乳化液膜法脱酚的研究
摘要
本文采用乳化液膜法对含酚的溶液进行脱酚研究,从乳化液的稳定性及脱除溶液中的酚两方面进行了试验,并做了正交试验。
在对乳化液稳定性的研究中考察了表面活性剂种类及浓度、载体的种类和浓度、油内比、制乳时间、内相溶液浓度对其的影响。在试验条件为表面活性剂浓度6%(v/v)、制乳转速2000r/min、制乳时间20min、流动载体浓度0.2%(v/v)、液体石蜡浓度5%(v/v)、油内比1:1、内相溶液的浓度0.5mol/L时,可以获得较稳定的乳化液。此外,本文对各因素影响乳化液膜稳定性的原因进行了分析,为研究乳化液膜技术提供了理论依据。
对乳化液膜脱除溶液中的酚的研究主要是考察表面活性剂的种类及浓度、载体的种类和浓度、油内比、乳外比、内相浓度、料液的初始酚含量对酚脱除率的影响。综合试验结果,得到乳化液膜法从溶液中脱除酚的相对较优试验条件为:搅拌速率300r/min、搅拌时间20min、表面活性剂浓度6%、油内比1:1、氢氧化钠浓度0.5mol/L、TBP浓度0.2%、液体石蜡5%、乳外比1:3。在较优的条件下,脱酚率达到99%以上。
本文做了正交试验,根据极差分析,7个因素的主次顺序是:搅拌速度>载体TBP的浓度>油内比>搅拌时间>表面活性剂T154>乳外比>氢氧化钠浓度。最优水平是表面活性剂T154 6%,TBP 0.2%,油内比5:4,乳外比1:3,氢氧化钠浓度0.5mol/L,搅拌速度300r/min,时间30min。
The removal of phenol from phenolic solution by using emulsion liquid membranes technique is studied in this paper. Two aspects have been studied in this experiment, one aspect is the stability of the emulsion liquid and the other aspect is the removal rate of phenol in phenolic solution by emulsion liquid membrane.
The study on the stability of emulsion liquid mainly includes the kinds and concentration of surfactant, the kinds and concentration of liquid carrier, the liquid paraffin concentration, stirring time, the ratio between oil phase volume and internal phase volume, internal phase concentration, which effect the stability of the emulsion. In this experiment, when the surfactant concentration is 6%(v/v), the stirring speed is 2000r/min, the stirring time is 20min, the liquid carrier is 0.2%(v/v), the ratio between oil phase volume and internal phase volume is 1:1, and the internal phase concentration is 0.5mol/L, we can get better stability of emulsion. Then, the reason that each factor influence stability of emulsion liquid is analyzed, and providing a theoretical basis which can study the emulsion liquid membrane.
The removal of phenol in phenolic solution by using emulsion liquid membrane was mainly studied the factors which influence the removal rate of phenol, such as the kinds and the concentration of surfactant, the kinds and the concentration of liquid carrier, the ratio between oil phase volume and external phase volume, the ratio between emulsion volume and external phase volume, internal phase concentration and primary concentration of phenol in external phase. By experiment, the optimum conditions of removing phenol from phenolic solution by using emulsion liquid membrane have been obtained. The optimum conditions are that the stirring speed is 300r/min, the stirring time is 20min, the concentration of surfactant is 6% (v/v), the ratio between oil phase volume and internal phase volume is 1:1, the concentration of NaOH is 0.5mol/L, the liquid paraffin concentration is 5%, the concentration of TBP as liquid carrier is 0.2%, and the ratio between emulsion volume and external phase volume is 1:3. When the optimal condition is taken in the experiment, the removal rate of phenol in phenolic solution is more than 99%.
The orthogonal experiment is made in this paper, according to range analysis, seven factors in primary and secondary order is: the stirring speed> TBP> the ratio between oil phase volume and internal phase volume > the stirring time >T154> the ratio between emulsion volume and external phase volume> NaOH. Excellent level of the concentration of T154 is 6%, the concentration of TBP is 0.2%, the ratio between oil phase volume and internal phase volume is 5:4, the ratio between emulsion volume and external phase volume is 1:3, the concentration of NaOH is 0.5mol/L, the stirring speed is 300r/min, and the stirring time is 30min.
