磁性温敏聚合物纳米微囊的制备与表征
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摘要
环境响应性材料是一类在外界环境微小变化的刺激下,自身的某些物理或化学性质会发生相应改变的材料,其在分离、催化、药物释放、传感器等方面有着许多潜在的应用。温度响应性聚合物和磁性纳米材料是研究较多的环境响应性材料,这是由于改变温度不仅易于控制,而且可以方便地应用于体外和体内,而磁性纳米材料可以通过外加磁场方便地进行控制。聚合物纳米微囊结构稳定、其内部的空心区能容纳大量的或者大的客体分子,因而引起了人们极大的兴趣。本论文围绕具有温度和磁响应的聚合物纳米微囊的制备展开,主要取得了以下几方面的结果:
(1)发展了一种简便高效制备温敏性聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)(PNIPAM)纳米微囊的方法。首先,通过无皂乳液聚合法制备了单分散P(St-co-NIPAM)微球,再以P(St-co-NIPAM)微球为种子,种子乳液聚合制备了P(St-co-NIPAM)/PNIPAM核/壳结构微球。P(St-co-NIPAM)微球的粒径可以通过反应体系中加入的十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)的量进行控制。当SDS的加入量从0增加至0.20 g时,动态光散射(DLS)测得的微球粒径从268 nm减小至43 nm。PNIPAM壳层的厚度可以通过壳层单体NIPAM的加入量进行调节,当保持壳层交联度(交联剂N,N'-亚甲基二丙烯酰胺(MBA)与NIPAM的摩尔比)为10%,NIPAM单体加入量为0.5、1.0和2.0 g时,25℃下DLS测得的PNIPAM壳层的厚度分别为31、67和89 nm。核/壳结构微球的温度敏感性与壳层PNIPAM的交联度有关,当NIPAM单体加入量为1.0 g时,随着壳层交联度从5%变化到10%和15%,微球的溶胀比(定义为(D_(25℃)/D_(45℃))~3)从16.1降低到11.8和7.9。PNIPAM纳米微囊通过四氢呋喃(THF)溶解除去P(St-co-NIPAM)核得到,用FTIR、TEM和DLS等表征了PNIPAM纳米微囊。由于没有P(St-co-NIPAM)核的限制,空心PNIPAM纳米微囊表现出更强的溶胀和收缩能力。
(2)使用PSt/P(NIPAM-co-AA)核/壳结构微球和-NH_2修饰的磁性Fe_3O_4@SiO_2粒子为功能性模块制备了表面锚接有磁性粒子的P(NIPAM-co-AA)纳米微囊。首先通过种子乳液聚合法制备PSt/P(NIPAM-co-AA)核/壳结构微球,通过改进的St(o|¨)ber方法制备Fe_3O_4@SiO_2磁性粒子,并对Fe_3O_4@SiO_2磁性粒子进行表面-NH_2改性。然后,将-NH_2改性的Fe_3O_4@SiO_2磁性粒子和PSt/P(NIPAM-co-AA)核/壳结构微球通过静电吸附组装在一起,在1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺(EDC)和N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(NHS)的共同催化下,核/壳结构微球上的-COOH和磁性粒子上的-NH_2发生酰胺化反应,从而使两种粒子间以共价键相连接。PSt/P(NIPAM-co-AA)核/壳微球表面吸附的磁性Fe_3O_4@SiO_2粒子密度可以通过两种粒子加入量的比例进行控制。使用THF溶解除去PSt/P(NIPAM-co-AA)核/壳微球的PSt核,得到了表面连接有Fe_3O_4@SiO_2磁性粒子的P(NIPAM-co-AA)纳米微囊,纳米微囊显示出磁、pH以及温度等多重响应性。
(3)通过弱铁磁性氧化铁纳米粒子的磁偶极诱导一维自组装和TEOS的sol-gel反应,制备了蠕虫状氧化铁/SiO_2纳米结构,并在此基础上制备了一维磁性PNIPAM纳米微囊。使用高温水解法制备了磁性氧化铁纳米粒子,纳米粒子的粒径可以通过加入的NaOH/DEG溶液的体积进行控制,磁性纳米粒子的粒径随着加入的NaOH/DEG溶液体积增加而增大。XRD和Raman光谱结果表明制备的磁性纳米粒子是Fe_3O+4和γ-Fe_2O_3的混合物,VSM和ZFC/FC结果表明制备的氧化铁纳米粒子在常温下具有弱铁磁性。在磁极相互作用诱导下,制备的弱铁磁性氧化铁纳米粒子能够在基底上及其胶体分散液中自组装成一维的纳米粒子链。利用氧化铁纳米粒子在其胶体分散液中的一维自组装,结合TEOS的sol-gel反应制备了蠕虫状的一维氧化铁/SiO_2纳米结构,一维氧化铁/SiO_2纳米结构的形貌可以通过制备过程中超声功率进行控制,SiO_2层的厚度可以通过TEOS的加入量进行调节。一维氧化铁/SiO_2纳米结构显示出良好的磁响应性,在外加磁场作用下,能够沿着磁场方向发生定向排列。通过溶液聚合制备了NIPAM和γ-(甲基丙烯酰氧)丙基三甲氧基硅烷(MPS)的共聚物P(NIPAM-co-MPS),并将P(NIPAM-co-MPS)接枝在一维氧化铁/SiO_2纳米结构的表面,再通过NIPAM的沉淀聚合在一维氧化铁/SiO_2纳米结构外包覆了交联的PNIPAM层,最后用NaOH溶解除去SiO_2,得到了一维磁性PNIPAM微囊。
Environmentally responsive materials can be defined as the materials that undergo relatively large and abrupt,physical or chemical changes in response to small external changes in the environmental conditions.Environmentally responsive materials can provide a variety of potential applications in separation,catalysis,drug release, sensors,etc.Temperature-responsive polymer and magnetic nanomaterials are widely studied environmentally responsive materials.The change of temperature is not only relatively easy to control,but also easily applicable both in vitro and in vivo. Magnetic materials can be conveniently manipulated by the application of an external magnetic field.Polymer microcontainers have attracted great interest owing to their stable structure,inner void where a great deal of molecules or big molecules can be encapsulated.Based on the research background,this thesis has focused on the preparation of polymer microcontainers with thermosensitive and magnetic properties and the results of each part are listed as follows.
