氮磷钾肥对烤烟内在品质的影响及其施肥模型
|
摘要
氮磷钾是烟草栽培中的三大营养元素。如何进行合理施氮、有效施磷、高效施钾以实现烟叶生产的最佳品质一直是烟草栽培的关键。自80年代以来,我国烟草工作者重视烤烟施肥技术的研究,开展了大量有针对性的工作,取得了重要研究成果,但是,由于受多种因素的影响,目前我国烤烟施肥技术还存在许多问题和不足。如以烟叶的外观质量和产值为标准作为判断施肥效果好坏的依据;还未实现烟草需肥与土壤供肥的动态平衡;以经验施肥为主,缺乏科学可靠的量化施肥依据等等。随着烟草农业现代化的发展和精准农业的兴起,传统农业生产中的粗放施肥方式已无法满足优质烟叶生产的需要,以烟叶的综合品质为判断施肥效果的标准并依此建立烟草施肥模型已是当前烟草生产中急需解决的问题。
本研究以经典统计学和地统计学为研究方法,在土壤养分空间变异性研究的基础上选择试验地,进行两年的盆栽及大田正交回归试验,对氮、磷、钾肥三因子间的双因素、三因素交互作用进行分析,对烟草栽培中的氮磷钾肥这三因子与烟草产值、品质的关系进行研究,在此基础上建立二者之间的经验模型及施肥模型。本研究主要结论如下:
(1)建立了基于地统计学的土壤养分空间变异性的评价方法。根据所建立的评价方法对试验地土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、全氮、全磷、全钾、有机质含量和pH值的空间变异性进行评价。结果表明,2006年试验地中碱解氮、全氮、全磷、全钾、有机质含量和pH值的空间变异程度都小于20%,相对均匀面积比都为100%,速效磷和速效钾的空间变异程度大于20%,但相对均匀面积比分别为82.18%和94.99%,都大于80%。2007年试验地中碱解氮、速效钾、全氮、全磷、全钾含量和pH值的空间变异程度都小于20%,相对均匀面积比都为100%,速效磷和有机质的空间变异程度大于20%,但相对均匀面积比分别为91.34%和95.70%,都大于80%。可见,2006年和2007年的试验地土壤养分的空间分布虽存在差异,但空间变异性不明显,都属于肥力较为均匀的烟田。在此基础上进行了氮磷钾肥的正交回归试验,两年的试验结果都较为理想,说明所建立的基于地统计学肥力均匀的试验地的选择方法及其评价方法较为合理。
(2)在盆栽条件下0～10 g pot-1纯氮,大田条件下0～105 kg hm-2纯氮的施氮范围内,随氮用量的增加,产值呈现先增加而后降低的趋势,烤后烟叶中总氮、烟碱含量都相应提高,而总糖、还原糖含量都降低,钾离子、氯离子含量的变化规律不明显。在盆栽条件下0～20 g pot-1 P2O5,大田条件下0～210 kg hm-2 P2O5的施磷范围内,随着磷肥施用量的增加,产值呈现先增加而后缓慢降低的趋势,烤后烟叶中总氮、烟碱、总糖、还原糖、钾、氯含量的变化规律都不明显。在盆栽条件下0～50 g pot-1 K2O,大田条件下0～525 kg hm-2 K2O的施钾范围内,随着钾肥施用量的增加,烤后烟叶的钾、总糖和还原糖含量都相应提高,烟碱、总氮则相应减少,氯含量变化规律不明显,产值呈现先明显增加而后缓慢降低的趋势。因此,虽然烟草是喜钾作物,在烟叶生产中还是要掌握好钾肥的施用量。
(3)烤后烟叶中的类胡萝卜素基本上只剩下叶黄素和β-胡萝卜素,其含量分布区间为70～130μg g-1,叶黄素含量略高于β-胡萝卜素含量。各处理新黄质、叶黄素和β-胡萝卜素三者含量相加后的类胡萝卜素总量都小于250μg g-1。较高的氮肥施用量(盆栽条件下每株施氮量大于或等于6 g纯氮,大田条件下每公顷施氮量大于或等于67.5 kg纯氮),较高的钾肥施用量(盆栽条件下每株施钾量大于或等于18 g K2O,大田条件下每公顷施钾量大于或等于202.5 kg K2O)和中等磷肥施用量以及氮磷钾合理配施(1∶1.3∶3.0)明显促进了类胡萝卜素的积累。
(4)在试验施肥范围内,随着氮、磷肥施用量的增加,类胡萝卜素类中性致香物、新植二烯含量增加,棕色化产物类、类西柏烷类中性致香物含量降低,苯丙氨酸类中性致香物的变化不明显;随着钾肥施用量的增加,类胡萝卜素类中性致香物、新植二烯含量增加,棕色化产物类、苯丙氨酸类、西柏烷类中性致香物含量降低。
(5)当施肥区间足够大时,氮磷肥、氮钾肥、磷钾肥间互作中都存在一个阀值,低于这个阀值时氮磷钾肥间都表现为协同促进作用,高于这个阀值时则都表现为拮抗作用。
(6)可溶性总糖与总氮、烟碱含量呈极显著负相关,与还原糖含量呈极显著正相关。总氮与还原糖含量呈极显著负相关,与烟碱含量呈极显著正相关。钾含量与可溶性总糖和还原糖呈极显著正相关,与总氮、烟碱呈极显著负相关。烟叶磷含量与总氮、烟碱呈显著正相关。叶黄素含量和β-胡萝卜素含量呈极显著正相关。叶黄素、β-胡萝卜素含量都与烟叶钾含量呈极显著正相关,都与烟叶氯含量呈显著负相关。叶黄素含量与烟叶总氮含量呈显著正相关。烤后烟叶钾含量与棕色化产物类、苯丙氨酸类中性致香物呈极显著负相关,与类胡萝卜素类中性致香物、新植二烯呈极显著正相关。
(7)对各处理烤后烟叶的内在品质进行模糊综合评价,采用层次分析法(AHP)确定了各指标的权重,并建立了烟叶品质的隶属函数。以模糊综合评价的总得分为品质指数,建立氮、磷、钾施肥量与品质指数的回归方程,并对回归方程进行优化。结果表明,盆栽试验适宜的氮肥施用量为每株4.66～5.84 g纯氮,施磷量为每株8.03～10.47 g P2O5,施钾量为每株22.79～28.46 g K2O。在回归方程优化的基础上以两年盆栽试验结果建立了包含土壤基础肥力贡献率和烟草品种需肥量等参数的烟草氮磷钾的施肥模型,并以两年大田试验的结果对施肥模型进行了验证。
本研究的主要创新点如下:
(1)提出并建立了基于地统计学的农业田间试验地选择及评价的新方法;
(2)建立了基于频次分析的三因素交互作用的分析方法,并用该方法分析了氮磷钾肥对烟草类胡萝卜素的交互作用;
(3)建立了烟草氮磷钾肥与综合品质指数的经验模型,并在此基础上建立了包含土壤基础肥力贡献率和烟草品种需肥量等参数的施肥模型。
Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are the major nutrient in tobacco cultivation. And precision fertilization of the three nutrients to achieve the best tobacco quality has been the key. Though some tobacco advanced fertilization technologies have been studied and promoted in China since the 1980s, there are still many problems. Such as the tobacco external quality and output value are always deemed to a standard to evaluate the fertilization effect; the dynamic imbalance of nutrient demand of tobacco and nutrient supply from soil; fertilizing mainly base on experience of years in tobacco farming, and the lack of reliable scientific basis for quantifying fertilization, and so on. With the development of tobacco agricultural modernization and precision agriculture, traditional agricultural production in the extensive fertilization methods can no longer satisfy the needs of high-quality tobacco leaf production, and it is urgent to establish the estimation standard of fertilization effect base on tobacco quality and to establish the fertilization model which base on the estimation standard.
Two pot and two field experiments with the design of orthogonal regression unitized design were performed base on the spatial heterogeneity of soil nutrients with the classical method and geostatistics to study the effects of N, P, K fertilizers on output value and internal quality indexes in flue-cured tobacco leaves, which including single-factor analysis, the first order interactions analysis and the second order interaction analysis of N, P and K. And to establish the empirical model and the fertilization model of the relation of the internal quality indexes to nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium. So the main results were as follows:
(1) Establishing an evaluation method of soil nutrient spatial variability. The spatial variability of available N, available P, available K, total N, total P, total K, organic matter content and pH value were evaluated according to the established methods in the two experiment fields. The results showed that the rate of spatial variability of available N, total N, total P, total K, organic matter content and pH value in 2006 were all less than 20%, and their area rate of relative uniformity were 100%. The rate of spatial variability of available P and available K were large than 20%, and their area rate of relative uniformity were individually 82.18% and 94.99%, which large than 80%. The rate of spatial variability of available N, available K, total N, total P, total K content and pH value in 2007 were all less than 20%, and their area rate of relative uniformity were 100%. The rate of spatial variability of available P and organic matter were large than 20%, and their area rate of relative uniformity were individually 91.34% and 95.70%, which large than 80%. Though the spatial distribution of soil nutrients in 2006 and 2007 was not absolutely uniform, the spatial variability was not significant, and the fields’fertility was relatively uniform. The two- year experiment results of orthogonal regression unitized design based on the two fields also indicated that the choice ways of experiment field and the evaluation method of soil nutrient spatial variability based on geostatistics was reasonable.
(2) The output value increased first and then reduced under the conditions of 0 ~ 10 g pot-1 purity nitrogen in pot experiment and 0 ~ 105 kg hm-2 purity nitrogen in field experiment, and the total nitrogen and nicotine content of flue-cured tobacco leaves always increased, but the total sugar and reducing sugar content reduced, and the potassium and chloride ion content didn’t significantly go up or go down in the same condition. The output value increased first and then slowly reduced under the conditions of 0 ~ 20 g pot-1 P2O5 in pot experiment and under field conditions of 0 ~ 210 kg hm-2 P2O5, but the total nitrogen, nicotine, total sugar, reducing sugar, potassium and chloride ion content didn’t significantly go up or go down in the same condition. The output value increased first and then slowly reduced under the conditions of 0 ~ 50 g pot-1 K2O and under field conditions of 0 ~ 525 kg hm-2 K2O, and the potassium, total sugar and reducing sugar content of flue-cured tobacco leaves always increased, but the total nitrogen and nicotine content reduced, while the chloride ion content didn’t significantly go up or go down in the same condition. So it was importance not to fertilize over potassium in tobacco cultivation although tobacco was a crop-K.
(3) There almost was lutein andβ-carotene in carotenoids component of flue-cured tobacco leaves, which content distribution all ranged from 70 ~ 130μg g-1, and the lutein content slightly higher than the content ofβ-carotene. The amount of carotenoids including neoxanthin, lutein andβ-carotene were less than 250μg g-1. The carotenoids content accumulated significantly at the high N (under the conditions of large than or equal to 6 g pot-1 purity nitrogen in pot experiment and large than or equal to 67.5 kg hm-2 purity nitrogen in field experiment), high K (under the conditions of large than or equal to 18 g pot-1 K2O in pot experiment and large than or equal to 202.5 kg hm-2 K2O in field experiment), and moderate P with the ratio of N∶P2O5∶K2O at 1∶1.3∶3.0.
(4)The content of neophytadiene and part of neutral aroma components which degraded from carotenoid increased, the content of neutral aroma components which classified to Maillard reaction products and which classified to cembranoid reduced, and the content of other neutral aroma components which classified to phenylalanine changed in the law was not significant with the increase of nitrogen and phosphors application under the condition of the fertilization in experiment. The content of neophytadiene and the neutral aroma components which degraded from carotenoid increased with the increase of potassium application. The content of neutral aroma components which classified to Maillard reaction products, which classified to cembranoid and which classified to phenylalanine reduced with the increase of potassium application under the condition of the fertilization in experiment.
