基于磁流变液的游梁式抽油机变速节能系统的研究
摘要
石油是一种重要的能源。它不仅直接或间接地与人们的日常生活息息相关,而且影响着国家的现代化建设和国防建设,因此石油的勘探开发成为了各个国家战略发展中的重要环节。目前开采石油的主要方法是人工举升法,即利用各种机械装备将石油从地下汲取到地面。其中,利用最广的就是游梁式抽油机。它具有结构简单、制造容易、可靠性高、耐久性好、维修方便、产品成熟、通用化程度较高等特点。但是,常规机本身的结构特点决定了它的平衡效果差、曲柄净转矩脉动大、存在负转矩。载荷率低和能耗大等等突出的问题。
针对上述问题,本文引入一种新兴的智能流体--磁流变液。在进行理论分析与实验研究后发现:(1)当达到饱和电流前,可以调节电流的数值,转矩值增大,随之负载的转速也增大,电机与负载转速差减小,反之亦然;(2)控制电流对转矩的影响远远大于相对转速对转矩的影响;(3)系统的尺寸对传动有影响,转动盘的半径越大,所传递的转矩越大,盘间距影响则非常小;(4)磁流变液的成分对传动效果也有影响。
利用上述特点,据此设计出了一种变速控制装置。它可以实现三种功能:(1)在负载拖动电动机发电前,断开传动链,即离合器功能,可杜绝抽油机向电网发电,提高电网品质,节约电能;(2)逐步增加启动电流,实现软启动,减小冲击电流对电动机的影响;(3)变速,替换齿轮减速箱,实现无级变速。
Petroleum is an important energy. It is closely related to our daily life, but also has affect on the modernization drive and national defense construction. So the oil exploration is the important thing in every country’s strategic policy. In modern time, artificial lift is major treatment, i.e. derive the petroleum from the underground by mechanism, such as the beam pumping units which is most widely used. The beam pumping units has lots of advantage, for example, simple construction, easy to make, high reliability, long durability, easy to repair and so on. But its construction cause some another problem at the same time, for instance, poor balance, large fluctuations of the net torque, negative torque, low efficiency and high power.
In allusion to these questions, we use a new intelligent material to solute it. After we have done the theoretic analysis and experimental research, we know that: (1)With the increase of current, the torque is also increasing, the rev of the load is get more and more fast, but the rev’s margin between electromotor and load is on the decrease, vice versa. (2) The controlling current, in contrast with rev, has a large effect on the torque. (3) The size of this gearing has a very close relationship with its efficiency. When the radius gets large, the torque is also becoming increasingly big. (4) The MRF’s component can affect system’s efficiency. Based on the results as above, a variable speed transmission system can be made. It
realizes several functions as follows: (1) One-way clutch, the transmitting link is cut off, when the electromotor is willing to power generation. (2) Soft Start: The effect caused by impulse current decrease when we augment current slowly. (3) Variable speed transmission.
针对上述问题,本文引入一种新兴的智能流体--磁流变液。在进行理论分析与实验研究后发现:(1)当达到饱和电流前,可以调节电流的数值,转矩值增大,随之负载的转速也增大,电机与负载转速差减小,反之亦然;(2)控制电流对转矩的影响远远大于相对转速对转矩的影响;(3)系统的尺寸对传动有影响,转动盘的半径越大,所传递的转矩越大,盘间距影响则非常小;(4)磁流变液的成分对传动效果也有影响。
利用上述特点,据此设计出了一种变速控制装置。它可以实现三种功能:(1)在负载拖动电动机发电前,断开传动链,即离合器功能,可杜绝抽油机向电网发电,提高电网品质,节约电能;(2)逐步增加启动电流,实现软启动,减小冲击电流对电动机的影响;(3)变速,替换齿轮减速箱,实现无级变速。
Petroleum is an important energy. It is closely related to our daily life, but also has affect on the modernization drive and national defense construction. So the oil exploration is the important thing in every country’s strategic policy. In modern time, artificial lift is major treatment, i.e. derive the petroleum from the underground by mechanism, such as the beam pumping units which is most widely used. The beam pumping units has lots of advantage, for example, simple construction, easy to make, high reliability, long durability, easy to repair and so on. But its construction cause some another problem at the same time, for instance, poor balance, large fluctuations of the net torque, negative torque, low efficiency and high power.
