水的混合机制等方面进行比较系统的探讨,得出以下主要结论：
(1)研究区温泉水中主要阴阳离子分别为：SO42-、HCO3-和Ca2+、Mg2+,水化学类型为SO42_—Ca2+(Mg2+)型,水中的矿化度、总硬度和总碱度均非常高。研究还发现,其主要离子来源于热水在循环运移过程中对围岩矿物的溶解作用,且主要表现为对石膏矿物的溶解。温泉水中异常高的Sr2+主要与研究区锶的高背景值相关。
(2)通过对研究区温泉水样进行流体-矿物平衡分析表明,该区地下热水未能达到溶解平衡,热水在向上运移至地表过程中有浅层冷水的混入。采用Fournier R.O提出的冷热水混合模型和硅-焓模型分别对混入冷水份额进行了计算,其结果比较一致的显示研究区温泉混合冷水份额比较大,北温泉的B1、B2和青木关的Q1约为76.80%,青木关的Q2、Q3约为87.43%。
(3)氢、氧稳定同位素研究表明,研究区热水来源于大气降水补给,并计算出其补给高程为900m左右,其补给区可能位于温塘峡背斜北端的岩溶露头区。S042-中δ34S值(31.87‰-33.8‰)与四川盆地海相三叠系嘉陵江组二段硬石膏中634S值(32.5%o-35.6%o)相吻合,且水样中的87Sr/86Sr值(0.70803-0.70849)同样与嘉陵江组二段和四段蒸发岩(研究区锶矿的主要成矿层)中天青石矿物的87Sr/86Sr值(0.70724-0.70990)吻合,表明该区热储水层为三叠系下统嘉陵江组地层。
The ecological environment and social development is major issue of common concern in the international community today. In the course of the long development of human beings, especially since the industrial revolution, it has made brilliant achievements in transforming the nature and economic development. At the same time, because of the unreasonable exploitation and utilization of natural resources to result in global environmental pollution and ecological destruction, human survival and development is threatened. Protecting the ecological environment and realizing the sustainable development has become urgent and difficult task in the world.
As a special water resources, thermal water, because of its energy value, recuperation value and enormous economic value, be widely noticed. Especially, in the21st century with shortage of water resources and the energy crisis, the reasonable exploitation and utilization of thermal water is particularly important. Now, the thermal water is widely exploited and utilized as the tourism resources.
Chongqing is economic development center in the west of China, famous "Spy city". There are rich in the geothermal water resources in Chongqing. With social economic growth and the needs for the development of tourism, the thermal water have been massively exploited and utilized. Recently, a series of plans about the development of hot spring, including "ten hot springs'project of five direction" and "exploiting one hundred hot springs in surrounding the city " and "exploiting more hot springs in the flank of the city" and so on, were implemented and Chongqing have been " Chinese hot spring capital ". Now, it is obvious that hot spring resource possessed very important status in tourism development tactic of Chongqing. However, the rapid development of hot spring tourism will put forward higher request to continuance utilize and scientific protecting of the thermal water resource in Chongqing. So, it is important that the thermal water source and reservoir conditions are systematically researched in Chongqing.
In this paper, we selected two hot spring points as the research object in Wentang Gorge Anticline. We used hydrochemical and isotopic analytical method to study the thermal water source and hydrochemical feature and the mixing condition of cold water and hot water. According to the data analysis, conclusions can be made as below:
(l)The major ions of the thermal water are SO42-and HCO3-and Ca2+and Mg2+. The hydrochemical type is SO42--Ca2+(Mg2+). Total dissolved solids and total hardness and total alkalinity of the thermal water show greatly high value. Another conclusion shows that the major ions are from mineral dissolution of surrounding rock, particularly, from dissolving anhydrite. Moreover, that Sr2+content shows greatly high value may be related to the high content of the background value.
(2)According to the fluid-mineral equilibrium analysis of the thermal water samples, we can judge the thermal water not to equilibrate. Maybe the thermal water have mixed underground water. We can use mixture model created by Fournier R.O. and silicon-enthalpy model to calculate the percentage mixed the underground water. The results show that the quantity mixed the underground water is very large. The share mixed the underground water is similar at B1and B2of Bei hot spring and Ql of Qing Muguan hot spring, about76.80%. The share is also similar at Q2and Q3of Qing Muguan hot spring, about87.43%.
(3)The study of5D and δ18O shows that the thermal water source is atmosphere precipitation and the recharge elevation is about900m and the recharge area may be the karst outcrops area on the north of the anticline. The δ34S value (31.87%o～33.8%o) of the thermal water is consistent with the δ34S value (32.5%o-35.6%o) of the anhydrite at second phase of Jialingjiang formation in early Trias in Sichuan basin, and the87Sr/86Sr value (0.70803～0.70849) of the thermal water samples is also consistent with the87Sr/86Sr value (0.70724～0.70990) of the celestite at second phase and fourth phase of Jialingjiang formation (Major metallogenic belt of strontium in study area). Comprehensive judgment, the major aquifer is Jialingjiang formation in study area.