1) A reliable and efficient route for preparing thermoresponsive microcontainers based on cross-linked poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PNIPAM) was developed.Firstly, monodisperse thermoresponsive core/shell microspheres composed of a P(styrene (St)-co-NIPAM) core and a cross-linked PNIPAM shell were prepared by seeded emulsion polymerization using P(St-co-NIPAM) particles as seeds.The size of the P(St-co-NIPAM) core can be conveniently tuned by different dosages of sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS).As the amount of SDS increased from 0 to 0.20 g,the size of the microsphere measured by dynamic light scattering(DLS) decreased from 246 nm to 43 nm.The thickness of the cross-linked PNIPAM shell can be controlled by varying the dosage of NIPAM in the preparation of PNIPAM shell.When the crosslinking degree(defined as molar percentage ratio of the cross-linker(N, N'-methylenebisacrylamide,MBA) to NIPAM) was kept constant as 10%and the amount of NIPAM are 0.5,1.0 and 2.0 g,the thickness of PNIPAM shell measured at 25℃are 31,67 and 89 nm,respectively.The thermosensitivity of the core/shell microspheres relates to the crosslinking degree of the shell.With increasing the crosslinking degree from 5%to 10%and 15%,the swelling ratio defined as(D_(20℃)/D_(45℃))~3 decreases from 16.1 to 11.8 and 7.9.Then,PNIPAM microcontainers were obtained by simply dissolving the P(St-co-NIPAM) core with tetrahydrofuran(THF). The core/shell microspheres and the PNIPAM microcontainers were characterized by transmission electron microscopy,dynamic light scattering,atomic force microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.By removing the core,the PNIPAM shell was released from the constraint of the core and the PNIPAM microcontainers can shrink and swell over a wider range of volume.
2) P(NIPAM-co-AA) microcontainers surface-anchored with magnetic nanoparticles were prepared using PSt/P(NIPAM-co-AA) core/shell microspheres and amino-modified Fe_3O_4@SiO_2 particles as building blocks.At first,the PSt/P(NIPAM-co-AA) core/shell microspheres were prepared by seeded emulsion polymerization,and the amino-modified Fe_3O_4@SiO_2 particles were prepared by a modified St(o|¨)ber method followed by functionalized by 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS).Then,the smaller amino-modified Fe_3O_4@SiO_2 particles were assembled onto the surface of PSt/P(NIPAM-co-AA) core/shell microspheres by electrostatic interaction.Subsequently,the two particles were permanently combined through amidation reaction between carboxylic groups and amino groups under the catalysis of 1-ehtyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide(EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS).The density of the absorbed Fe_3O_4@SiO_2 particles on the surface of the core/shell microspheres can be tuned by the weight ratio of the added two particles. With an increase in the amount of the added amino-modified Fe_3O_4@SiO_2 particles, more surface of the PSt/P(NIPAM-co-AA) core/shell microspheres is covered by magnetic particles.By dissolving the PSt core with THF,novel triple-functional microcontainers with superparamagnetism and pH- and temperature-sensitivity were obtained.