In allusion to these questions, we use a new intelligent material to solute it. After we have done the theoretic analysis and experimental research, we know that: (1)With the increase of current, the torque is also increasing, the rev of the load is get more and more fast, but the rev’s margin between electromotor and load is on the decrease, vice versa. (2) The controlling current, in contrast with rev, has a large effect on the torque. (3) The size of this gearing has a very close relationship with its efficiency. When the radius gets large, the torque is also becoming increasingly big. (4) The MRF’s component can affect system’s efficiency. Based on the results as above, a variable speed transmission system can be made. It
realizes several functions as follows: (1) One-way clutch, the transmitting link is cut off, when the electromotor is willing to power generation. (2) Soft Start: The effect caused by impulse current decrease when we augment current slowly. (3) Variable speed transmission.
引文
[1]邹振春,邓立新,王艳华.游梁式抽油机节能技术及最新进展.承德石油高等专科学校学报[J],2005,7(1):16-19
[2]孙正贵,徐军,匡耀武等.游梁式抽油机倒发电现象的消除与节能.承德石油高等专科学校学报[J],2003,5(1):28-30
[3] Rowlan O.L., McCoy J.N., Podio A.L. Best Method to Balance Torque Loadings on a Pumping Unit Gearbox[J]. The Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, 2005, 44(7): 27-33
[4] Ding Bao, Qi Weigui, Wang Fengping. A research on an energy-saving Software for pumping units based on FNN intelligent control[J]. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology, 2004, 11(3):240-244
[5]张自学,兆文清,王刚.国内外新型采油机[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1994:4-5
[6]张阳春,杨志康,郭东.国内外石油钻采设备技术水平分析[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2001:132-136
[7]杨帆.吊重滑轮组平衡式抽油机研制与节能分析[J].石油机械,2004,32(7):31-35
[8]张连山.国外机械采油装备的现状与发展趋势[J].国外石油机械,1996;7(3):28-35
[9]张树坪,葛艳荣.游梁式抽油机改造成摆锤式复合平衡抽油机[J].石油机械,2006,34(6):69-71
[10]陈文华,连文志,王守民,等.常规游梁式抽油机的增程与节能改造研究[J].工程设计学报,2004,11(3):139-143
[11] Zhao Limei, Chan Ham, Zheng Liping, et al. A Highly Efficient 200000 RPM Permanent Magnet Motor System[J]. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 2007, 43(6):2528-2530
[12]林立,邢兆栋,陈秀和.抽油机电机的双向自动切换控制[J].制造业自动化,2001,23(10):53
[13]赵四海,方佳雨.一种磁流变流体链化模型的研究[J].润滑与密封,2006,11:108-110
[14]刘奇,唐龙,张平.实用型磁流变体材料研究[J].功能材料,2004,3(35):291-292
[15] S.David, A.Mehdi. Vehicle evaluation of the performance of Magnetorheologicaldampers for heavy truck suspensions[J]. Journal of Vibration and Acoustics, 2001, 123:365-375
[16]李金,张华良.磁流变液研究和利用[J].上海大学学报,2004,10(1):21-25
[17] W.Kordonski, D.Golini. MR suspensions and their applications[J]. World Scientific, 1998, 837-844
[18]廖昌荣,余淼,陈伟民,等.汽车磁流变液减振器设计原理与实验测试[M].北京:中国机械工程,2002,13(16):1391-1394
[19]陈吉安,赵晓笠.应用于汽车减振的磁流变液阻尼器的设计原理[J].设计计算研究,2002,8:9-13
[20]李惠,袁雪松,吴波,等.粘滞流体变阻尼半自动控制器对结构抗震控制的研究实验[J].振动工程学报,2002,15(1):25-29
[21] J.Huang, J.He, J.Zhang,. Viscoplastic flow of the MR fluid in a cylindrical valve[J]. Key Engineering Materials, 2004, 276:969-974
[22] Yalcintas M., Dai H. Magnetorheological and electrorheological materials in adapative structures and their performance comparison[J]. Smart Material Structure, 1999, (8):560-573