地下热水作为一种特殊的水资源,由于其能源价值、疗养价值和休闲娱乐带来的巨大经济价值,一直以来都受到人们的广泛关注,尤其在水资源短缺、能源危机四伏的21世纪,合理的开发利用好地下热水资源尤显重要,目前,地下热水作为旅游资源被广泛开发利用。
重庆是我国西部经济发展中心,有名的温泉之都,地下热水资源非常丰富。随着社会经济的增长和旅游业发展的需要,重庆市地热温泉水的综合开发利用已呈现出一派方兴未艾的势头。近年来,“五方十泉”、“一圈百泉”和“两翼多泉”等系列温泉开发计划的实施,成功将重庆打造成为了“中国温泉之都”,温泉旅游资源已在重庆旅游业发展战略中占据了十分重要的位置。然而,重庆市温泉旅游业的快速发展对地下热水资源的可持续开发利用和科学的保护提出更高的要求。因此,对于重庆市地下热水资源的补给来源、储存条件等做系统的综合研究就更显必要。
本研究选取重庆市温塘峡背斜出露的两处温泉作为研究对象,主要采用水化学方法和同位素手段对其地下热水的水化学特征、来源以及冷热水的混合机制等方面进行比较系统的探讨,得出以下主要结论：
(1)研究区温泉水中主要阴阳离子分别为：SO42-、HCO3-和Ca2+、Mg2+,水化学类型为SO42_—Ca2+(Mg2+)型,水中的矿化度、总硬度和总碱度均非常高。研究还发现,其主要离子来源于热水在循环运移过程中对围岩矿物的溶解作用,且主要表现为对石膏矿物的溶解。温泉水中异常高的Sr2+主要与研究区锶的高背景值相关。
(2)通过对研究区温泉水样进行流体-矿物平衡分析表明,该区地下热水未能达到溶解平衡,热水在向上运移至地表过程中有浅层冷水的混入。采用Fournier R.O提出的冷热水混合模型和硅-焓模型分别对混入冷水份额进行了计算,其结果比较一致的显示研究区温泉混合冷水份额比较大,北温泉的B1、B2和青木关的Q1约为76.80%,青木关的Q2、Q3约为87.43%。
(3)氢、氧稳定同位素研究表明,研究区热水来源于大气降水补给,并计算出其补给高程为900m左右,其补给区可能位于温塘峡背斜北端的岩溶露头区。S042-中δ34S值(31.87‰-33.8‰)与四川盆地海相三叠系嘉陵江组二段硬石膏中634S值(32.5%o-35.6%o)相吻合,且水样中的87Sr/86Sr值(0.70803-0.70849)同样与嘉陵江组二段和四段蒸发岩(研究区锶矿的主要成矿层)中天青石矿物的87Sr/86Sr值(0.70724-0.70990)吻合,表明该区热储水层为三叠系下统嘉陵江组地层。
The ecological environment and social development is major issue of common concern in the international community today. In the course of the long development of human beings, especially since the industrial revolution, it has made brilliant achievements in transforming the nature and economic development. At the same time, because of the unreasonable exploitation and utilization of natural resources to result in global environmental pollution and ecological destruction, human survival and development is threatened. Protecting the ecological environment and realizing the sustainable development has become urgent and difficult task in the world.
As a special water resources, thermal water, because of its energy value, recuperation value and enormous economic value, be widely noticed. Especially, in the21st century with shortage of water resources and the energy crisis, the reasonable exploitation and utilization of thermal water is particularly important. Now, the thermal water is widely exploited and utilized as the tourism resources.
Chongqing is economic development center in the west of China, famous "Spy city". There are rich in the geothermal water resources in Chongqing. With social economic growth and the needs for the development of tourism, the thermal water have been massively exploited and utilized. Recently, a series of plans about the development of hot spring, including "ten hot springs'project of five direction" and "exploiting one hundred hot springs in surrounding the city " and "exploiting more hot springs in the flank of the city" and so on, were implemented and Chongqing have been " Chinese hot spring capital ". Now, it is obvious that hot spring resource possessed very important status in tourism development tactic of Chongqing. However, the rapid development of hot spring tourism will put forward higher request to continuance utilize and scientific protecting of the thermal water resource in Chongqing. So, it is important that the thermal water source and reservoir conditions are systematically researched in Chongqing.
In this paper, we selected two hot spring points as the research object in Wentang Gorge Anticline. We used hydrochemical and isotopic analytical method to study the thermal water source and hydrochemical feature and the mixing condition of cold water and hot water. According to the data analysis, conclusions can be made as below:
(l)The major ions of the thermal water are SO42-and HCO3-and Ca2+and Mg2+. The hydrochemical type is SO42--Ca2+(Mg2+). Total dissolved solids and total hardness and total alkalinity of the thermal water show greatly high value. Another conclusion shows that the major ions are from mineral dissolution of surrounding rock, particularly, from dissolving anhydrite. Moreover, that Sr2+content shows greatly high value may be related to the high content of the background value.
(2)According to the fluid-mineral equilibrium analysis of the thermal water samples, we can judge the thermal water not to equilibrate. Maybe the thermal water have mixed underground water. We can use mixture model created by Fournier R.O. and silicon-enthalpy model to calculate the percentage mixed the underground water. The results show that the quantity mixed the underground water is very large. The share mixed the underground water is similar at B1and B2of Bei hot spring and Ql of Qing Muguan hot spring, about76.80%. The share is also similar at Q2and Q3of Qing Muguan hot spring, about87.43%.
(3)The study of5D and δ18O shows that the thermal water source is atmosphere precipitation and the recharge elevation is about900m and the recharge area may be the karst outcrops area on the north of the anticline. The δ34S value (31.87%o～33.8%o) of the thermal water is consistent with the δ34S value (32.5%o-35.6%o) of the anhydrite at second phase of Jialingjiang formation in early Trias in Sichuan basin, and the87Sr/86Sr value (0.70803～0.70849) of the thermal water samples is also consistent with the87Sr/86Sr value (0.70724～0.70990) of the celestite at second phase and fourth phase of Jialingjiang formation (Major metallogenic belt of strontium in study area). Comprehensive judgment, the major aquifer is Jialingjiang formation in study area.
引文
1引自《重庆市1：50万构造纲要图说明书》
1汪智军《青木关岩溶流域水-土系统碳氮同位素特征研究》
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1汪智军《青木关岩溶流域水-土系统碳氮同位素特征研究》
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