在对乳化液稳定性的研究中考察了表面活性剂种类及浓度、载体的种类和浓度、油内比、制乳时间、内相溶液浓度对其的影响。在试验条件为表面活性剂浓度6%(v/v)、制乳转速2000r/min、制乳时间20min、流动载体浓度0.2%(v/v)、液体石蜡浓度5%(v/v)、油内比1:1、内相溶液的浓度0.5mol/L时,可以获得较稳定的乳化液。此外,本文对各因素影响乳化液膜稳定性的原因进行了分析,为研究乳化液膜技术提供了理论依据。
对乳化液膜脱除溶液中的酚的研究主要是考察表面活性剂的种类及浓度、载体的种类和浓度、油内比、乳外比、内相浓度、料液的初始酚含量对酚脱除率的影响。综合试验结果,得到乳化液膜法从溶液中脱除酚的相对较优试验条件为:搅拌速率300r/min、搅拌时间20min、表面活性剂浓度6%、油内比1:1、氢氧化钠浓度0.5mol/L、TBP浓度0.2%、液体石蜡5%、乳外比1:3。在较优的条件下,脱酚率达到99%以上。
本文做了正交试验,根据极差分析,7个因素的主次顺序是:搅拌速度>载体TBP的浓度>油内比>搅拌时间>表面活性剂T154>乳外比>氢氧化钠浓度。最优水平是表面活性剂T154 6%,TBP 0.2%,油内比5:4,乳外比1:3,氢氧化钠浓度0.5mol/L,搅拌速度300r/min,时间30min。
The removal of phenol from phenolic solution by using emulsion liquid membranes technique is studied in this paper. Two aspects have been studied in this experiment, one aspect is the stability of the emulsion liquid and the other aspect is the removal rate of phenol in phenolic solution by emulsion liquid membrane.
The study on the stability of emulsion liquid mainly includes the kinds and concentration of surfactant, the kinds and concentration of liquid carrier, the liquid paraffin concentration, stirring time, the ratio between oil phase volume and internal phase volume, internal phase concentration, which effect the stability of the emulsion. In this experiment, when the surfactant concentration is 6%(v/v), the stirring speed is 2000r/min, the stirring time is 20min, the liquid carrier is 0.2%(v/v), the ratio between oil phase volume and internal phase volume is 1:1, and the internal phase concentration is 0.5mol/L, we can get better stability of emulsion. Then, the reason that each factor influence stability of emulsion liquid is analyzed, and providing a theoretical basis which can study the emulsion liquid membrane.
The removal of phenol in phenolic solution by using emulsion liquid membrane was mainly studied the factors which influence the removal rate of phenol, such as the kinds and the concentration of surfactant, the kinds and the concentration of liquid carrier, the ratio between oil phase volume and external phase volume, the ratio between emulsion volume and external phase volume, internal phase concentration and primary concentration of phenol in external phase. By experiment, the optimum conditions of removing phenol from phenolic solution by using emulsion liquid membrane have been obtained. The optimum conditions are that the stirring speed is 300r/min, the stirring time is 20min, the concentration of surfactant is 6% (v/v), the ratio between oil phase volume and internal phase volume is 1:1, the concentration of NaOH is 0.5mol/L, the liquid paraffin concentration is 5%, the concentration of TBP as liquid carrier is 0.2%, and the ratio between emulsion volume and external phase volume is 1:3. When the optimal condition is taken in the experiment, the removal rate of phenol in phenolic solution is more than 99%.
The orthogonal experiment is made in this paper, according to range analysis, seven factors in primary and secondary order is: the stirring speed> TBP> the ratio between oil phase volume and internal phase volume > the stirring time >T154> the ratio between emulsion volume and external phase volume> NaOH. Excellent level of the concentration of T154 is 6%, the concentration of TBP is 0.2%, the ratio between oil phase volume and internal phase volume is 5:4, the ratio between emulsion volume and external phase volume is 1:3, the concentration of NaOH is 0.5mol/L, the stirring speed is 300r/min, and the stirring time is 30min.