(5) There existed an interaction range between nitrogen and phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium, phosphorus and potassium. The synergistic and antagonistic effects between nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were shown in the lower and higher range, respectively.
(6) The correlation of the total sugar content and the total nitrogen, nicotine content was significant negative, of the total sugar content and the reducing sugar content was significant positive. The correlation of the total nitrogen and the reducing sugar content was very significant negative, of the total nitrogen and the nicotine content was significant positive. The correlation of the potassium content and the total sugar, reducing sugar was significant positive, of the potassium content and the total nitrogen, nicotine was significant negative. The correlation of the phosphorus content and the total nitrogen, nicotine content was significantly positive. The correlation of the lutein content and theβ-carotene content was significantly positive. The correlation of the potassium content and the lutein,β-carotene content was significantly positive, and the correlation of the chlorine content and the lutein,β-carotene content was significantly negative. The correlation of the lutein content and the nitrogen content was significantly positive. The correlation of the potassium content and the neutral aroma components content which classified to phenylalanine, which classified to Maillard reaction products was significantly negative, the correlation of the potassium content and the neophytadiene content, the neutral aroma components content which degraded from carotenoid was significantly positive.
(7) The tobacco leaves’inherent quality of treatments in the experiment was scored by the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, the weights of tobacco quality indexes were identified by analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and a membership function of tobacco leaf quality was established. Regression equations of the relation of tobacco quality index to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were established base on the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and then were optimized. And the optimal application in the pot experiment was 4.66~5.84 g pot-1 purity nitrogen, 8.03~10.47 g pot-1 P2O5, 22.79~28.46 g pot-1 K2O. A fertilization model of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer containing the soil fertility contribution rate, tobacco varieties and other parameters was established based on the optimization of the regression equation of two years pot experiment and was verified by two years field experiment.
The innovation points of this research were as follows:
(1) Establishing a new choice ways of experiment field in agriculture and a new evaluation method of soil nutrient spatial variability based on geostatistics.
(2) Establishing a new analysis method of the three-factor interaction base on frequency analysis. And the interaction of nitrogen, phosphors and potassium fertilizers on the carotenoids of flue-cued tobacco leaves were analyzed by this method.
(3) Empirical models of the relation of tobacco quality index to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were established, and then a fertilization model of the three fertilizers containing the soil fertility contribution rate, tobacco varieties and other parameters was established based on the empirical models.
本研究以经典统计学和地统计学为研究方法,在土壤养分空间变异性研究的基础上选择试验地,进行两年的盆栽及大田正交回归试验,对氮、磷、钾肥三因子间的双因素、三因素交互作用进行分析,对烟草栽培中的氮磷钾肥这三因子与烟草产值、品质的关系进行研究,在此基础上建立二者之间的经验模型及施肥模型。本研究主要结论如下:
(1)建立了基于地统计学的土壤养分空间变异性的评价方法。根据所建立的评价方法对试验地土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、全氮、全磷、全钾、有机质含量和pH值的空间变异性进行评价。结果表明,2006年试验地中碱解氮、全氮、全磷、全钾、有机质含量和pH值的空间变异程度都小于20%,相对均匀面积比都为100%,速效磷和速效钾的空间变异程度大于20%,但相对均匀面积比分别为82.18%和94.99%,都大于80%。2007年试验地中碱解氮、速效钾、全氮、全磷、全钾含量和pH值的空间变异程度都小于20%,相对均匀面积比都为100%,速效磷和有机质的空间变异程度大于20%,但相对均匀面积比分别为91.34%和95.70%,都大于80%。可见,2006年和2007年的试验地土壤养分的空间分布虽存在差异,但空间变异性不明显,都属于肥力较为均匀的烟田。在此基础上进行了氮磷钾肥的正交回归试验,两年的试验结果都较为理想,说明所建立的基于地统计学肥力均匀的试验地的选择方法及其评价方法较为合理。
(2)在盆栽条件下0～10 g pot-1纯氮,大田条件下0～105 kg hm-2纯氮的施氮范围内,随氮用量的增加,产值呈现先增加而后降低的趋势,烤后烟叶中总氮、烟碱含量都相应提高,而总糖、还原糖含量都降低,钾离子、氯离子含量的变化规律不明显。在盆栽条件下0～20 g pot-1 P2O5,大田条件下0～210 kg hm-2 P2O5的施磷范围内,随着磷肥施用量的增加,产值呈现先增加而后缓慢降低的趋势,烤后烟叶中总氮、烟碱、总糖、还原糖、钾、氯含量的变化规律都不明显。在盆栽条件下0～50 g pot-1 K2O,大田条件下0～525 kg hm-2 K2O的施钾范围内,随着钾肥施用量的增加,烤后烟叶的钾、总糖和还原糖含量都相应提高,烟碱、总氮则相应减少,氯含量变化规律不明显,产值呈现先明显增加而后缓慢降低的趋势。因此,虽然烟草是喜钾作物,在烟叶生产中还是要掌握好钾肥的施用量。
(3)烤后烟叶中的类胡萝卜素基本上只剩下叶黄素和β-胡萝卜素,其含量分布区间为70～130μg g-1,叶黄素含量略高于β-胡萝卜素含量。各处理新黄质、叶黄素和β-胡萝卜素三者含量相加后的类胡萝卜素总量都小于250μg g-1。较高的氮肥施用量(盆栽条件下每株施氮量大于或等于6 g纯氮,大田条件下每公顷施氮量大于或等于67.5 kg纯氮),较高的钾肥施用量(盆栽条件下每株施钾量大于或等于18 g K2O,大田条件下每公顷施钾量大于或等于202.5 kg K2O)和中等磷肥施用量以及氮磷钾合理配施(1∶1.3∶3.0)明显促进了类胡萝卜素的积累。
(4)在试验施肥范围内,随着氮、磷肥施用量的增加,类胡萝卜素类中性致香物、新植二烯含量增加,棕色化产物类、类西柏烷类中性致香物含量降低,苯丙氨酸类中性致香物的变化不明显;随着钾肥施用量的增加,类胡萝卜素类中性致香物、新植二烯含量增加,棕色化产物类、苯丙氨酸类、西柏烷类中性致香物含量降低。
(5)当施肥区间足够大时,氮磷肥、氮钾肥、磷钾肥间互作中都存在一个阀值,低于这个阀值时氮磷钾肥间都表现为协同促进作用,高于这个阀值时则都表现为拮抗作用。
(6)可溶性总糖与总氮、烟碱含量呈极显著负相关,与还原糖含量呈极显著正相关。总氮与还原糖含量呈极显著负相关,与烟碱含量呈极显著正相关。钾含量与可溶性总糖和还原糖呈极显著正相关,与总氮、烟碱呈极显著负相关。烟叶磷含量与总氮、烟碱呈显著正相关。叶黄素含量和β-胡萝卜素含量呈极显著正相关。叶黄素、β-胡萝卜素含量都与烟叶钾含量呈极显著正相关,都与烟叶氯含量呈显著负相关。叶黄素含量与烟叶总氮含量呈显著正相关。烤后烟叶钾含量与棕色化产物类、苯丙氨酸类中性致香物呈极显著负相关,与类胡萝卜素类中性致香物、新植二烯呈极显著正相关。
(7)对各处理烤后烟叶的内在品质进行模糊综合评价,采用层次分析法(AHP)确定了各指标的权重,并建立了烟叶品质的隶属函数。以模糊综合评价的总得分为品质指数,建立氮、磷、钾施肥量与品质指数的回归方程,并对回归方程进行优化。结果表明,盆栽试验适宜的氮肥施用量为每株4.66～5.84 g纯氮,施磷量为每株8.03～10.47 g P2O5,施钾量为每株22.79～28.46 g K2O。在回归方程优化的基础上以两年盆栽试验结果建立了包含土壤基础肥力贡献率和烟草品种需肥量等参数的烟草氮磷钾的施肥模型,并以两年大田试验的结果对施肥模型进行了验证。
本研究的主要创新点如下:
(1)提出并建立了基于地统计学的农业田间试验地选择及评价的新方法;
(2)建立了基于频次分析的三因素交互作用的分析方法,并用该方法分析了氮磷钾肥对烟草类胡萝卜素的交互作用;
(3)建立了烟草氮磷钾肥与综合品质指数的经验模型,并在此基础上建立了包含土壤基础肥力贡献率和烟草品种需肥量等参数的施肥模型。
Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are the major nutrient in tobacco cultivation. And precision fertilization of the three nutrients to achieve the best tobacco quality has been the key. Though some tobacco advanced fertilization technologies have been studied and promoted in China since the 1980s, there are still many problems. Such as the tobacco external quality and output value are always deemed to a standard to evaluate the fertilization effect; the dynamic imbalance of nutrient demand of tobacco and nutrient supply from soil; fertilizing mainly base on experience of years in tobacco farming, and the lack of reliable scientific basis for quantifying fertilization, and so on. With the development of tobacco agricultural modernization and precision agriculture, traditional agricultural production in the extensive fertilization methods can no longer satisfy the needs of high-quality tobacco leaf production, and it is urgent to establish the estimation standard of fertilization effect base on tobacco quality and to establish the fertilization model which base on the estimation standard.
Two pot and two field experiments with the design of orthogonal regression unitized design were performed base on the spatial heterogeneity of soil nutrients with the classical method and geostatistics to study the effects of N, P, K fertilizers on output value and internal quality indexes in flue-cured tobacco leaves, which including single-factor analysis, the first order interactions analysis and the second order interaction analysis of N, P and K. And to establish the empirical model and the fertilization model of the relation of the internal quality indexes to nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium. So the main results were as follows:
(1) Establishing an evaluation method of soil nutrient spatial variability. The spatial variability of available N, available P, available K, total N, total P, total K, organic matter content and pH value were evaluated according to the established methods in the two experiment fields. The results showed that the rate of spatial variability of available N, total N, total P, total K, organic matter content and pH value in 2006 were all less than 20%, and their area rate of relative uniformity were 100%. The rate of spatial variability of available P and available K were large than 20%, and their area rate of relative uniformity were individually 82.18% and 94.99%, which large than 80%. The rate of spatial variability of available N, available K, total N, total P, total K content and pH value in 2007 were all less than 20%, and their area rate of relative uniformity were 100%. The rate of spatial variability of available P and organic matter were large than 20%, and their area rate of relative uniformity were individually 91.34% and 95.70%, which large than 80%. Though the spatial distribution of soil nutrients in 2006 and 2007 was not absolutely uniform, the spatial variability was not significant, and the fields’fertility was relatively uniform. The two- year experiment results of orthogonal regression unitized design based on the two fields also indicated that the choice ways of experiment field and the evaluation method of soil nutrient spatial variability based on geostatistics was reasonable.
(2) The output value increased first and then reduced under the conditions of 0 ~ 10 g pot-1 purity nitrogen in pot experiment and 0 ~ 105 kg hm-2 purity nitrogen in field experiment, and the total nitrogen and nicotine content of flue-cured tobacco leaves always increased, but the total sugar and reducing sugar content reduced, and the potassium and chloride ion content didn’t significantly go up or go down in the same condition. The output value increased first and then slowly reduced under the conditions of 0 ~ 20 g pot-1 P2O5 in pot experiment and under field conditions of 0 ~ 210 kg hm-2 P2O5, but the total nitrogen, nicotine, total sugar, reducing sugar, potassium and chloride ion content didn’t significantly go up or go down in the same condition. The output value increased first and then slowly reduced under the conditions of 0 ~ 50 g pot-1 K2O and under field conditions of 0 ~ 525 kg hm-2 K2O, and the potassium, total sugar and reducing sugar content of flue-cured tobacco leaves always increased, but the total nitrogen and nicotine content reduced, while the chloride ion content didn’t significantly go up or go down in the same condition. So it was importance not to fertilize over potassium in tobacco cultivation although tobacco was a crop-K.