[23]杨仕清,张万里,龚洁,等.磁流变液流变特性研究[J].功能材料,1998,29(5):550-552
[24]汪建晓,孟光.磁流变液研究进展[J].航空学报,2002,23(1):6-10
[25] J.Rabinow. The magnetic fluid clutch[J]. AIEE Transactions, 1948, 67:1308-1315
[26]王小云,赵鹤平,颜琳,等.磁流变液相变研[J]究.吉首大学学报,2004,25(3):59-63
[27]张华良.磁流变液阻尼器的设计及其应用于汽车悬架的振动控制[M].上海:上海大学,2006
[28]张峰,余景池,张学军,等.磁流变抛光技术[J].光学精密工程,1999,7(5):1-8
[29] Zhu Y.,Haddadian E.,Mou T.et al. Role of nucleation in the structure evolution of a magnetorheological fluid[J]. Phys.Rev.E.,1996,52(2):1753-1759
[30] Furuki S.,Sano A. Physical model parameter identification for structures with MR damper[J]. Proceedings of the SICE Annual Conference,2005,3408-3411
[31] Jansen L.,Dyke Y. Seniactive control strategies for MR damper feedback linearizationcontrol for helicopter rotor application[J]. Smart Material Structure,2001,(10):96-103
[32]浦鸿汀,蒋峰景.磁流变液材料的研究进展和应用前景[J].化工进展.2005,24(2):132-136
[33]张红辉,廖昌荣,刘永贵,等.磁流变阻尼技术及其在军用装备系统中的应用[J].兵器材料科学与工程,2006,29(4):65-69
[34]张正勇,张耀华,虞承端,等.磁流变液的特性研究[J].功能材料与器件学报,2001,7(4):339-344
[35]金昀,周刚毅,张培强,等两种磁流变液测试系统的比较研究[J].实验力学,1993,14(3):288-293
[36]龚兴龙,李辉,张培强.磁流变液的制备、机理和应用[J].中国科技大学学报,2006,1:23-27
[37]邢志,吕建刚,李猛.磁流变液特性分析及实验研究[J].磁性材料及器件,2005,36(3):21-23
[38]张正勇,张耀华,虞承端,等.磁流变液的特性研究[J].功能材料与器件学报,2001,7(4):341-343
[39] M.Yalcintas, H.Dai. Magnetorheological and electrorheological materials in adaptaive structures and their performance comparison[J]. Smart Material Structure, 1994, (8):560-573
[40] W.Chooi, S.Oyadiji. Charactering the effect of temperature and magnetic field strengths on the complex shear modulus proerties of MR fluids[J]. World Scientific, 2005, 335-341
[41] A.Bakuzis, K.Chen, W.Luo, et al. Magnetic body force[J]. World Scientific, 2005, 191-194
[42] W.Li, P.Zhang, X.Gong, et al. Linear viscoelasticity of MR fluids: dependence on magnetic fileds[J]. World Scientific, 2005,184-190
[43] J.Laeuger, K.Wollny, H.Stetiin, et al. A new device for full rheological characterization of Magnetorheological fluids[J]. World Scientific, 2005,370-376
[44] R.Rosensweig. On Magnetorheology and electorheology as status of unsymmetric stress[J]. Science, 1995,39:179-192
[45] K.Chen, C.Yeh. Desciption of Magnetorheological behavior with internal variables[J].Science, 2005, 40:461-482
[46]司勂，彭向和．磁流变材料的粘塑性本构腜蚚J].重庆大学学报,2001,24(3) 45-48
[47]魏群.螺线管磁场分布特征[J].长春工业大学学报,2003,24(3):68-70
[48]陈晓南,杨培林.机械设计基础[M].北京:科学出版设,2007:235-264
[49]吴宗泽,罗圣国.机械设计课程设计手册[M].第3版.北京:高等教育出版社,2006:24-84
[50]孙培先.画法几何与工程制图[M].东营:机械工业出版社,2000:153-163
[51]王威,王社良,苏三庆,等.应力对Q235钢磁滞回线影响的试验研究[J].工业建筑,2005,35:314-317
[52] Korea Electronics Co. KIA7805 AP/API ~7824AP/API Bipolar liner intergrated circuit[EB/OL]. http://www.dzsc.net.cn/7805.html, 2008-12-10
[53] CODI Semicondutor Inc. Line logic sysmbols and connection diagrams[EB/OL]. http://www.dzsc.net.cn/7915.html, 2008-12-11
[54] TEXAS Instruments. Low-Power 150ma low-dropout liner regulators[EB/OL]. http://focus.ti.com/docs/prod/folders/print/tps76333.html, 2008-12-12
[55]中国自动化网.常用整流二极管参数[EB/OL].http://bbs.ca800.com/detail.asp?id= 18496,2008-12-16