引文
[1]姜军清,黄卫红,陆晓华.活性炭纤维处理含酚废水的研究[J].工业水处理,2002,21(3):20～22.
[2]戴猷元,杨义燕,杨天雪.络合萃取法处理含酚废水技术[J].化工进展,1991,(6):40～46.
[3]戴猷元,徐丽莲,杨义燕等.基于可逆络合反应的萃取技术[J].化工进展,1991,(1):30～34.
[4]张纲,张凤宝,张国亮.化学萃取法处理高浓度含酚废水的研究[J].化学工业与工程,2000,17(1):33～36.
[5]梁吉艳,王新,王惠丰等.乳状液膜处理低浓度含酚污水的研究[J].沈阳工业大学学报,2005,27(6):718～720.
[6] Wan Yinhua,Wang Xiangde,Zhang Xiujuan.Study on the Treatment of Wsatewater Containing High Concentration of Phenol by Liquid Membrane[J].South China University of Technology(Natural Science),1998,26(6):37～42.
[7]杨利锐,刘有智,祁贵生等.撞击流-旋转填料床乳状液膜法处理含酚废水的研究[J].应用化工,2004,33(3):31～33.
[8]王槐三,寇晓康,黄文强.树脂吸附法处理苯酚工业废水的研究[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2001,33(6):67～70.
[9]陈瑞华.用NKA树脂处理含酚废水[J].化工环保,1988,(8):62.
[10]周希圣,杨德富,胡华等.树脂吸附法处理水杨酸生产中含酚废水的研究[J].离子交换与吸附,1989,5(2):120～126.
[11]许寒冰.活性污泥法处理焦化含酚水[J].煤矿环境保护,1999,13(6):36～37.
[12]张铭,魏炜,高玉华.含酚工业废水处理的探讨[J].环境保护科学,1999,25(2):6～7.
[13]冯建成.膜技术提取氨基酸[J].膜科学与技术,1994,14(14):6.
[14]梁舒萍,陆冠棋.乳浊液膜处理含酚废水[J].环境科学与技术,1998,83(4):42～45.
[15]亢世杰,史艳丰,董红星.乳状液膜法分离醋酸水溶液的实验研究[J].应用科技,2006,33(7):57～59.
[16]李华昌,周春山,符斌.液膜分离技术及其在铂族金属分离中的应用[J].黄金,2001,22(2):40～43.
[17]罗小健,何鼎胜,马铭等.N530-OT-煤油-HCL反萃分散组合液膜体系迁移和分离铜的研究[J].无机化学学报,2005,21(4):588～592.
[18]陈强.混合型表面活性剂乳状液膜法处理氨氮废水的研究[J].甘肃环境研究与监测,2002,15(2):88～94.
[19]吴永强,马建军.混合型表面活性剂液膜法处理染料中间体T酸母液生产废水的研究[J].河北建筑工程学院学报,2002,20(2):32～36.
[20]邓传芸,魏凤玉,崔鹏等.液膜分离β-萘磺酸钠工业废水的研究[J].合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版),1996,19(S1):91～97.
[21]吴汉奇,刘兴荣,王小恒.液膜常用表面活性剂对青霉素提取率及液膜溶胀的研究[J].膜科学与技术,2006,26(3):61～64.
[22] Brasquet C,Subrenat E.Removal of phenolic Compounds from Aqueous Solution by Activated Carbon Cloths[J].Water Science echnology,1999,39(10～11):201～205.
[23] Rengaraj S,Seung Hyeon Noon.Removal of phenol from aqueous solution and resin manufacturing industry waste water using an agricultural waste:rubber seed coat[J].Hazardous Materials,2002,89(2～3):185～196.
[24]秦非,张志军,蒋挺大等.液膜法处理含酚废水的研究[J].环境化学,1997,16(3):247～250.