(3) There almost was lutein andβ-carotene in carotenoids component of flue-cured tobacco leaves, which content distribution all ranged from 70 ~ 130μg g-1, and the lutein content slightly higher than the content ofβ-carotene. The amount of carotenoids including neoxanthin, lutein andβ-carotene were less than 250μg g-1. The carotenoids content accumulated significantly at the high N (under the conditions of large than or equal to 6 g pot-1 purity nitrogen in pot experiment and large than or equal to 67.5 kg hm-2 purity nitrogen in field experiment), high K (under the conditions of large than or equal to 18 g pot-1 K2O in pot experiment and large than or equal to 202.5 kg hm-2 K2O in field experiment), and moderate P with the ratio of N∶P2O5∶K2O at 1∶1.3∶3.0.
(4)The content of neophytadiene and part of neutral aroma components which degraded from carotenoid increased, the content of neutral aroma components which classified to Maillard reaction products and which classified to cembranoid reduced, and the content of other neutral aroma components which classified to phenylalanine changed in the law was not significant with the increase of nitrogen and phosphors application under the condition of the fertilization in experiment. The content of neophytadiene and the neutral aroma components which degraded from carotenoid increased with the increase of potassium application. The content of neutral aroma components which classified to Maillard reaction products, which classified to cembranoid and which classified to phenylalanine reduced with the increase of potassium application under the condition of the fertilization in experiment.
(5) There existed an interaction range between nitrogen and phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium, phosphorus and potassium. The synergistic and antagonistic effects between nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were shown in the lower and higher range, respectively.
(6) The correlation of the total sugar content and the total nitrogen, nicotine content was significant negative, of the total sugar content and the reducing sugar content was significant positive. The correlation of the total nitrogen and the reducing sugar content was very significant negative, of the total nitrogen and the nicotine content was significant positive. The correlation of the potassium content and the total sugar, reducing sugar was significant positive, of the potassium content and the total nitrogen, nicotine was significant negative. The correlation of the phosphorus content and the total nitrogen, nicotine content was significantly positive. The correlation of the lutein content and theβ-carotene content was significantly positive. The correlation of the potassium content and the lutein,β-carotene content was significantly positive, and the correlation of the chlorine content and the lutein,β-carotene content was significantly negative. The correlation of the lutein content and the nitrogen content was significantly positive. The correlation of the potassium content and the neutral aroma components content which classified to phenylalanine, which classified to Maillard reaction products was significantly negative, the correlation of the potassium content and the neophytadiene content, the neutral aroma components content which degraded from carotenoid was significantly positive.
(7) The tobacco leaves’inherent quality of treatments in the experiment was scored by the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, the weights of tobacco quality indexes were identified by analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and a membership function of tobacco leaf quality was established. Regression equations of the relation of tobacco quality index to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were established base on the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and then were optimized. And the optimal application in the pot experiment was 4.66~5.84 g pot-1 purity nitrogen, 8.03~10.47 g pot-1 P2O5, 22.79~28.46 g pot-1 K2O. A fertilization model of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer containing the soil fertility contribution rate, tobacco varieties and other parameters was established based on the optimization of the regression equation of two years pot experiment and was verified by two years field experiment.
The innovation points of this research were as follows:
(1) Establishing a new choice ways of experiment field in agriculture and a new evaluation method of soil nutrient spatial variability based on geostatistics.
(2) Establishing a new analysis method of the three-factor interaction base on frequency analysis. And the interaction of nitrogen, phosphors and potassium fertilizers on the carotenoids of flue-cued tobacco leaves were analyzed by this method.
(3) Empirical models of the relation of tobacco quality index to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were established, and then a fertilization model of the three fertilizers containing the soil fertility contribution rate, tobacco varieties and other parameters was established based on the empirical models.
引文
[1]曹志洪.优质烤烟生产的土壤与施肥.江苏科学技术出版社, 1991, 21～24, 29～90, 208～235
[2]刘国顺.烟草栽培学.北京:中国农业出版社, 2003, 1～3, 142～179, 143～145, 150～151
[3]刘国顺.国内外烟叶质量差距分析和提高烟叶质量技术途径探讨.中国烟草学报,2003 ,9(增刊) : 54～58
[4]赵兴,刘卫群,张维理,等.中国烟草平衡施肥技术研究现状与展望.中国烟草学报,2003 ,9(增刊) : 30～35
[5]左天觉.烟草的生产、生理和生物化学.朱尊权译.上海远东出版社, 1993, 199-222, 272～273
[6] D.Layten Davis和Mark T.Nielsen.编.烟草——生产,化学和技术.化学工业出版社, 2003, 76～78
[7]刘齐元,肖文俊.不同施肥量对烤烟生长发育及品质的影响.江西农业科技,1995, (5) :24～26
[8]赵宏伟,邹德堂.氮素用量对烤烟生长发育及产质量影响的研究.黑龙江农业科学, 1997, (5): 16～19
[9]安德艳,舒敏言.不同施氮量对烤烟产质量的影响.耕作与栽培, 1998, (2): 47～49
[10]周宽余,韩国彪.不同施氮量对烤烟生产的影响.山西农业科学, 1998, 26(2): 58～59
[11]韩锦峰,郭培国.氮素用量、形态、种类对烤烟生长发育及产量品质影响的研究.河南农业大学学报, 1990 , (3) :275～285
[12]章启发,陈刚.施肥技术对上部烟叶使用价值的影响.中国烟草科学, 1999, (4): 16～18
[13]邓云龙,孔光辉.云南烤烟中上部叶片含氮化合物代谢规律研究.云南大学学报, 2001, 23(1): 65～70
[14]李长军,宫长荣,肖鹏,等.施氮水平和烘烤条件对烟叶品质和含氮组分的影响.中国烟草科学, 2001, 22(1): 4～7
[15] Court W A , Elliot J M, Hendel J G. Influence of applied nitrogen fertilization on certain lipids , terpenses , and other characteristics of flue-cured tobacco. Tobacco Sci., 1984, 28 : 69～72
[16] J. W. Rideout, D.T Gooden, B A.Fortnum. Influence of nitrogen application rate and method on yield and leaf chemistry of tobacco grown with drip irrigation and plastic mulch. Tobacco Science, 1998, (42): 46～51
[17]赵宏伟,邹德堂,袁丽梅.氮素用量对烤烟生长发育及产质量影响的研究.黑龙江农业科学, 1997, (5): 16～19
[18]侯雪坤,程岩,陈魁卿.不同氮钾肥用量对黑龙江省烤烟产量质量的影响.土壤肥料, 1996, (4): 22～25
[19]邓云龙,孔光辉,武锦坤,等.云南烤烟中上部叶片含氮化合物代谢规律研究.云南大学学报, 2001, 23(1): 65～70
[20]祖艳群,林克惠.氮、钾营养对烤烟品质的影响.土壤通报, 2002, 33(6): 417～420
[21]汪耀富,张福锁.干旱和氮用量对烤烟干物质和矿质养分积累的影响.中国烟草学报, 2003, 9(1): 19～23
[22] Marchand M, Etourneaud F, Bourrie B.不同钾肥品种对烟草产量和化学成分的影响研究.中国烟草科学, 1999, 18 (2) : 6～11
[23] Leggett, J.E.ET AL. Potassium and magnesium nutrition effects on yield and chemical composition of burley tobacco leaves and smoke. Can J.Plant Sci. ,1977, 57: 159～166
[24]李明德,郑圣先.钾素营养对玉米生长及抗旱性德影响.土壤肥料, 1996,(4):10～12
[25]汪邓民,周冀衡,朱显灵,等.干旱胁迫下钾对烤烟生长及抗旱性的生理调节.中国烟草科学,1998, (3): 26～29
[26] J. E. McMurtrey, Jr. Nutritional Deficiency Studies on Tobacco. Agron. J., 1929; 21(2): 142～149
[27]郭丽琢.石灰性土壤上烤烟的钾素营养研究.西北农业大学硕士学位论文, 1996
[28]周冀衡,李章海,蒋玉平.不同供钾水平对白肋烟生长及钾素吸收规律的影响.烟草科技, 1995, (4):31～33
[29]陈明灿,李幼军,孔祥生,等.不同施钾量对烟草生育及产、质的影响.洛阳农业高等专科学校学报, 2002, 22(4): 241～242
[30]赵久明,戴建军,丁伟.不同施钾水平对烤烟产质量影响的研究.东北农业大学学报.1999, 30(1): 41～43
[31]李娟,章明清,林琼,等.钾、钙、镁交互作用对烤烟生长和养分吸收的影响.安徽农业大学学报, 2005, 32 (4) : 529～533
[32] S L蒂斯代尔.土壤肥力与肥料.孙秀廷译.北京:科学出版社, 1984, 146～167
[33]罗建新,萧汉乾,方红,等.钾肥施用量与施用期对烤烟产量和品质的影响.湖南农业大学学报,1997,23(2):132～136
[34] G. K. Evanylo and J. L. Sims. Nitrogen and potassium fertilization effects on yield and quality of burley tobacco. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 1987, 51(11): 1536～1540.