3) Wormlike one-dimensional(1D) iron oxide/silica nanostructures were prepared through chainlike self-assembly of the magnetic nanoparticles followed by a sol-gel process of TEOS at the surface of the assemblies.Furthermore,1D magnetic PNIPAM microcontainers were prepared.Iron oxide nanoparticles with narrow size distribution were prepared by a high temperature hydrolysis reaction.The size of the magnetic nanoparticles can be controlled by the volume of the added NaOH/DEG solution.The XRD pattern and Raman spectrum confirm that the product is a mixture of Fe_3O_4 andγ-Fe_2O_3.The magnetization curve measured at 300 K and the temperature dependence of zero-field-cooled(ZFC) and field-cooled(FC) magnetization confirm the weak ferromagnetism of the prepared iron oxide nanoparticles at room temperature.The magnetic nanoparticles can self-assemble into 1D nanoparticle chains on substrates as well as in colloid dispersion through magnetic dipolar interaction without the help of an applied magnetic field.The 1D assemblies were further harnessed to prepare 1D nanostructures with aligned magnetic nanoparticle inclusions and a continuous silica shell.Wormlike 1D iron oxide/silica nanostructures were prepared through chainlike self-assembly of the magnetic nanoparticles in a mixture of ethanol,ammonia,and water followed by a sol-gel process of TEOS at the surface of the assemblies.The length of the nanostructures can be controlled by the amplitude of ultrasonication,and the thickness of the silica coating can be tuned by the dosage of TEOS.The 1D nanostructures exhibit high magnetic sensitivity.In the presence of an applied magnetic field,the nanostructures can be oriented and align along the direction of the external magnetic field. P(NIPAM-co-MPS) was prepared by solution polymerization of NIPAM and 3-(trimethoxysily)propyl methacrylate(MPS).Then,P(NIPAM-co-MPS) was grafted onto the 1D iron oxide/silica nanostructures.The 1D iron oxide/silica nanostructures surface-grafted with P(NIPAM-co-MPS) were encapsulated by crosslinked PNIPAM through the precipitation polymerization of NIPAM.By dissolving the SiO_2 with NaOH,1D magnetic PNIPAM microcontainers were obtained.
(1)发展了一种简便高效制备温敏性聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)(PNIPAM)纳米微囊的方法。首先,通过无皂乳液聚合法制备了单分散P(St-co-NIPAM)微球,再以P(St-co-NIPAM)微球为种子,种子乳液聚合制备了P(St-co-NIPAM)/PNIPAM核/壳结构微球。P(St-co-NIPAM)微球的粒径可以通过反应体系中加入的十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)的量进行控制。当SDS的加入量从0增加至0.20 g时,动态光散射(DLS)测得的微球粒径从268 nm减小至43 nm。PNIPAM壳层的厚度可以通过壳层单体NIPAM的加入量进行调节,当保持壳层交联度(交联剂N,N'-亚甲基二丙烯酰胺(MBA)与NIPAM的摩尔比)为10%,NIPAM单体加入量为0.5、1.0和2.0 g时,25℃下DLS测得的PNIPAM壳层的厚度分别为31、67和89 nm。核/壳结构微球的温度敏感性与壳层PNIPAM的交联度有关,当NIPAM单体加入量为1.0 g时,随着壳层交联度从5%变化到10%和15%,微球的溶胀比(定义为(D_(25℃)/D_(45℃))~3)从16.1降低到11.8和7.9。PNIPAM纳米微囊通过四氢呋喃(THF)溶解除去P(St-co-NIPAM)核得到,用FTIR、TEM和DLS等表征了PNIPAM纳米微囊。由于没有P(St-co-NIPAM)核的限制,空心PNIPAM纳米微囊表现出更强的溶胀和收缩能力。