[25] Chistoskova S T , Stoyanova M . Degradation of phenolic Waste Waters over Ni-oxide[J].Water Research,2001,35(8):2073～2077.
[26] Arana J,Tello R E.High concentrated phenolic wastewater treatment by the Photo-Fention reaction,mechanism study by FTIR-ATR[J].Chemosphere,2001,44(5):1017～1023.
[27]史长林,李俊,姚宏伟等.含酚废水处理方法的研究[J].河北煤炭建筑工程学院学报,1995,(4):10～13.
[28]周定,侯文华.固定化微生物法处理含酚废水的研究[J].环境科学,1990,11(1):2～5.
[29] J Douglas Way,Richard D Noble,Thomas M Flynn,et al.Liquid Membrane Transport[J].A survey.J.Sci.Mem.,1982,12:239～259.
[30]朱国斌,李标国.支撑液膜分离技术原理及展望[J].稀土,1988(1):5～13.
[31] Stark G,Benz R.The transport of potassium through liquid bilayer membranes by the natural carriers valinomycin and monaction[J].Membrane Biology,1971,5:133～142.
[32] Li N N,Somerset N J.Separating hydrocarbons with liquid membrane[P].US Pat:3410794.1968-11-12.
[33]顾忠茂.液膜分离技术进展[J].膜科学与技术,2003,23(4):214～223.
[34] He D S , Liu X F , Ma M . Transfer of Cd(II) Chloride Species by a Tri-n-octylamine–Secondary Octyl Alcohol–Kerosene Multimembrane Hybrid System[J].Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange,2004,22(3):491～510.
[35] Sayed M S E.Uranium extraction from gattar sulfate leach liquor using aliquat-336 in aliquid emulsion membrane process[J].Hydrometallurgy,2003,68(1～3):51～56.
[36] Zhang Xiujuan.New surfactant LSM-2 for industrial application in liquid membrane separation[J].Water Treat,1997,3(2):233.
[37]秦非,张志军.混合型表面活性剂液膜法处理含酚废水研究[J].膜科学与技术,1997,17(1):29～32.
[38]邓桂春,刘国杰,蒋克旭等.乳状液膜法处理含酚废水[J].辽宁大学学报,2005,32(3):210～214.
[39]叶向东,李明玉,史鸿文.乳状液膜法处理邻甲苯酚废水的研究[J].安全与环境工程,2005,12(2):49～52.
[40]石中亮,侯纯明,庞常健.乳状液液膜法处理含酚废水的研究[J].沈阳化工学院学报,2002,16(1):8～10.
[41]刘国杰.液膜法分离富集废水中邻硝基酚的研究[J].商丘师范学院学报,2006,22(2):114～116.
[42] Luan J Y,Plaisier A.Study on treatment of wastewater containing nitrophenol compounds by liquid membrane process[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2004,229(1～2):235～239.
[43] Kumaresan T,Begum K M M S,Sivashanmugam P,et al.Experimental studies on treatment of distillery effluent by liquid membrane extraction[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2003,95(1～3):199～204.
[44]沈力人,杨品钊.液膜法处理对硝基苯胺废水的研究[J].水处理技术,1997,23(1):45～49.
[45]杨继生,吕吉虎.液膜法提取水溶液中的苯胺[J].环境化学,1998,17(1):90～93.
[46] Kulkarni P S.Recovery of uranium(VI) from acidic wastes using tri-n-octylphosphine oxide and sodium carbonate based liquid membranes[J] . Chemical Engineering Journal,2003,92(1～3):209～214.
[47] Kulkarni P S,Mukhopadhyay S,Bellary M P,et al.Studies on membrane stability and recovery of uranium(VI) from aqueous solutions using a liquid emulsion membrane process[J].Hydrometallurgy,2002,64(1):49～58.
[48] Yang L,Zhang Z X,Guo Y J,et al.Uranium(VI) extraction by liquid surfactant membrane with N–alkylcaprolactams as a carrier[J].Separation and Purification Technology.2005,47(1～2):88～94.