[56]北京亿学通电子.开关式霍尔传感器并磁钢[EB/OL].http://www.61mcu.com/class.as- p?LarCode=%B4%AB%B8%D0%C6%F7&MidCode=%BB%F4%B6%FB%B4%AB%B8%D0%C6%F7,2008-12-20
[57]沈建华,杨燕丽.MSP430系列16位超低功耗单片机原理与应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004:30-183
[58] National Semiconductor. DAC102X. http://www.datasheetpro.com/874180_v-iew_ DAC102X_datasheet.html[EB/OL], 2009-1-5
[59]电子原件采购网.LM324.http://www.ic-cn.com.cn/pdf.php?keyword=LM324 [EB/-OL],2009-1-5
[60] TOPWAY.LM9033A.http://www.topwaydisplay.com/TechnicalInfo/index-gb.htm [EB/OL],2009-1-5
[2]孙正贵,徐军,匡耀武等.游梁式抽油机倒发电现象的消除与节能.承德石油高等专科学校学报[J],2003,5(1):28-30
[3] Rowlan O.L., McCoy J.N., Podio A.L. Best Method to Balance Torque Loadings on a Pumping Unit Gearbox[J]. The Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, 2005, 44(7): 27-33
[4] Ding Bao, Qi Weigui, Wang Fengping. A research on an energy-saving Software for pumping units based on FNN intelligent control[J]. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology, 2004, 11(3):240-244
[5]张自学,兆文清,王刚.国内外新型采油机[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1994:4-5
[6]张阳春,杨志康,郭东.国内外石油钻采设备技术水平分析[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2001:132-136
[7]杨帆.吊重滑轮组平衡式抽油机研制与节能分析[J].石油机械,2004,32(7):31-35
[8]张连山.国外机械采油装备的现状与发展趋势[J].国外石油机械,1996;7(3):28-35
[9]张树坪,葛艳荣.游梁式抽油机改造成摆锤式复合平衡抽油机[J].石油机械,2006,34(6):69-71
[10]陈文华,连文志,王守民,等.常规游梁式抽油机的增程与节能改造研究[J].工程设计学报,2004,11(3):139-143
[11] Zhao Limei, Chan Ham, Zheng Liping, et al. A Highly Efficient 200000 RPM Permanent Magnet Motor System[J]. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 2007, 43(6):2528-2530
[12]林立,邢兆栋,陈秀和.抽油机电机的双向自动切换控制[J].制造业自动化,2001,23(10):53
[13]赵四海,方佳雨.一种磁流变流体链化模型的研究[J].润滑与密封,2006,11:108-110
[14]刘奇,唐龙,张平.实用型磁流变体材料研究[J].功能材料,2004,3(35):291-292
[15] S.David, A.Mehdi. Vehicle evaluation of the performance of Magnetorheologicaldampers for heavy truck suspensions[J]. Journal of Vibration and Acoustics, 2001, 123:365-375
[16]李金,张华良.磁流变液研究和利用[J].上海大学学报,2004,10(1):21-25
[17] W.Kordonski, D.Golini. MR suspensions and their applications[J]. World Scientific, 1998, 837-844
[18]廖昌荣,余淼,陈伟民,等.汽车磁流变液减振器设计原理与实验测试[M].北京:中国机械工程,2002,13(16):1391-1394
[19]陈吉安,赵晓笠.应用于汽车减振的磁流变液阻尼器的设计原理[J].设计计算研究,2002,8:9-13
[20]李惠,袁雪松,吴波,等.粘滞流体变阻尼半自动控制器对结构抗震控制的研究实验[J].振动工程学报,2002,15(1):25-29
[21] J.Huang, J.He, J.Zhang,. Viscoplastic flow of the MR fluid in a cylindrical valve[J]. Key Engineering Materials, 2004, 276:969-974
[22] Yalcintas M., Dai H. Magnetorheological and electrorheological materials in adapative structures and their performance comparison[J]. Smart Material Structure, 1999, (8):560-573
[23]杨仕清,张万里,龚洁,等.磁流变液流变特性研究[J].功能材料,1998,29(5):550-552
[24]汪建晓,孟光.磁流变液研究进展[J].航空学报,2002,23(1):6-10
[25] J.Rabinow. The magnetic fluid clutch[J]. AIEE Transactions, 1948, 67:1308-1315
[26]王小云,赵鹤平,颜琳,等.磁流变液相变研[J]究.吉首大学学报,2004,25(3):59-63
[27]张华良.磁流变液阻尼器的设计及其应用于汽车悬架的振动控制[M].上海:上海大学,2006
[28]张峰,余景池,张学军,等.磁流变抛光技术[J].光学精密工程,1999,7(5):1-8
[29] Zhu Y.,Haddadian E.,Mou T.et al. Role of nucleation in the structure evolution of a magnetorheological fluid[J]. Phys.Rev.E.,1996,52(2):1753-1759