(2)使用PSt/P(NIPAM-co-AA)核/壳结构微球和-NH_2修饰的磁性Fe_3O_4@SiO_2粒子为功能性模块制备了表面锚接有磁性粒子的P(NIPAM-co-AA)纳米微囊。首先通过种子乳液聚合法制备PSt/P(NIPAM-co-AA)核/壳结构微球,通过改进的St(o|¨)ber方法制备Fe_3O_4@SiO_2磁性粒子,并对Fe_3O_4@SiO_2磁性粒子进行表面-NH_2改性。然后,将-NH_2改性的Fe_3O_4@SiO_2磁性粒子和PSt/P(NIPAM-co-AA)核/壳结构微球通过静电吸附组装在一起,在1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺(EDC)和N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(NHS)的共同催化下,核/壳结构微球上的-COOH和磁性粒子上的-NH_2发生酰胺化反应,从而使两种粒子间以共价键相连接。PSt/P(NIPAM-co-AA)核/壳微球表面吸附的磁性Fe_3O_4@SiO_2粒子密度可以通过两种粒子加入量的比例进行控制。使用THF溶解除去PSt/P(NIPAM-co-AA)核/壳微球的PSt核,得到了表面连接有Fe_3O_4@SiO_2磁性粒子的P(NIPAM-co-AA)纳米微囊,纳米微囊显示出磁、pH以及温度等多重响应性。
(3)通过弱铁磁性氧化铁纳米粒子的磁偶极诱导一维自组装和TEOS的sol-gel反应,制备了蠕虫状氧化铁/SiO_2纳米结构,并在此基础上制备了一维磁性PNIPAM纳米微囊。使用高温水解法制备了磁性氧化铁纳米粒子,纳米粒子的粒径可以通过加入的NaOH/DEG溶液的体积进行控制,磁性纳米粒子的粒径随着加入的NaOH/DEG溶液体积增加而增大。XRD和Raman光谱结果表明制备的磁性纳米粒子是Fe_3O+4和γ-Fe_2O_3的混合物,VSM和ZFC/FC结果表明制备的氧化铁纳米粒子在常温下具有弱铁磁性。在磁极相互作用诱导下,制备的弱铁磁性氧化铁纳米粒子能够在基底上及其胶体分散液中自组装成一维的纳米粒子链。利用氧化铁纳米粒子在其胶体分散液中的一维自组装,结合TEOS的sol-gel反应制备了蠕虫状的一维氧化铁/SiO_2纳米结构,一维氧化铁/SiO_2纳米结构的形貌可以通过制备过程中超声功率进行控制,SiO_2层的厚度可以通过TEOS的加入量进行调节。一维氧化铁/SiO_2纳米结构显示出良好的磁响应性,在外加磁场作用下,能够沿着磁场方向发生定向排列。通过溶液聚合制备了NIPAM和γ-(甲基丙烯酰氧)丙基三甲氧基硅烷(MPS)的共聚物P(NIPAM-co-MPS),并将P(NIPAM-co-MPS)接枝在一维氧化铁/SiO_2纳米结构的表面,再通过NIPAM的沉淀聚合在一维氧化铁/SiO_2纳米结构外包覆了交联的PNIPAM层,最后用NaOH溶解除去SiO_2,得到了一维磁性PNIPAM微囊。
Environmentally responsive materials can be defined as the materials that undergo relatively large and abrupt,physical or chemical changes in response to small external changes in the environmental conditions.Environmentally responsive materials can provide a variety of potential applications in separation,catalysis,drug release, sensors,etc.Temperature-responsive polymer and magnetic nanomaterials are widely studied environmentally responsive materials.The change of temperature is not only relatively easy to control,but also easily applicable both in vitro and in vivo. Magnetic materials can be conveniently manipulated by the application of an external magnetic field.Polymer microcontainers have attracted great interest owing to their stable structure,inner void where a great deal of molecules or big molecules can be encapsulated.Based on the research background,this thesis has focused on the preparation of polymer microcontainers with thermosensitive and magnetic properties and the results of each part are listed as follows.