[35] D. E. Haley, E. S. Nasset, and Otto Olson. A study of certain constituents of the leaf and their relation to the burning qualities of tobacco. Plant Physiology, 1928; 3(4): 185～197
[36] O. J. Attoe. Leaf-Burn of Tobacco as Influenced by Content of Potassium, Nitrogen, and Chlorine. Agron. J., 1946, 38(2): 186～196
[37] J L Sims.Potassium nutrition of tobacco in Agriculture. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Madison Wisconsin, USA, 1985,1023～1043
[38]韩锦峰.烟草栽培生理.北京:中国农业出版社, 2003, 26～56, 116～117, 153～156, 214～217
[39]颜合洪,胡雪平,张锦韬.不同施钾水平对烤烟生长和品质的影响.湖南农业大学学报, 2005, 31(1): 20～23
[40]何承刚,辛培尧.不同用量硝酸钾追肥对烤烟产量质量的影响.干旱地区农业研究, 2006, 24(1): 70～72
[41]宁敏,戴亚,郭家观.卷烟焦油释放量与K/C1比之间的定量关系.烟草科技, 1998, (5): 3～4
[42]顾也萍,程承士,冯学钢.钾肥对皖南红壤烟叶舍钾量及烟碱含量的影响.安徽师范大学学报, 1998, 21(1): 78～81
[43] Leggett JL,Sims JL,Gpssett DR,et a1.Potassium and magnesium nutrition effects on yield and chemical composition of burley tobacco leaves and smoke. Journal of Plant Science,1977, 57: 159-166
[44]颜合洪,胡雪平,张锦韬.不同施钾水平对烤烟生长和品质的影响.湖南农业大学学报, 2005, 31(1): 20～23
[45] Sriramamurthy C, Krishnamurthy V. Influence of N and K fertilization on quality characteristics of irrigated tobacco in Alfisols. Tobacco Research, 1999, 25(1): 44～47
[46] McKee C G, Aycock M K Jr. Effects of phosphorus rate on performance tobacco of Maryland tobacco cultivars. Tob Sci, 1997, 41(1): 5～9
[47]李立新,何宽信,肖仁平,等.不同施磷量对烤烟主要产质性状的影响.中国烟草科学, 2004, (1): 28～31
[48]江朝静,周焱,朱勇.不同施磷水平对烤烟生长和品质的影响.耕作与栽培, 2004, 2, 27～29
[49]王艳丽,刘国顺.磷肥用量对烟叶细胞壁物质含量和烟叶厚度的影响.烟草科技, 2005, (5): 41～44
[50]徐敏,叶协锋,刘国顺,等.磷对不同基因型烤烟幼苗生长和生理特性的影响.华北农学报, 2006, 21(3): 23～26
[51]徐敏,刘国顺,刘小可.磷对不同烤烟品种调制后烟叶物理特性的影响.河南农业科学, 2007, (4): 33～36
[52]汪耀富,高华军,刘国顺,等.氮、磷、钾肥配施对烤烟化学成分和致香物质含量的影响.植物营养与肥料学报, 2006, 12(1): 76～81
[53]周兴华,李顺鹏.烤烟对施氮量和氮磷钾比例的效应.广西农业科学, 1997, (4) : 172～174
[54]邹志云,黄丽华,刘铎,等.不同氮磷钾用量与配比对南雄县烟草产量,质量及气候斑病的影响.仲恺农业技术学院学报, 1994, 7 (2): 40～46
[55]方明,符云鹏,刘国顺,等.磷钾配施对晒红烟碳氮代谢和光合效率的影响.中国烟草科学, 2007, 28(2): 27～30
[56]胡克福,吴翠玲,尹键,等.不同施氮量与氮磷钾配比对烤烟农艺性状和产量质量的影响.河南农业科学, 1996, 8: 21～23
[57]白万明,徐茜,刘雪刚,等.福建南平烟区烤烟合理施磷研究.中国烟草科学2007, 28(4): 25～28
[58]史宏志,刘国顺.烟草香味学.北京:中国农业出版社, 1998, 106～112, 180～216
[59]王瑞新.烟草化学.北京:中国农业出版社, 2003, 91～95, 196～201, 52～53,62～63,77～78,250～277,170～174, 167～168,156～158
[60] Grimm H. Consequences of chlorophyll deficiency for leaf carotenoid composition in tobacco synthesizing glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase antisense RNA: dependency on developmental age and growth light. J Exp Bot, 1998, 49(320): 535～546
[61]惠伯棣.类胡萝卜素化学及生物化学.北京:中国轻工业出版社, 2005, 40～55
[62]周冀衡,王勇,邵岩,等.产烟国部分烟区烤烟质体色素及主要挥发性香气物质含量的比较.湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版), 2005, 3l(2): 128～132
[63]韩锦峰,郭培国.氮素用量、形态和种类对烤烟生长发育及产量品质影响的研究.河南农业大学学报, 1990, 24(3): 272～285
[64] Gopalam A, Gopalachari N C. Biochemical changes in leaf pigments and chemical constituents during flue curing of tobacco. Tob Res, 1979, 5: 113～117
[65] Court W A, Hendel J G. Changes in leaf pigments during senescence of flue cured tobacco. Can J Plant Sci, 1984, 64: 229～232
[66] Weybrew J A. Pigment changes in tobacco during natural in duced senescence. Tob Sci, 1957, 1: 6～8
[67] Whitefield D M, Rowan K S. Changes in the chlorophlls and Carotenoids of leaves of tobacco during senescence. Phytochemistry, 1974, 13: 77～83
[68]韦凤杰,刘国顺,杨永锋,等.烤烟成熟过程中类胡萝卜素变化与其降解香气物质关系.中国农业科学, 2005, 38 (9): 1882～1889
[69] Burton H R, Kaspcrbaucr M J. Changes in chemical composition of tobacco Lamina during senescence and curing.Ⅰ. Plastid Pigments. J Agric Food Chem, 1985, 33: 879～883
[70] Forrest G, Vilcins G. Determination of tobacco carotenoids by resonance raman spectroscopy. Agric Food Chem, 1979, 27: 609～612
[71]韦凤杰,范艺宽,刘国顺,等.饼肥对烤烟叶片发育过程中质体色素降解及相关酶类活性的影响.作物学报, 2006, 32 (5): 766～771
[72]符云鹏,刘国顺,宋玉川,等.氮肥种类对香料烟生长及产量品质的影响.河南农业大学学报, 2003, 37(1): 68～73
[73]林桂华,杨斌,上官克攀,等.施用有机肥对龙岩特色烟叶香气质量的影响.中国烟草科学, 2003, (3): 9～10
[74]刘国顺,刘韶松,贾新成,等.烟田施用有机肥对土壤理化性状和烟叶香气成分含量的影响.中国烟草学报, 2005, 11(3): 29～33
[75]刘国顺,叶协锋,王彦亭,等.不同钾肥施用量对烟叶香气成分含量的影响.中国烟草科学, 2004, (4): 1～4
[76]符云鹏,刘国顺,宋玉川,等.氮肥种类对香料烟生长及产量品质的影响.河南农业大学学报, 2003, 37(1): 68～73
[77]赵铭钦,刘金霞,黄永成,等.不同起垄方式与钾肥施用方法对烤烟中性致香物质含量的影响.西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2007, 35(9): 58～62
[78]武雪萍,钟秀明,秦艳青,等.芝麻饼肥与化肥不同比例配施对烟叶香气质量的影响.作物学报, 2006, 32(10): 1554～1559
[79]武雪萍,钟秀明,秦艳青,等.不同种类饼肥与化肥配施对烟叶香气质量的影响.中国农业科学, 2006,39(6): 1196～1201
[80]张永安,郑湖南,周冀衡,等.不同产区烤烟香气特征与化学成分的差异.湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版), 2007, 33(5): 568～571
[81]秦松,王正银,石俊雄.贵州省不同香气类型烟叶质量特征研究.中国农业科学, 2006, 39(11): 2319～2326
[82]冼可法,沈朝智,戚万敏,等.云南烤烟中性香味物质分析研究.中国烟草学报, 1992, 1(2):1～9
[83]周冀衡,杨虹琦,林桂华,等.我国不同烤烟产区烟叶主要挥发性香气物质的研究.湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版), 2004, 30(1): 20～23
[84]周冀衡,王勇,邵岩,等.产烟国部分烟区烤烟质体色素及主要挥发性香气物质含量的比较.湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版), 2005, 31(2): 128～132
[85]赵铭钦,陈秋会,陈红华.中外烤烟烟叶中挥发性香气物质的对比分析.华中农业大学学报, 2007, 26(6): 875～879
[86]冼可法.云南烤烟中性物质分析研究.中国烟草学报, 1991, (2): 1～9
[87]刘百战,冼可法.不同部位、成熟度及颜色的云南烤烟中某些中性香味成分的分析研究.中国烟草学报, 1993, (3): 46～53
[88]罗战勇,吕永华,李淑玲,等.广东生态烟区的划分及其烟叶质量评价.广东农业科学,2004, (1): 18～20
[89]杨虹琦,周冀衡,杨述元,等.不同产区烤烟中主要潜香型物质对评吸质量的影响研究.湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版), 2005, 31(1): 11～14
[90]杨虹琦,周冀衡,罗泽民,等.不同产区烤烟中质体色素及降解产物的研究.西南农业大学学报(自然科学版), 2004, 26(5): 641-646
[91]杨虹琦,周冀衡,郭紫明,等.湖南不同烟区烤烟中绿原酸和云香苷的研究.湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版), 2005, 31(6): 616～619
[92]杨虹琦,杨述元,周冀衡,等.不同生态区烤烟主要潜香型物质的分析研究.烟草农业科学, 2005(9): 72～78
[93]黄中燕,王树会.烤烟化学品质与生态环境要素关系研究.烟草农业科学, 2006(3): 17～22
[94]程昌新,卢秀萍.基因型和生态因素对烟草香气物质含量的影响.中国农学通报, 2005, (11): 137～139
[95] Narwal R P, Vinod Kumar, Singh J P. Potassium and magnesium relationship in cowpea. Plant and Soil, 1985, 86: 129～134
[96] Chitralekha Chatterjee, Nirmala Nautiyal. Influence of changes in manganese and magnesium supply on some aspects of wheat physiology. Soil Sci Plant Nutr, 1994, 40 (2) : 191～197
[97] Melo V F, Schaefer C E R. Potassium and magnesium in clay mineral of some Brazilian soils as indicated by sequential extraction procedure. Communication in Soil Science and Analysis, 2002, 33 (13) : 2003～2225
[98]胡中松,曹志洪,周如秀,等.烤烟化学组分与抽吸品质的关系研究初报.曹志洪.优质烤烟生产的钾素与微素.北京:中国农业出版社, 1995, 11～17
[99]张新. K、Ca和Mg对烟草品质及烟草对它们的吸收规律.曹志洪.优质烤烟生产的钾素与微素.北京:中国农业出版社, 1995. 63～68
[100]李永忠,蒋志宏,刘雅婷,等.供Mg水平对烤烟累积N、K、Ca、Mg的影响.福建农业大学学报(自然科学版) , 2002, 31(3) : 294～296
[101]李娟,章明清,林琼,等.钾、钙、镁交互作用对烤烟生长和养分吸收的影响.安徽农业大学学报, 2005, 32 (4) : 529～533
[102]江朝静,周焱,朱勇.不同施磷水平对烤烟生长和品质的影响.耕作与栽培, 2004, (2): 27～29
[103]应泉盛,朱祝军,李伟龙,等.氮、钙营养对青花菜花球品质的影响.浙江农业科学, 2005, (5): 346～348
[104]林多,黄丹枫,杨延杰.钾肥对网纹甜瓜叶片矿质营养元素含量影响的研究.北方园艺,2002, (6):54～55
[105]王凤婷,艾希珍.钾对日光温室黄瓜矿物质含量的影响.山东农业科学, 2007, (2): 86～88
[106]王政权.地统计学及其在生态学中的应用.北京:科学出版社, 1999, 102～149