[49]易宪武.钪、稀土元素[M].北京:科学出版社,1998:580～584.
[50]秦庆伟,赵恒勤,赖延清等.Cyanex272作载体的乳状液膜提取稀土的研究[J].矿冶工程,2002,22(3):74～78.
[51]秦庆伟,邓佐国.新型萃取剂Cyanex272为载体的乳状液膜富集稀土的研究[J].南方冶金学院学报,2001,22(4):304～309.
[52] Kumbasar R A,Tutkunl O.Separation and concentration of gallium from acidic leach solutions containing various metal ions by emulsion type of liquid membranes using TOPO as mobile carrier[J].Hydrometallurgy,2004,75(1～4):111～121.
[53]邵刚.膜法水处理技术[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1992:350～461.
[54] Kargari A,Kaghazchi T,Soleimani M.Role of emulsifier in the extraction of gold(III) ions from aqueous solutions using the emulsion liquid membrane technique[J].Desalination,2004,162:237～247.
[55]燕启社,李明玉,田依林等.乳状液膜法处理苯胺类染化废水[J].膜科学与技术,2003,23(5):47～51.
[56] G.C.Sahoo,N.N.Dutta,N.N.Dass.Liquid membrane extraction of Cephalosporin-C from fermentation broth[J].Membrane Science,1999,157:251～261.
[57]沈力人,杨品钊,吉炜青等.液膜法萃取青霉素的研究[J].膜科学与技术,1997,17(1):24～28.
[58]潘碌亭,朱亦仁.乳状液膜法处理含氨基J酸工业废水的初步研究[J].环境科学,1997,18(4):59～61.
[59]刘国光,薛秀玲,周庆祥等.液膜法处理硫普罗宁废水的研究[J].环境化学,2001,20(5):478～452.
[60]莫启武,王向德,万印华等.乳状液膜内相法制备碳酸钇[J].膜科学与技术,1998,18(3):27～31.
[61]孙玉柱.乳状液膜分离技术的研究进展[J].湿法冶金,2005,24(4):10～17.
[62]谭志伟,田大听.液膜分离中的稳定作用与破乳方法研究进展[J].湖北化工,2003,(3):4～6.
[2]戴猷元,杨义燕,杨天雪.络合萃取法处理含酚废水技术[J].化工进展,1991,(6):40～46.
[3]戴猷元,徐丽莲,杨义燕等.基于可逆络合反应的萃取技术[J].化工进展,1991,(1):30～34.
[4]张纲,张凤宝,张国亮.化学萃取法处理高浓度含酚废水的研究[J].化学工业与工程,2000,17(1):33～36.
[5]梁吉艳,王新,王惠丰等.乳状液膜处理低浓度含酚污水的研究[J].沈阳工业大学学报,2005,27(6):718～720.
[6] Wan Yinhua,Wang Xiangde,Zhang Xiujuan.Study on the Treatment of Wsatewater Containing High Concentration of Phenol by Liquid Membrane[J].South China University of Technology(Natural Science),1998,26(6):37～42.
[7]杨利锐,刘有智,祁贵生等.撞击流-旋转填料床乳状液膜法处理含酚废水的研究[J].应用化工,2004,33(3):31～33.
[8]王槐三,寇晓康,黄文强.树脂吸附法处理苯酚工业废水的研究[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2001,33(6):67～70.
[9]陈瑞华.用NKA树脂处理含酚废水[J].化工环保,1988,(8):62.
[10]周希圣,杨德富,胡华等.树脂吸附法处理水杨酸生产中含酚废水的研究[J].离子交换与吸附,1989,5(2):120～126.
[11]许寒冰.活性污泥法处理焦化含酚水[J].煤矿环境保护,1999,13(6):36～37.
[12]张铭,魏炜,高玉华.含酚工业废水处理的探讨[J].环境保护科学,1999,25(2):6～7.
[13]冯建成.膜技术提取氨基酸[J].膜科学与技术,1994,14(14):6.