1) A reliable and efficient route for preparing thermoresponsive microcontainers based on cross-linked poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PNIPAM) was developed.Firstly, monodisperse thermoresponsive core/shell microspheres composed of a P(styrene (St)-co-NIPAM) core and a cross-linked PNIPAM shell were prepared by seeded emulsion polymerization using P(St-co-NIPAM) particles as seeds.The size of the P(St-co-NIPAM) core can be conveniently tuned by different dosages of sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS).As the amount of SDS increased from 0 to 0.20 g,the size of the microsphere measured by dynamic light scattering(DLS) decreased from 246 nm to 43 nm.The thickness of the cross-linked PNIPAM shell can be controlled by varying the dosage of NIPAM in the preparation of PNIPAM shell.When the crosslinking degree(defined as molar percentage ratio of the cross-linker(N, N'-methylenebisacrylamide,MBA) to NIPAM) was kept constant as 10%and the amount of NIPAM are 0.5,1.0 and 2.0 g,the thickness of PNIPAM shell measured at 25℃are 31,67 and 89 nm,respectively.The thermosensitivity of the core/shell microspheres relates to the crosslinking degree of the shell.With increasing the crosslinking degree from 5%to 10%and 15%,the swelling ratio defined as(D_(20℃)/D_(45℃))~3 decreases from 16.1 to 11.8 and 7.9.Then,PNIPAM microcontainers were obtained by simply dissolving the P(St-co-NIPAM) core with tetrahydrofuran(THF). The core/shell microspheres and the PNIPAM microcontainers were characterized by transmission electron microscopy,dynamic light scattering,atomic force microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.By removing the core,the PNIPAM shell was released from the constraint of the core and the PNIPAM microcontainers can shrink and swell over a wider range of volume.
2) P(NIPAM-co-AA) microcontainers surface-anchored with magnetic nanoparticles were prepared using PSt/P(NIPAM-co-AA) core/shell microspheres and amino-modified Fe_3O_4@SiO_2 particles as building blocks.At first,the PSt/P(NIPAM-co-AA) core/shell microspheres were prepared by seeded emulsion polymerization,and the amino-modified Fe_3O_4@SiO_2 particles were prepared by a modified St(o|¨)ber method followed by functionalized by 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS).Then,the smaller amino-modified Fe_3O_4@SiO_2 particles were assembled onto the surface of PSt/P(NIPAM-co-AA) core/shell microspheres by electrostatic interaction.Subsequently,the two particles were permanently combined through amidation reaction between carboxylic groups and amino groups under the catalysis of 1-ehtyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide(EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS).The density of the absorbed Fe_3O_4@SiO_2 particles on the surface of the core/shell microspheres can be tuned by the weight ratio of the added two particles. With an increase in the amount of the added amino-modified Fe_3O_4@SiO_2 particles, more surface of the PSt/P(NIPAM-co-AA) core/shell microspheres is covered by magnetic particles.By dissolving the PSt core with THF,novel triple-functional microcontainers with superparamagnetism and pH- and temperature-sensitivity were obtained.
3) Wormlike one-dimensional(1D) iron oxide/silica nanostructures were prepared through chainlike self-assembly of the magnetic nanoparticles followed by a sol-gel process of TEOS at the surface of the assemblies.Furthermore,1D magnetic PNIPAM microcontainers were prepared.Iron oxide nanoparticles with narrow size distribution were prepared by a high temperature hydrolysis reaction.The size of the magnetic nanoparticles can be controlled by the volume of the added NaOH/DEG solution.The XRD pattern and Raman spectrum confirm that the product is a mixture of Fe_3O_4 andγ-Fe_2O_3.The magnetization curve measured at 300 K and the temperature dependence of zero-field-cooled(ZFC) and field-cooled(FC) magnetization confirm the weak ferromagnetism of the prepared iron oxide nanoparticles at room temperature.The magnetic nanoparticles can self-assemble into 1D nanoparticle chains on substrates as well as in colloid dispersion through magnetic dipolar interaction without the help of an applied magnetic field.The 1D assemblies were further harnessed to prepare 1D nanostructures with aligned magnetic nanoparticle inclusions and a continuous silica shell.Wormlike 1D iron oxide/silica nanostructures were prepared through chainlike self-assembly of the magnetic nanoparticles in a mixture of ethanol,ammonia,and water followed by a sol-gel process of TEOS at the surface of the assemblies.The length of the nanostructures can be controlled by the amplitude of ultrasonication,and the thickness of the silica coating can be tuned by the dosage of TEOS.The 1D nanostructures exhibit high magnetic sensitivity.In the presence of an applied magnetic field,the nanostructures can be oriented and align along the direction of the external magnetic field. P(NIPAM-co-MPS) was prepared by solution polymerization of NIPAM and 3-(trimethoxysily)propyl methacrylate(MPS).Then,P(NIPAM-co-MPS) was grafted onto the 1D iron oxide/silica nanostructures.The 1D iron oxide/silica nanostructures surface-grafted with P(NIPAM-co-MPS) were encapsulated by crosslinked PNIPAM through the precipitation polymerization of NIPAM.By dissolving the SiO_2 with NaOH,1D magnetic PNIPAM microcontainers were obtained.
引文
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