[107]郭旭东,傅伯杰,马克明,等.基于GIS和地统计学的土壤养分空间变异研究.应用生态学报, 2000, 11(4): 557～563
[108] Gaston L. A., Locke M. A., Zablotowicz R. M., et al. Spatial variability of soil properties and weed populations in the Mississippi delta. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2001, 65:449～459
[109]苑小勇,黄元仿,高如泰,等.北京市平谷区农用地土壤有机质空间变异特征.农业工程学报, 2008, 24(2): 70～76
[110]王淑英,路苹,王建立,等.北京市平谷区土壤有机质和全氮的空间变异分析.北京农学院学报, 2007, 22(4): 21～25
[111] Gregory L. B. and Curtis J. R. A spatially explicit Investigation of phosphorus sorption and related soil properties in two riparian wetlands. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2004, 33:785～794
[112] Junta Y, Takuji S, Taku O, et al. Spatial variability of nitrous oxide emissions and their soil-related determining factors in an agricultural field. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2003, 32:1965～1977
[113] Nathan W. H, Liu B W, Boast C. W., et al. Spatial variability and measurement scale of infiltration rate on an agricultural landscape. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2004, 68:1818～1826
[114] Dobermann A. and Ping J. L. Geostatistical integration of yield monitor data and remote sensing improves yield maps. Agronomy Journal, 2004, 6:285～297
[115]孙波,赵其国,闾国年.低丘红壤肥力的时空变异.土壤学报, 2002, 39(2):190～198
[116]路鹏,彭佩钦,宋变兰,等.洞庭湖平原区土壤全磷含量地统计学和GIS分析.中国农业科学, 2005, 38(6):1204～1212
[117]赵良菊,肖洪浪,郭天文,等.甘肃灌漠土土壤肥力的空间变异性典型研究.中国沙漠, 2004, 24(4): 451～455
[118]冯娜娜,李廷轩,张锡洲,等.不同尺度下低山茶园土壤颗粒组成空间变异性特征.水土保持学报, 2006, 20(3): 123～128
[119]冯娜娜,李廷轩,张锡洲,等.不同尺度下低山茶园土壤有机质含量的空间变异.生态学报, 2006, 26(2): 349～356
[120]王永东,冯娜娜,李廷轩,等.不同尺度下低山茶园土壤阳离子交换量空间变异性研究.中国农业科学, 2007,40(9):1980～1988
[121]秦钟立,秦松,刘洪斌.贵州省植烟区土壤pH值和养分空间变异特征的研究.土壤通报, 2007, 38(6): 1046～1051
[122]陈海生,刘国顺,叶协锋,等.卢氏烟区土壤肥力因子空间变异性分析.河南农业大学学报, 2008, 42(1): 46～50
[123]高亮之,金之庆,黄耀等.水稻计算机模拟模型及其应用之一水稻钟模型—水稻发育动态计算机模型.中国农业气象, 1989, 10 (1): 3～10
[124]高亮之,金之庆,郑国清,等.小麦栽培模拟优化决策系统(WCSODS).江苏农业学报, 2000, 16 (2): 25～72
[125]陈华,高亮之,金之庆,等.应用RCSODS制作水稻高产栽培模式图.计算机农业应用, 1994, (1): 12～20
[126]曹卫星.农业信息学.北京:中国农业出版社, 2005, 319～320
[127]冯利平,高亮之,金之庆,等.小麦发育期动态模拟模型的研究.作物学报, 1997, 23(4): 418～424
[128]黄冲平,王爱华,胡秉民.马铃薯生育期和干物质积累的动态模拟研究.生物数学学报, 2003, 18 (3): 314～320
[129]黄冲平.马铃薯生长发育的动态模拟研究.杭州:浙江大学博士学位论文, 2003
[130]尚宗波,杨继武,殷红,等.玉米生长生理生态学模拟模型.植物学报, 2000, 42 (2):184～194
[131]宋有洪,郭焱,李保国,等.基于植株拓扑结构的生物量分配的玉米虚拟模型.生态学报, 2003, 23(11): 2333～2341
[132]宋有洪,郭焱,李保国,等.基于器官生物量构建植株形态的玉米虚拟模型.生态学报, 2003, 23(12): 2579～2586
[133]王锡平.玉米冠层光合有效辐射三维空间分布模型的构建与验证.北京:中国农业大学博士学位论文, 2004
[134]熊淑萍.烟草生长发育动态模拟模型系统(Tobacco-DSMS)的研究.郑州:河南农业大学硕士学位论文, 2003
[135]严美春,曹卫星,罗卫红,等.小麦发育过程及生育期机理模型的研究I.建模的基本设想与模型的描述.应用生态学报, 2000, 11(3): 355～359
[136]杨娟.烟草根系生长发育动态模拟模型及其可视化研究.郑州:河南农业大学硕士学位论文, 2004
[137]殷新佑,戚昌瀚.水稻生长日历模拟模型及其应用研究.作物学报,1994, 20 (3):339～346
[138]郑国清,段韶芬,张瑞玲,等.基于模拟模型的玉米栽培管理信息系统.中国农业科学,2004, 37(4): 619～624
[139] Feliks M. et al. Plant Production Model Evaluation for the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM 3.2) in Ohio. Agron. J., 1999, 91:220～227
[140] D. J. Greenwood, T. V. Karpinets and D. A. Stone. Dynamic Model for the Effects of Soil P and Fertilizer P on Crop Growth, P Uptake and Soil P in Arable Cropping: Model Description. Annals of Botany, 2001,88: 279～291
[141] Jonathan D. Hanson, K. W. Rojas, and Marvin J. Shaffer. Calibrating the Root Zone Water Quality Model. Agron. J. 1999,91:171～177
[142] Jose Cavero, Inma Farre, Philippe Debaeke, et al. Simulation of Maize Yield under Water Stress with the EPICphase and CROPWAT Models. Agron. J. ,2000, 92: 679～690
[143] Mckinion JM,Willmitzer L,Anderson J, et al Application of the G0SSYM/COMAX system to Cotton crop management. Agricultural Systems,1989,233:29～33
[144] Philippe Malagoli, Philippe Laine′, Erwan Le Deunff, et al. Modeling Nitrogen Uptake in Oilseed Rape cv Capitol during a Growth Cycle Using Influx Kinetics of Root Nitrate Transport Systems and Field Experimental Data. Plant Physiology, 2004, 134: 388～400
[145] Xie Y., Kiniry J.R., Nedbalek V, et al. Maize and sorghum simulations with CERES-maize, SORKAM, and ALMANAC under water-limiting conditions. Agronomy Journal. 2001, 93 (5) p. 1148～1155
[146] X. P. Pang and J. Letey. Organic Farming: Challenge of Timing Nitrogen Availability to Crop Nitrogen Requirements. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 2000,64:247～253
[147] Yin X., Kropff M.J., Goudriaan J., et al. A model analysis of yield differences among recombinant inbred lines in barley. Agronomy Journal. 2000, 92 (1) p. 114～120
[148] David Makowski, Daniel Wallach, and Jean-Marc Meynard. Models of yield, grain protein, and residual mineral nitrogen responses to applied nitrogen for winter wheat. Agron. J. ,1999, 91:377～385
[149] Terry L. Kastens, John P. Schmidt, and Kevin C. Dhuyvetter. Yield models implied by traditional fertilizer recommendations and a framework for including nontraditional information. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 2003, 67: 351～364
[150]柯庆明,林文雄,黄珍发,等.小白菜平衡施肥数学模型模拟研究.中国生态农业学报, 2005, 13(1): 119～121
[151]孙波,严浩,施建平,等.基于组件式GIS的施肥专家决策支持系统开发和应用.农业工程学报, 2006, 22(4): 75～79
[152]陈修斌,张红菊,赵怀勇,等.河西走廊加工型胡萝卜N、P、K肥配施数学模型构建与优化方案研究.沈阳农业大学学报, 2007, 38(4): 540～543
[153]马成林,吴才聪,张书慧,等.基于数据包络分析和人工神经网络的变量施肥决策方法研究.农业工程学报, 2004, 20(2): 152～155
[154]谭宗琨. BP人工神经网络在玉米智能农业专家系统中的应用.农业网络信息, 2004, (10): 9～11
[155]陈研,胡克林,冯凌,等.基于土壤-作物系统模拟模型的冬小麦田间水氮优化管理.农业工程学报, 2007, 23(6): 55～60
[156]马新明,张娟娟,席磊,等.基于叶面积指数(LAI)的小麦变量施氮模型研究.农业工程学报, 2008, 24(2): 22～26
[157]刘军,周连仁,梁桂荣.白浆土生态平衡施肥参数的研究.东北农业大学学报, 2007, 38(2): 215～220
[158]朱红春,张蕾,刘海英,等.基于GIS的猕猴桃土壤养分评价与施肥建议模型研究.农业工程学报, 2007, 23(6): 194～198
[159]陈家金,徐宗焕,林晶,等.基于RCSODS的东南沿海水稻施肥量决策.中国农业气象, 2008, 29 (1) : 71～74
[160]席运官,钦佩,丁公辉,等.基于RCSODS的有机水稻栽培施肥管理与效果分析.上海农业学报, 2007, 23(2): 28～33
[161]马新明,张娟娟,刘合兵,等.基于氮素胁迫的WCSODS模型订正与检验. 2008, 41(2): 391～396
[162]韩中庚.数学建模方法及其应用.北京:高等教育出版社, 2006, 91～107, 125～162
[163]唐启义,冯明光.实用统计分析及其DPS数据处理系统.北京:科学出版社, 2007, 100～105
[164]丁维龙,赵星,熊范纶,等.虚拟植物建模及其软件开发进展.模式识别与人工智能, 2002, 15(4): 435～442
[165]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析.北京:中国农业出版社, 2000, P39～60, P79～57, P99～107
[166]中国土壤学会.土壤农业化学分析方法.北京:中国科技出版社,1999,45～46, 146～196
[167]刘泽春,谢卫,蔡国华,等.连续流动法测定烟草水溶性糖的影响因素.福建分析测试, 2004, 13(1): 1901～1904
[168]蔡国华.样品放置时间对连续流动法测定烟草还原糖结果的影响.闽西职业技术学院学报, 2006, (2): 116～118
[169] Juang K W, Lee D Y, and Ellsworth T R. Using rank-order geostatistics for spatial interpolation of highly skewed data in a heavy-metal contaminated site. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2001, 30:894～903
[170]许红卫,高克异,王珂,等.稻田土壤养分空间变异与合理取样数研究.植物营养与肥料学报, 2006, 12(1): 37～43
[171]蒋文伟,向其柏.层次分析法在干旱区园林树木评选中的应用.南京林业大学学报, 2000(6): 63～67
[172]陈仲芳,张霖,尚富德.利用层次分析法综合评价湖北省部分桂花品种.园艺学报, 2004, 31(6): 825～829
[173]李双奎,谈存峰.甘肃省农业科技进步贡献率的测算及分析.甘肃农业大学学报, 2007, 42(6): 143～147