[14]梁舒萍,陆冠棋.乳浊液膜处理含酚废水[J].环境科学与技术,1998,83(4):42～45.
[15]亢世杰,史艳丰,董红星.乳状液膜法分离醋酸水溶液的实验研究[J].应用科技,2006,33(7):57～59.
[16]李华昌,周春山,符斌.液膜分离技术及其在铂族金属分离中的应用[J].黄金,2001,22(2):40～43.
[17]罗小健,何鼎胜,马铭等.N530-OT-煤油-HCL反萃分散组合液膜体系迁移和分离铜的研究[J].无机化学学报,2005,21(4):588～592.
[18]陈强.混合型表面活性剂乳状液膜法处理氨氮废水的研究[J].甘肃环境研究与监测,2002,15(2):88～94.
[19]吴永强,马建军.混合型表面活性剂液膜法处理染料中间体T酸母液生产废水的研究[J].河北建筑工程学院学报,2002,20(2):32～36.
[20]邓传芸,魏凤玉,崔鹏等.液膜分离β-萘磺酸钠工业废水的研究[J].合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版),1996,19(S1):91～97.
[21]吴汉奇,刘兴荣,王小恒.液膜常用表面活性剂对青霉素提取率及液膜溶胀的研究[J].膜科学与技术,2006,26(3):61～64.
[22] Brasquet C,Subrenat E.Removal of phenolic Compounds from Aqueous Solution by Activated Carbon Cloths[J].Water Science echnology,1999,39(10～11):201～205.
[23] Rengaraj S,Seung Hyeon Noon.Removal of phenol from aqueous solution and resin manufacturing industry waste water using an agricultural waste:rubber seed coat[J].Hazardous Materials,2002,89(2～3):185～196.
[24]秦非,张志军,蒋挺大等.液膜法处理含酚废水的研究[J].环境化学,1997,16(3):247～250.
[25] Chistoskova S T , Stoyanova M . Degradation of phenolic Waste Waters over Ni-oxide[J].Water Research,2001,35(8):2073～2077.
[26] Arana J,Tello R E.High concentrated phenolic wastewater treatment by the Photo-Fention reaction,mechanism study by FTIR-ATR[J].Chemosphere,2001,44(5):1017～1023.
[27]史长林,李俊,姚宏伟等.含酚废水处理方法的研究[J].河北煤炭建筑工程学院学报,1995,(4):10～13.
[28]周定,侯文华.固定化微生物法处理含酚废水的研究[J].环境科学,1990,11(1):2～5.
[29] J Douglas Way,Richard D Noble,Thomas M Flynn,et al.Liquid Membrane Transport[J].A survey.J.Sci.Mem.,1982,12:239～259.
[30]朱国斌,李标国.支撑液膜分离技术原理及展望[J].稀土,1988(1):5～13.
[31] Stark G,Benz R.The transport of potassium through liquid bilayer membranes by the natural carriers valinomycin and monaction[J].Membrane Biology,1971,5:133～142.
[32] Li N N,Somerset N J.Separating hydrocarbons with liquid membrane[P].US Pat:3410794.1968-11-12.
[33]顾忠茂.液膜分离技术进展[J].膜科学与技术,2003,23(4):214～223.
[34] He D S , Liu X F , Ma M . Transfer of Cd(II) Chloride Species by a Tri-n-octylamine–Secondary Octyl Alcohol–Kerosene Multimembrane Hybrid System[J].Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange,2004,22(3):491～510.
[35] Sayed M S E.Uranium extraction from gattar sulfate leach liquor using aliquat-336 in aliquid emulsion membrane process[J].Hydrometallurgy,2003,68(1～3):51～56.
[36] Zhang Xiujuan.New surfactant LSM-2 for industrial application in liquid membrane separation[J].Water Treat,1997,3(2):233.
[37]秦非,张志军.混合型表面活性剂液膜法处理含酚废水研究[J].膜科学与技术,1997,17(1):29～32.
[38]邓桂春,刘国杰,蒋克旭等.乳状液膜法处理含酚废水[J].辽宁大学学报,2005,32(3):210～214.