[30] Furuki S.,Sano A. Physical model parameter identification for structures with MR damper[J]. Proceedings of the SICE Annual Conference,2005,3408-3411
[31] Jansen L.,Dyke Y. Seniactive control strategies for MR damper feedback linearizationcontrol for helicopter rotor application[J]. Smart Material Structure,2001,(10):96-103
[32]浦鸿汀,蒋峰景.磁流变液材料的研究进展和应用前景[J].化工进展.2005,24(2):132-136
[33]张红辉,廖昌荣,刘永贵,等.磁流变阻尼技术及其在军用装备系统中的应用[J].兵器材料科学与工程,2006,29(4):65-69
[34]张正勇,张耀华,虞承端,等.磁流变液的特性研究[J].功能材料与器件学报,2001,7(4):339-344
[35]金昀,周刚毅,张培强,等两种磁流变液测试系统的比较研究[J].实验力学,1993,14(3):288-293
[36]龚兴龙,李辉,张培强.磁流变液的制备、机理和应用[J].中国科技大学学报,2006,1:23-27
[37]邢志,吕建刚,李猛.磁流变液特性分析及实验研究[J].磁性材料及器件,2005,36(3):21-23
[38]张正勇,张耀华,虞承端,等.磁流变液的特性研究[J].功能材料与器件学报,2001,7(4):341-343
[39] M.Yalcintas, H.Dai. Magnetorheological and electrorheological materials in adaptaive structures and their performance comparison[J]. Smart Material Structure, 1994, (8):560-573
[40] W.Chooi, S.Oyadiji. Charactering the effect of temperature and magnetic field strengths on the complex shear modulus proerties of MR fluids[J]. World Scientific, 2005, 335-341
[41] A.Bakuzis, K.Chen, W.Luo, et al. Magnetic body force[J]. World Scientific, 2005, 191-194
[42] W.Li, P.Zhang, X.Gong, et al. Linear viscoelasticity of MR fluids: dependence on magnetic fileds[J]. World Scientific, 2005,184-190
[43] J.Laeuger, K.Wollny, H.Stetiin, et al. A new device for full rheological characterization of Magnetorheological fluids[J]. World Scientific, 2005,370-376
[44] R.Rosensweig. On Magnetorheology and electorheology as status of unsymmetric stress[J]. Science, 1995,39:179-192
[45] K.Chen, C.Yeh. Desciption of Magnetorheological behavior with internal variables[J].Science, 2005, 40:461-482
[46]司勂，彭向和．磁流变材料的粘塑性本构腜蚚J].重庆大学学报,2001,24(3) 45-48
[47]魏群.螺线管磁场分布特征[J].长春工业大学学报,2003,24(3):68-70
[48]陈晓南,杨培林.机械设计基础[M].北京:科学出版设,2007:235-264
[49]吴宗泽,罗圣国.机械设计课程设计手册[M].第3版.北京:高等教育出版社,2006:24-84
[50]孙培先.画法几何与工程制图[M].东营:机械工业出版社,2000:153-163
[51]王威,王社良,苏三庆,等.应力对Q235钢磁滞回线影响的试验研究[J].工业建筑,2005,35:314-317
[52] Korea Electronics Co. KIA7805 AP/API ~7824AP/API Bipolar liner intergrated circuit[EB/OL]. http://www.dzsc.net.cn/7805.html, 2008-12-10
[53] CODI Semicondutor Inc. Line logic sysmbols and connection diagrams[EB/OL]. http://www.dzsc.net.cn/7915.html, 2008-12-11
[54] TEXAS Instruments. Low-Power 150ma low-dropout liner regulators[EB/OL]. http://focus.ti.com/docs/prod/folders/print/tps76333.html, 2008-12-12
[55]中国自动化网.常用整流二极管参数[EB/OL].http://bbs.ca800.com/detail.asp?id= 18496,2008-12-16
[56]北京亿学通电子.开关式霍尔传感器并磁钢[EB/OL].http://www.61mcu.com/class.as- p?LarCode=%B4%AB%B8%D0%C6%F7&MidCode=%BB%F4%B6%FB%B4%AB%B8%D0%C6%F7,2008-12-20
[57]沈建华,杨燕丽.MSP430系列16位超低功耗单片机原理与应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004:30-183
[58] National Semiconductor. DAC102X. http://www.datasheetpro.com/874180_v-iew_ DAC102X_datasheet.html[EB/OL], 2009-1-5
[59]电子原件采购网.LM324.http://www.ic-cn.com.cn/pdf.php?keyword=LM324 [EB/-OL],2009-1-5
[60] TOPWAY.LM9033A.http://www.topwaydisplay.com/TechnicalInfo/index-gb.htm [EB/OL],2009-1-5