[174]刘遵春,包东娥,廖明安.层次分析法在金花梨果实品质评价上的应用.2006,34(8): 125～128
[175]韩路,贾志宽,韩清芳,等.应用A H P模型综合评价苜蓿生产性能的研究.草业科学, 2004, 21(2): 12～16
[176]张继权,张会,佟志军,等.中国北方草原火灾灾情评价及等级划分.草业学报, 2007, 16(6): 121～128
[177]万年峰,蒋杰贤,徐建祥,吴进才.层次分析法在上海市农田有害生物治理中的应用.生态学报, 2005, 25(11):2997～3002
[178] Broyer, T.C., Carlton, A.B., Johnson, C.M. & Stout, P.R. Chlorine─a micronutrient element for higher plants. Plant Physiol, 1954, 29: 526～532
[179]李明德,肖汉乾,汤海涛,等.氯素营养对烤烟生长发育和产量、品质的影响.中国烟草学报, 2004, 10 (6): 21～24
[180]刘洪斌,毛知耘.烤烟的氯素营养与含氯钾肥施用.西南农业学报, 1997, 10(1): 102～107
[181]盖钧镒.试验统计方法.北京:中国农业出版社, 2000, 13～34
[182]陈伏生,曾德慧.耕种对沙地土壤全磷空间变异性的影响.中国环境科学, 2005, 25(Supp1.): 85～88
[183]胡克林,余艳,张凤荣,等.北京郊区土壤有机质含量的时空变异及其影响因素.中国农业科学, 2006, 39(4): 764～771
[184] E. Perfect and J. Caron. Spectral analysis of tillage-induced differences in soil spatial variability. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2002, 66:1587～1595
[185]杨林章,徐琪.土壤生态系统.科学出版社, 2005, 10: 4～5
[186]刘国顺,叶协锋,王英元,等.褐土区不同钾肥施用量对烟株钾含量的影响.中国烟草学报, 2005, 11(1): 18～22
[187]叶协锋,张晓远,崔树毅,等.钾肥施用量对烟叶及土壤钾含量的影响.河南农业大学学报, 2006, 40(5): 473～476
[188]刘国顺,王景,徐辰生,等.生物钾肥对烤烟含钾量和经济性状的影响.中国烟草科学2005, ( 4) : 46～48
[189]李雪震,张希杰,李念胜.质体色素与烤后烟叶品质的关系.中国烟草, 1988, (2): 23～27
[190]李雪君,崔红,刘海礁,等. fps转基因烤烟类胡萝卜素及其降解产物的研究.中国烟草科学, 2006, (3): 25～27
[191]韩锦峰,刘卫群,扬素勤,等.海拔高度对烤烟香气物质的影响.中国烟草, 1993, (3): 1～3
[192]薛超群,尹启生,王信民,等.烤烟烟叶香气质量与其常规化学成分的相关性.烟草科技,2006,(9): 27～30
[193]王晖,邢小军,许自成,等.凉山烟区主要气候因素与烤烟质量特点分析.中国农业气象, 2007, 28 (4) : 420～425
[194]赵铭钦,陈秋会,赵明山,等.南阳地区生态条件对不同基因型烤烟品种烟叶化学成分和香气物质含量的影响.中国烟草学报, 2008, 14 (1): 37～41
[195]李良勇,谢鹏飞,刘峰,等.湖南浏阳烟区气候土壤因素和烟叶质量特点.湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版), 2006, 32(5): 497～501
[196]浙江农业大学.植物营养与肥料.北京:中国农业出版社,1991,25～26
[197]金轲,汪德水,蔡典雄,等.旱地农田肥水耦合效应及其模式研究.中国农业科学, 1999, 32(5): 104～106
[198]施建平,鲁如坤,时正元,等. Logistic回归模型在红壤地区早稻推荐施肥中的应用.土壤学报, 2002, 39(6): 853～862
[199]阮云泽,孙桂芳,唐树梅.土壤养分状况系统研究法在菠菜平衡施肥上的应用.植物营养与肥料学报2005, 11(4): 530～535
[200]孙振球,王乐三.医学综合评价方法及其应用.北京:化学工业出版社, 2006. pp 83～99
[201]刘国顺,韦凤杰,王芳,等.反相高效液相色谱法测定烤烟叶片发育过程中的类胡萝卜素类物质.色谱, 2006, 24 (2): 161～163
[2]刘国顺.烟草栽培学.北京:中国农业出版社, 2003, 1～3, 142～179, 143～145, 150～151
[3]刘国顺.国内外烟叶质量差距分析和提高烟叶质量技术途径探讨.中国烟草学报,2003 ,9(增刊) : 54～58
[4]赵兴,刘卫群,张维理,等.中国烟草平衡施肥技术研究现状与展望.中国烟草学报,2003 ,9(增刊) : 30～35
[5]左天觉.烟草的生产、生理和生物化学.朱尊权译.上海远东出版社, 1993, 199-222, 272～273
[6] D.Layten Davis和Mark T.Nielsen.编.烟草——生产,化学和技术.化学工业出版社, 2003, 76～78
[7]刘齐元,肖文俊.不同施肥量对烤烟生长发育及品质的影响.江西农业科技,1995, (5) :24～26
[8]赵宏伟,邹德堂.氮素用量对烤烟生长发育及产质量影响的研究.黑龙江农业科学, 1997, (5): 16～19
[9]安德艳,舒敏言.不同施氮量对烤烟产质量的影响.耕作与栽培, 1998, (2): 47～49
[10]周宽余,韩国彪.不同施氮量对烤烟生产的影响.山西农业科学, 1998, 26(2): 58～59
[11]韩锦峰,郭培国.氮素用量、形态、种类对烤烟生长发育及产量品质影响的研究.河南农业大学学报, 1990 , (3) :275～285
[12]章启发,陈刚.施肥技术对上部烟叶使用价值的影响.中国烟草科学, 1999, (4): 16～18
[13]邓云龙,孔光辉.云南烤烟中上部叶片含氮化合物代谢规律研究.云南大学学报, 2001, 23(1): 65～70
[14]李长军,宫长荣,肖鹏,等.施氮水平和烘烤条件对烟叶品质和含氮组分的影响.中国烟草科学, 2001, 22(1): 4～7
[15] Court W A , Elliot J M, Hendel J G. Influence of applied nitrogen fertilization on certain lipids , terpenses , and other characteristics of flue-cured tobacco. Tobacco Sci., 1984, 28 : 69～72
[16] J. W. Rideout, D.T Gooden, B A.Fortnum. Influence of nitrogen application rate and method on yield and leaf chemistry of tobacco grown with drip irrigation and plastic mulch. Tobacco Science, 1998, (42): 46～51
[17]赵宏伟,邹德堂,袁丽梅.氮素用量对烤烟生长发育及产质量影响的研究.黑龙江农业科学, 1997, (5): 16～19
[18]侯雪坤,程岩,陈魁卿.不同氮钾肥用量对黑龙江省烤烟产量质量的影响.土壤肥料, 1996, (4): 22～25
[19]邓云龙,孔光辉,武锦坤,等.云南烤烟中上部叶片含氮化合物代谢规律研究.云南大学学报, 2001, 23(1): 65～70
[20]祖艳群,林克惠.氮、钾营养对烤烟品质的影响.土壤通报, 2002, 33(6): 417～420
[21]汪耀富,张福锁.干旱和氮用量对烤烟干物质和矿质养分积累的影响.中国烟草学报, 2003, 9(1): 19～23
[22] Marchand M, Etourneaud F, Bourrie B.不同钾肥品种对烟草产量和化学成分的影响研究.中国烟草科学, 1999, 18 (2) : 6～11
[23] Leggett, J.E.ET AL. Potassium and magnesium nutrition effects on yield and chemical composition of burley tobacco leaves and smoke. Can J.Plant Sci. ,1977, 57: 159～166
[24]李明德,郑圣先.钾素营养对玉米生长及抗旱性德影响.土壤肥料, 1996,(4):10～12
[25]汪邓民,周冀衡,朱显灵,等.干旱胁迫下钾对烤烟生长及抗旱性的生理调节.中国烟草科学,1998, (3): 26～29
[26] J. E. McMurtrey, Jr. Nutritional Deficiency Studies on Tobacco. Agron. J., 1929; 21(2): 142～149
[27]郭丽琢.石灰性土壤上烤烟的钾素营养研究.西北农业大学硕士学位论文, 1996
[28]周冀衡,李章海,蒋玉平.不同供钾水平对白肋烟生长及钾素吸收规律的影响.烟草科技, 1995, (4):31～33
[29]陈明灿,李幼军,孔祥生,等.不同施钾量对烟草生育及产、质的影响.洛阳农业高等专科学校学报, 2002, 22(4): 241～242
[30]赵久明,戴建军,丁伟.不同施钾水平对烤烟产质量影响的研究.东北农业大学学报.1999, 30(1): 41～43
[31]李娟,章明清,林琼,等.钾、钙、镁交互作用对烤烟生长和养分吸收的影响.安徽农业大学学报, 2005, 32 (4) : 529～533
[32] S L蒂斯代尔.土壤肥力与肥料.孙秀廷译.北京:科学出版社, 1984, 146～167
[33]罗建新,萧汉乾,方红,等.钾肥施用量与施用期对烤烟产量和品质的影响.湖南农业大学学报,1997,23(2):132～136
[34] G. K. Evanylo and J. L. Sims. Nitrogen and potassium fertilization effects on yield and quality of burley tobacco. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 1987, 51(11): 1536～1540.
[35] D. E. Haley, E. S. Nasset, and Otto Olson. A study of certain constituents of the leaf and their relation to the burning qualities of tobacco. Plant Physiology, 1928; 3(4): 185～197
[36] O. J. Attoe. Leaf-Burn of Tobacco as Influenced by Content of Potassium, Nitrogen, and Chlorine. Agron. J., 1946, 38(2): 186～196
[37] J L Sims.Potassium nutrition of tobacco in Agriculture. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Madison Wisconsin, USA, 1985,1023～1043
[38]韩锦峰.烟草栽培生理.北京:中国农业出版社, 2003, 26～56, 116～117, 153～156, 214～217
[39]颜合洪,胡雪平,张锦韬.不同施钾水平对烤烟生长和品质的影响.湖南农业大学学报, 2005, 31(1): 20～23
[40]何承刚,辛培尧.不同用量硝酸钾追肥对烤烟产量质量的影响.干旱地区农业研究, 2006, 24(1): 70～72
[41]宁敏,戴亚,郭家观.卷烟焦油释放量与K/C1比之间的定量关系.烟草科技, 1998, (5): 3～4
[42]顾也萍,程承士,冯学钢.钾肥对皖南红壤烟叶舍钾量及烟碱含量的影响.安徽师范大学学报, 1998, 21(1): 78～81
[43] Leggett JL,Sims JL,Gpssett DR,et a1.Potassium and magnesium nutrition effects on yield and chemical composition of burley tobacco leaves and smoke. Journal of Plant Science,1977, 57: 159-166
[44]颜合洪,胡雪平,张锦韬.不同施钾水平对烤烟生长和品质的影响.湖南农业大学学报, 2005, 31(1): 20～23
[45] Sriramamurthy C, Krishnamurthy V. Influence of N and K fertilization on quality characteristics of irrigated tobacco in Alfisols. Tobacco Research, 1999, 25(1): 44～47
[46] McKee C G, Aycock M K Jr. Effects of phosphorus rate on performance tobacco of Maryland tobacco cultivars. Tob Sci, 1997, 41(1): 5～9
[47]李立新,何宽信,肖仁平,等.不同施磷量对烤烟主要产质性状的影响.中国烟草科学, 2004, (1): 28～31
[48]江朝静,周焱,朱勇.不同施磷水平对烤烟生长和品质的影响.耕作与栽培, 2004, 2, 27～29
[49]王艳丽,刘国顺.磷肥用量对烟叶细胞壁物质含量和烟叶厚度的影响.烟草科技, 2005, (5): 41～44
[50]徐敏,叶协锋,刘国顺,等.磷对不同基因型烤烟幼苗生长和生理特性的影响.华北农学报, 2006, 21(3): 23～26
[51]徐敏,刘国顺,刘小可.磷对不同烤烟品种调制后烟叶物理特性的影响.河南农业科学, 2007, (4): 33～36
[52]汪耀富,高华军,刘国顺,等.氮、磷、钾肥配施对烤烟化学成分和致香物质含量的影响.植物营养与肥料学报, 2006, 12(1): 76～81
[53]周兴华,李顺鹏.烤烟对施氮量和氮磷钾比例的效应.广西农业科学, 1997, (4) : 172～174
[54]邹志云,黄丽华,刘铎,等.不同氮磷钾用量与配比对南雄县烟草产量,质量及气候斑病的影响.仲恺农业技术学院学报, 1994, 7 (2): 40～46
[55]方明,符云鹏,刘国顺,等.磷钾配施对晒红烟碳氮代谢和光合效率的影响.中国烟草科学, 2007, 28(2): 27～30
[56]胡克福,吴翠玲,尹键,等.不同施氮量与氮磷钾配比对烤烟农艺性状和产量质量的影响.河南农业科学, 1996, 8: 21～23