[39]叶向东,李明玉,史鸿文.乳状液膜法处理邻甲苯酚废水的研究[J].安全与环境工程,2005,12(2):49～52.
[40]石中亮,侯纯明,庞常健.乳状液液膜法处理含酚废水的研究[J].沈阳化工学院学报,2002,16(1):8～10.
[41]刘国杰.液膜法分离富集废水中邻硝基酚的研究[J].商丘师范学院学报,2006,22(2):114～116.
[42] Luan J Y,Plaisier A.Study on treatment of wastewater containing nitrophenol compounds by liquid membrane process[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2004,229(1～2):235～239.
[43] Kumaresan T,Begum K M M S,Sivashanmugam P,et al.Experimental studies on treatment of distillery effluent by liquid membrane extraction[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2003,95(1～3):199～204.
[44]沈力人,杨品钊.液膜法处理对硝基苯胺废水的研究[J].水处理技术,1997,23(1):45～49.
[45]杨继生,吕吉虎.液膜法提取水溶液中的苯胺[J].环境化学,1998,17(1):90～93.
[46] Kulkarni P S.Recovery of uranium(VI) from acidic wastes using tri-n-octylphosphine oxide and sodium carbonate based liquid membranes[J] . Chemical Engineering Journal,2003,92(1～3):209～214.
[47] Kulkarni P S,Mukhopadhyay S,Bellary M P,et al.Studies on membrane stability and recovery of uranium(VI) from aqueous solutions using a liquid emulsion membrane process[J].Hydrometallurgy,2002,64(1):49～58.
[48] Yang L,Zhang Z X,Guo Y J,et al.Uranium(VI) extraction by liquid surfactant membrane with N–alkylcaprolactams as a carrier[J].Separation and Purification Technology.2005,47(1～2):88～94.
[49]易宪武.钪、稀土元素[M].北京:科学出版社,1998:580～584.
[50]秦庆伟,赵恒勤,赖延清等.Cyanex272作载体的乳状液膜提取稀土的研究[J].矿冶工程,2002,22(3):74～78.
[51]秦庆伟,邓佐国.新型萃取剂Cyanex272为载体的乳状液膜富集稀土的研究[J].南方冶金学院学报,2001,22(4):304～309.
[52] Kumbasar R A,Tutkunl O.Separation and concentration of gallium from acidic leach solutions containing various metal ions by emulsion type of liquid membranes using TOPO as mobile carrier[J].Hydrometallurgy,2004,75(1～4):111～121.
[53]邵刚.膜法水处理技术[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1992:350～461.
[54] Kargari A,Kaghazchi T,Soleimani M.Role of emulsifier in the extraction of gold(III) ions from aqueous solutions using the emulsion liquid membrane technique[J].Desalination,2004,162:237～247.
[55]燕启社,李明玉,田依林等.乳状液膜法处理苯胺类染化废水[J].膜科学与技术,2003,23(5):47～51.
[56] G.C.Sahoo,N.N.Dutta,N.N.Dass.Liquid membrane extraction of Cephalosporin-C from fermentation broth[J].Membrane Science,1999,157:251～261.
[57]沈力人,杨品钊,吉炜青等.液膜法萃取青霉素的研究[J].膜科学与技术,1997,17(1):24～28.
[58]潘碌亭,朱亦仁.乳状液膜法处理含氨基J酸工业废水的初步研究[J].环境科学,1997,18(4):59～61.
[59]刘国光,薛秀玲,周庆祥等.液膜法处理硫普罗宁废水的研究[J].环境化学,2001,20(5):478～452.
[60]莫启武,王向德,万印华等.乳状液膜内相法制备碳酸钇[J].膜科学与技术,1998,18(3):27～31.
[61]孙玉柱.乳状液膜分离技术的研究进展[J].湿法冶金,2005,24(4):10～17.
[62]谭志伟,田大听.液膜分离中的稳定作用与破乳方法研究进展[J].湖北化工,2003,(3):4～6.