[57]白万明,徐茜,刘雪刚,等.福建南平烟区烤烟合理施磷研究.中国烟草科学2007, 28(4): 25～28
[58]史宏志,刘国顺.烟草香味学.北京:中国农业出版社, 1998, 106～112, 180～216
[59]王瑞新.烟草化学.北京:中国农业出版社, 2003, 91～95, 196～201, 52～53,62～63,77～78,250～277,170～174, 167～168,156～158
[60] Grimm H. Consequences of chlorophyll deficiency for leaf carotenoid composition in tobacco synthesizing glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase antisense RNA: dependency on developmental age and growth light. J Exp Bot, 1998, 49(320): 535～546
[61]惠伯棣.类胡萝卜素化学及生物化学.北京:中国轻工业出版社, 2005, 40～55
[62]周冀衡,王勇,邵岩,等.产烟国部分烟区烤烟质体色素及主要挥发性香气物质含量的比较.湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版), 2005, 3l(2): 128～132
[63]韩锦峰,郭培国.氮素用量、形态和种类对烤烟生长发育及产量品质影响的研究.河南农业大学学报, 1990, 24(3): 272～285
[64] Gopalam A, Gopalachari N C. Biochemical changes in leaf pigments and chemical constituents during flue curing of tobacco. Tob Res, 1979, 5: 113～117
[65] Court W A, Hendel J G. Changes in leaf pigments during senescence of flue cured tobacco. Can J Plant Sci, 1984, 64: 229～232
[66] Weybrew J A. Pigment changes in tobacco during natural in duced senescence. Tob Sci, 1957, 1: 6～8
[67] Whitefield D M, Rowan K S. Changes in the chlorophlls and Carotenoids of leaves of tobacco during senescence. Phytochemistry, 1974, 13: 77～83
[68]韦凤杰,刘国顺,杨永锋,等.烤烟成熟过程中类胡萝卜素变化与其降解香气物质关系.中国农业科学, 2005, 38 (9): 1882～1889
[69] Burton H R, Kaspcrbaucr M J. Changes in chemical composition of tobacco Lamina during senescence and curing.Ⅰ. Plastid Pigments. J Agric Food Chem, 1985, 33: 879～883
[70] Forrest G, Vilcins G. Determination of tobacco carotenoids by resonance raman spectroscopy. Agric Food Chem, 1979, 27: 609～612
[71]韦凤杰,范艺宽,刘国顺,等.饼肥对烤烟叶片发育过程中质体色素降解及相关酶类活性的影响.作物学报, 2006, 32 (5): 766～771
[72]符云鹏,刘国顺,宋玉川,等.氮肥种类对香料烟生长及产量品质的影响.河南农业大学学报, 2003, 37(1): 68～73
[73]林桂华,杨斌,上官克攀,等.施用有机肥对龙岩特色烟叶香气质量的影响.中国烟草科学, 2003, (3): 9～10
[74]刘国顺,刘韶松,贾新成,等.烟田施用有机肥对土壤理化性状和烟叶香气成分含量的影响.中国烟草学报, 2005, 11(3): 29～33
[75]刘国顺,叶协锋,王彦亭,等.不同钾肥施用量对烟叶香气成分含量的影响.中国烟草科学, 2004, (4): 1～4
[76]符云鹏,刘国顺,宋玉川,等.氮肥种类对香料烟生长及产量品质的影响.河南农业大学学报, 2003, 37(1): 68～73
[77]赵铭钦,刘金霞,黄永成,等.不同起垄方式与钾肥施用方法对烤烟中性致香物质含量的影响.西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2007, 35(9): 58～62
[78]武雪萍,钟秀明,秦艳青,等.芝麻饼肥与化肥不同比例配施对烟叶香气质量的影响.作物学报, 2006, 32(10): 1554～1559
[79]武雪萍,钟秀明,秦艳青,等.不同种类饼肥与化肥配施对烟叶香气质量的影响.中国农业科学, 2006,39(6): 1196～1201
[80]张永安,郑湖南,周冀衡,等.不同产区烤烟香气特征与化学成分的差异.湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版), 2007, 33(5): 568～571
[81]秦松,王正银,石俊雄.贵州省不同香气类型烟叶质量特征研究.中国农业科学, 2006, 39(11): 2319～2326
[82]冼可法,沈朝智,戚万敏,等.云南烤烟中性香味物质分析研究.中国烟草学报, 1992, 1(2):1～9
[83]周冀衡,杨虹琦,林桂华,等.我国不同烤烟产区烟叶主要挥发性香气物质的研究.湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版), 2004, 30(1): 20～23
[84]周冀衡,王勇,邵岩,等.产烟国部分烟区烤烟质体色素及主要挥发性香气物质含量的比较.湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版), 2005, 31(2): 128～132
[85]赵铭钦,陈秋会,陈红华.中外烤烟烟叶中挥发性香气物质的对比分析.华中农业大学学报, 2007, 26(6): 875～879
[86]冼可法.云南烤烟中性物质分析研究.中国烟草学报, 1991, (2): 1～9
[87]刘百战,冼可法.不同部位、成熟度及颜色的云南烤烟中某些中性香味成分的分析研究.中国烟草学报, 1993, (3): 46～53
[88]罗战勇,吕永华,李淑玲,等.广东生态烟区的划分及其烟叶质量评价.广东农业科学,2004, (1): 18～20
[89]杨虹琦,周冀衡,杨述元,等.不同产区烤烟中主要潜香型物质对评吸质量的影响研究.湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版), 2005, 31(1): 11～14
[90]杨虹琦,周冀衡,罗泽民,等.不同产区烤烟中质体色素及降解产物的研究.西南农业大学学报(自然科学版), 2004, 26(5): 641-646
[91]杨虹琦,周冀衡,郭紫明,等.湖南不同烟区烤烟中绿原酸和云香苷的研究.湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版), 2005, 31(6): 616～619
[92]杨虹琦,杨述元,周冀衡,等.不同生态区烤烟主要潜香型物质的分析研究.烟草农业科学, 2005(9): 72～78
[93]黄中燕,王树会.烤烟化学品质与生态环境要素关系研究.烟草农业科学, 2006(3): 17～22
[94]程昌新,卢秀萍.基因型和生态因素对烟草香气物质含量的影响.中国农学通报, 2005, (11): 137～139
[95] Narwal R P, Vinod Kumar, Singh J P. Potassium and magnesium relationship in cowpea. Plant and Soil, 1985, 86: 129～134
[96] Chitralekha Chatterjee, Nirmala Nautiyal. Influence of changes in manganese and magnesium supply on some aspects of wheat physiology. Soil Sci Plant Nutr, 1994, 40 (2) : 191～197
[97] Melo V F, Schaefer C E R. Potassium and magnesium in clay mineral of some Brazilian soils as indicated by sequential extraction procedure. Communication in Soil Science and Analysis, 2002, 33 (13) : 2003～2225
[98]胡中松,曹志洪,周如秀,等.烤烟化学组分与抽吸品质的关系研究初报.曹志洪.优质烤烟生产的钾素与微素.北京:中国农业出版社, 1995, 11～17
[99]张新. K、Ca和Mg对烟草品质及烟草对它们的吸收规律.曹志洪.优质烤烟生产的钾素与微素.北京:中国农业出版社, 1995. 63～68
[100]李永忠,蒋志宏,刘雅婷,等.供Mg水平对烤烟累积N、K、Ca、Mg的影响.福建农业大学学报(自然科学版) , 2002, 31(3) : 294～296
[101]李娟,章明清,林琼,等.钾、钙、镁交互作用对烤烟生长和养分吸收的影响.安徽农业大学学报, 2005, 32 (4) : 529～533
[102]江朝静,周焱,朱勇.不同施磷水平对烤烟生长和品质的影响.耕作与栽培, 2004, (2): 27～29
[103]应泉盛,朱祝军,李伟龙,等.氮、钙营养对青花菜花球品质的影响.浙江农业科学, 2005, (5): 346～348
[104]林多,黄丹枫,杨延杰.钾肥对网纹甜瓜叶片矿质营养元素含量影响的研究.北方园艺,2002, (6):54～55
[105]王凤婷,艾希珍.钾对日光温室黄瓜矿物质含量的影响.山东农业科学, 2007, (2): 86～88
[106]王政权.地统计学及其在生态学中的应用.北京:科学出版社, 1999, 102～149
[107]郭旭东,傅伯杰,马克明,等.基于GIS和地统计学的土壤养分空间变异研究.应用生态学报, 2000, 11(4): 557～563
[108] Gaston L. A., Locke M. A., Zablotowicz R. M., et al. Spatial variability of soil properties and weed populations in the Mississippi delta. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2001, 65:449～459
[109]苑小勇,黄元仿,高如泰,等.北京市平谷区农用地土壤有机质空间变异特征.农业工程学报, 2008, 24(2): 70～76
[110]王淑英,路苹,王建立,等.北京市平谷区土壤有机质和全氮的空间变异分析.北京农学院学报, 2007, 22(4): 21～25
[111] Gregory L. B. and Curtis J. R. A spatially explicit Investigation of phosphorus sorption and related soil properties in two riparian wetlands. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2004, 33:785～794
[112] Junta Y, Takuji S, Taku O, et al. Spatial variability of nitrous oxide emissions and their soil-related determining factors in an agricultural field. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2003, 32:1965～1977
[113] Nathan W. H, Liu B W, Boast C. W., et al. Spatial variability and measurement scale of infiltration rate on an agricultural landscape. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2004, 68:1818～1826
[114] Dobermann A. and Ping J. L. Geostatistical integration of yield monitor data and remote sensing improves yield maps. Agronomy Journal, 2004, 6:285～297
[115]孙波,赵其国,闾国年.低丘红壤肥力的时空变异.土壤学报, 2002, 39(2):190～198
[116]路鹏,彭佩钦,宋变兰,等.洞庭湖平原区土壤全磷含量地统计学和GIS分析.中国农业科学, 2005, 38(6):1204～1212
[117]赵良菊,肖洪浪,郭天文,等.甘肃灌漠土土壤肥力的空间变异性典型研究.中国沙漠, 2004, 24(4): 451～455
[118]冯娜娜,李廷轩,张锡洲,等.不同尺度下低山茶园土壤颗粒组成空间变异性特征.水土保持学报, 2006, 20(3): 123～128
[119]冯娜娜,李廷轩,张锡洲,等.不同尺度下低山茶园土壤有机质含量的空间变异.生态学报, 2006, 26(2): 349～356
[120]王永东,冯娜娜,李廷轩,等.不同尺度下低山茶园土壤阳离子交换量空间变异性研究.中国农业科学, 2007,40(9):1980～1988
[121]秦钟立,秦松,刘洪斌.贵州省植烟区土壤pH值和养分空间变异特征的研究.土壤通报, 2007, 38(6): 1046～1051
[122]陈海生,刘国顺,叶协锋,等.卢氏烟区土壤肥力因子空间变异性分析.河南农业大学学报, 2008, 42(1): 46～50
[123]高亮之,金之庆,黄耀等.水稻计算机模拟模型及其应用之一水稻钟模型—水稻发育动态计算机模型.中国农业气象, 1989, 10 (1): 3～10
[124]高亮之,金之庆,郑国清,等.小麦栽培模拟优化决策系统(WCSODS).江苏农业学报, 2000, 16 (2): 25～72
[125]陈华,高亮之,金之庆,等.应用RCSODS制作水稻高产栽培模式图.计算机农业应用, 1994, (1): 12～20
[126]曹卫星.农业信息学.北京:中国农业出版社, 2005, 319～320
[127]冯利平,高亮之,金之庆,等.小麦发育期动态模拟模型的研究.作物学报, 1997, 23(4): 418～424
[128]黄冲平,王爱华,胡秉民.马铃薯生育期和干物质积累的动态模拟研究.生物数学学报, 2003, 18 (3): 314～320
[129]黄冲平.马铃薯生长发育的动态模拟研究.杭州:浙江大学博士学位论文, 2003
[130]尚宗波,杨继武,殷红,等.玉米生长生理生态学模拟模型.植物学报, 2000, 42 (2):184～194
[131]宋有洪,郭焱,李保国,等.基于植株拓扑结构的生物量分配的玉米虚拟模型.生态学报, 2003, 23(11): 2333～2341
[132]宋有洪,郭焱,李保国,等.基于器官生物量构建植株形态的玉米虚拟模型.生态学报, 2003, 23(12): 2579～2586
[133]王锡平.玉米冠层光合有效辐射三维空间分布模型的构建与验证.北京:中国农业大学博士学位论文, 2004
[134]熊淑萍.烟草生长发育动态模拟模型系统(Tobacco-DSMS)的研究.郑州:河南农业大学硕士学位论文, 2003
[135]严美春,曹卫星,罗卫红,等.小麦发育过程及生育期机理模型的研究I.建模的基本设想与模型的描述.应用生态学报, 2000, 11(3): 355～359
[136]杨娟.烟草根系生长发育动态模拟模型及其可视化研究.郑州:河南农业大学硕士学位论文, 2004
[137]殷新佑,戚昌瀚.水稻生长日历模拟模型及其应用研究.作物学报,1994, 20 (3):339～346
[138]郑国清,段韶芬,张瑞玲,等.基于模拟模型的玉米栽培管理信息系统.中国农业科学,2004, 37(4): 619～624
[139] Feliks M. et al. Plant Production Model Evaluation for the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM 3.2) in Ohio. Agron. J., 1999, 91:220～227
[140] D. J. Greenwood, T. V. Karpinets and D. A. Stone. Dynamic Model for the Effects of Soil P and Fertilizer P on Crop Growth, P Uptake and Soil P in Arable Cropping: Model Description. Annals of Botany, 2001,88: 279～291
[141] Jonathan D. Hanson, K. W. Rojas, and Marvin J. Shaffer. Calibrating the Root Zone Water Quality Model. Agron. J. 1999,91:171～177
[142] Jose Cavero, Inma Farre, Philippe Debaeke, et al. Simulation of Maize Yield under Water Stress with the EPICphase and CROPWAT Models. Agron. J. ,2000, 92: 679～690
[143] Mckinion JM,Willmitzer L,Anderson J, et al Application of the G0SSYM/COMAX system to Cotton crop management. Agricultural Systems,1989,233:29～33
[144] Philippe Malagoli, Philippe Laine′, Erwan Le Deunff, et al. Modeling Nitrogen Uptake in Oilseed Rape cv Capitol during a Growth Cycle Using Influx Kinetics of Root Nitrate Transport Systems and Field Experimental Data. Plant Physiology, 2004, 134: 388～400
[145] Xie Y., Kiniry J.R., Nedbalek V, et al. Maize and sorghum simulations with CERES-maize, SORKAM, and ALMANAC under water-limiting conditions. Agronomy Journal. 2001, 93 (5) p. 1148～1155
[146] X. P. Pang and J. Letey. Organic Farming: Challenge of Timing Nitrogen Availability to Crop Nitrogen Requirements. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 2000,64:247～253
[147] Yin X., Kropff M.J., Goudriaan J., et al. A model analysis of yield differences among recombinant inbred lines in barley. Agronomy Journal. 2000, 92 (1) p. 114～120
[148] David Makowski, Daniel Wallach, and Jean-Marc Meynard. Models of yield, grain protein, and residual mineral nitrogen responses to applied nitrogen for winter wheat. Agron. J. ,1999, 91:377～385
[149] Terry L. Kastens, John P. Schmidt, and Kevin C. Dhuyvetter. Yield models implied by traditional fertilizer recommendations and a framework for including nontraditional information. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 2003, 67: 351～364
[150]柯庆明,林文雄,黄珍发,等.小白菜平衡施肥数学模型模拟研究.中国生态农业学报, 2005, 13(1): 119～121
[151]孙波,严浩,施建平,等.基于组件式GIS的施肥专家决策支持系统开发和应用.农业工程学报, 2006, 22(4): 75～79
[152]陈修斌,张红菊,赵怀勇,等.河西走廊加工型胡萝卜N、P、K肥配施数学模型构建与优化方案研究.沈阳农业大学学报, 2007, 38(4): 540～543
[153]马成林,吴才聪,张书慧,等.基于数据包络分析和人工神经网络的变量施肥决策方法研究.农业工程学报, 2004, 20(2): 152～155
[154]谭宗琨. BP人工神经网络在玉米智能农业专家系统中的应用.农业网络信息, 2004, (10): 9～11
[155]陈研,胡克林,冯凌,等.基于土壤-作物系统模拟模型的冬小麦田间水氮优化管理.农业工程学报, 2007, 23(6): 55～60
[156]马新明,张娟娟,席磊,等.基于叶面积指数(LAI)的小麦变量施氮模型研究.农业工程学报, 2008, 24(2): 22～26
[157]刘军,周连仁,梁桂荣.白浆土生态平衡施肥参数的研究.东北农业大学学报, 2007, 38(2): 215～220
[158]朱红春,张蕾,刘海英,等.基于GIS的猕猴桃土壤养分评价与施肥建议模型研究.农业工程学报, 2007, 23(6): 194～198
[159]陈家金,徐宗焕,林晶,等.基于RCSODS的东南沿海水稻施肥量决策.中国农业气象, 2008, 29 (1) : 71～74
[160]席运官,钦佩,丁公辉,等.基于RCSODS的有机水稻栽培施肥管理与效果分析.上海农业学报, 2007, 23(2): 28～33
[161]马新明,张娟娟,刘合兵,等.基于氮素胁迫的WCSODS模型订正与检验. 2008, 41(2): 391～396
[162]韩中庚.数学建模方法及其应用.北京:高等教育出版社, 2006, 91～107, 125～162
[163]唐启义,冯明光.实用统计分析及其DPS数据处理系统.北京:科学出版社, 2007, 100～105
[164]丁维龙,赵星,熊范纶,等.虚拟植物建模及其软件开发进展.模式识别与人工智能, 2002, 15(4): 435～442
[165]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析.北京:中国农业出版社, 2000, P39～60, P79～57, P99～107
[166]中国土壤学会.土壤农业化学分析方法.北京:中国科技出版社,1999,45～46, 146～196
[167]刘泽春,谢卫,蔡国华,等.连续流动法测定烟草水溶性糖的影响因素.福建分析测试, 2004, 13(1): 1901～1904
[168]蔡国华.样品放置时间对连续流动法测定烟草还原糖结果的影响.闽西职业技术学院学报, 2006, (2): 116～118
[169] Juang K W, Lee D Y, and Ellsworth T R. Using rank-order geostatistics for spatial interpolation of highly skewed data in a heavy-metal contaminated site. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2001, 30:894～903
[170]许红卫,高克异,王珂,等.稻田土壤养分空间变异与合理取样数研究.植物营养与肥料学报, 2006, 12(1): 37～43
[171]蒋文伟,向其柏.层次分析法在干旱区园林树木评选中的应用.南京林业大学学报, 2000(6): 63～67
[172]陈仲芳,张霖,尚富德.利用层次分析法综合评价湖北省部分桂花品种.园艺学报, 2004, 31(6): 825～829
[173]李双奎,谈存峰.甘肃省农业科技进步贡献率的测算及分析.甘肃农业大学学报, 2007, 42(6): 143～147
[174]刘遵春,包东娥,廖明安.层次分析法在金花梨果实品质评价上的应用.2006,34(8): 125～128
[175]韩路,贾志宽,韩清芳,等.应用A H P模型综合评价苜蓿生产性能的研究.草业科学, 2004, 21(2): 12～16
[176]张继权,张会,佟志军,等.中国北方草原火灾灾情评价及等级划分.草业学报, 2007, 16(6): 121～128
[177]万年峰,蒋杰贤,徐建祥,吴进才.层次分析法在上海市农田有害生物治理中的应用.生态学报, 2005, 25(11):2997～3002
[178] Broyer, T.C., Carlton, A.B., Johnson, C.M. & Stout, P.R. Chlorine─a micronutrient element for higher plants. Plant Physiol, 1954, 29: 526～532
[179]李明德,肖汉乾,汤海涛,等.氯素营养对烤烟生长发育和产量、品质的影响.中国烟草学报, 2004, 10 (6): 21～24
[180]刘洪斌,毛知耘.烤烟的氯素营养与含氯钾肥施用.西南农业学报, 1997, 10(1): 102～107
[181]盖钧镒.试验统计方法.北京:中国农业出版社, 2000, 13～34
[182]陈伏生,曾德慧.耕种对沙地土壤全磷空间变异性的影响.中国环境科学, 2005, 25(Supp1.): 85～88
[183]胡克林,余艳,张凤荣,等.北京郊区土壤有机质含量的时空变异及其影响因素.中国农业科学, 2006, 39(4): 764～771
[184] E. Perfect and J. Caron. Spectral analysis of tillage-induced differences in soil spatial variability. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2002, 66:1587～1595
[185]杨林章,徐琪.土壤生态系统.科学出版社, 2005, 10: 4～5
[186]刘国顺,叶协锋,王英元,等.褐土区不同钾肥施用量对烟株钾含量的影响.中国烟草学报, 2005, 11(1): 18～22
[187]叶协锋,张晓远,崔树毅,等.钾肥施用量对烟叶及土壤钾含量的影响.河南农业大学学报, 2006, 40(5): 473～476
[188]刘国顺,王景,徐辰生,等.生物钾肥对烤烟含钾量和经济性状的影响.中国烟草科学2005, ( 4) : 46～48
[189]李雪震,张希杰,李念胜.质体色素与烤后烟叶品质的关系.中国烟草, 1988, (2): 23～27
[190]李雪君,崔红,刘海礁,等. fps转基因烤烟类胡萝卜素及其降解产物的研究.中国烟草科学, 2006, (3): 25～27
[191]韩锦峰,刘卫群,扬素勤,等.海拔高度对烤烟香气物质的影响.中国烟草, 1993, (3): 1～3
[192]薛超群,尹启生,王信民,等.烤烟烟叶香气质量与其常规化学成分的相关性.烟草科技,2006,(9): 27～30
[193]王晖,邢小军,许自成,等.凉山烟区主要气候因素与烤烟质量特点分析.中国农业气象, 2007, 28 (4) : 420～425
[194]赵铭钦,陈秋会,赵明山,等.南阳地区生态条件对不同基因型烤烟品种烟叶化学成分和香气物质含量的影响.中国烟草学报, 2008, 14 (1): 37～41
[195]李良勇,谢鹏飞,刘峰,等.湖南浏阳烟区气候土壤因素和烟叶质量特点.湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版), 2006, 32(5): 497～501
[196]浙江农业大学.植物营养与肥料.北京:中国农业出版社,1991,25～26
[197]金轲,汪德水,蔡典雄,等.旱地农田肥水耦合效应及其模式研究.中国农业科学, 1999, 32(5): 104～106
[198]施建平,鲁如坤,时正元,等. Logistic回归模型在红壤地区早稻推荐施肥中的应用.土壤学报, 2002, 39(6): 853～862
[199]阮云泽,孙桂芳,唐树梅.土壤养分状况系统研究法在菠菜平衡施肥上的应用.植物营养与肥料学报2005, 11(4): 530～535
[200]孙振球,王乐三.医学综合评价方法及其应用.北京:化学工业出版社, 2006. pp 83～99
[201]刘国顺,韦凤杰,王芳,等.反相高效液相色谱法测定烤烟叶片发育过程中的类胡萝卜素类物质.色谱, 2006, 24 (2): 161～163