不同给水和施肥条件对土壤微生物多样性的影响
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摘要
合理的水肥条件是保持土壤健康的主要因素之一。水分和养分是密不可分的,合理的水肥交互作用促进作物生长,有效地提高产量。土壤微生物可以敏感地指示土壤环境条件变化,其活性和群落结构可以反映土壤质量。为探讨农田生态系统不同水肥条件下土壤微生物多样性变化,采用微生物平板培养、BIOLOG及PLFAs3种试验方法,研究了中国科学院海伦农业生态试验站长期定位试验区精确水平衡场不同给水和施肥的土壤微生物数量、活性和多样性差异及动态变化。
微生物数量结果研究表明,在农田生态系统中,施肥有利于土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌三大类群的积累,其中有机肥的施用效果最为显著,适宜的给水措施促进细菌、真菌和放线菌三大菌群的生长。优势真菌数量的研究结果显示,施肥促进镰孢菌和木霉菌数量的增加,适宜的给水措施利于镰孢菌的代谢活动。
土壤细菌活性和代谢功能多样性结果表明,在大豆鼓粒期,施肥提高土壤微生物丰富度、功能多样性和均匀性,其中有机肥的施用效果最为显著,适宜的土壤水分状况利于土壤功能的多样性和丰富度。
土壤微生物功能多样性结果表明,不施肥区土壤中真菌特征脂肪酸含量最高,化肥配施有机肥最低;细菌特征脂肪酸以不施肥区土壤最低,化肥配施有机肥最高;化肥配施有机肥区土壤处于乏氧的土壤环境状况之中。不同的灌溉方式下,干旱区土壤的真菌特征脂肪酸最低,自然水区次之,足水区最高;细菌特征脂肪酸自然水区和充足水区土壤中相对丰度相似,干旱区稍低。
土壤功能细菌研究结果表明,施用无机肥条件下自然降水使氨氧化细菌数量高于充足水和干旱处理,干旱使好气性自生固氮菌和反硝化细菌数量高于自然降水和充足水,在自然降水条件不同施肥使功能性细菌发生变化,施肥促进三种功能菌的生长,其中,有机肥配施化肥的效果最为显著。反硝化细菌各处理数量相近,有机肥数量稍高。
Reasonable water and fertilizer condition is one of the health basis fators to soil, it is inserparable, reasonable water and fertilizer condition enhances the output effectively. The microorganism in soil instructs sensitively the soil environment condition, the activeness and the community structure of the microbial may reflect the quality of the soil.In order to discuss the variations of the soil microbial diversity under different water and ferilizer conditions, three kinds of test methods including microbial plate culture、BIOLOG and PLFAs were applied to study the differences and dynamic of soil microbial quantity and activity in a long-term localization field test in Hailun agroecological experimental station, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
The study of the microbial quantity indicated that fertilizer was advantageous to the bacterium, the fungus and actinomyces, in which organic fertilizer was the most notable, suitable water condition promoted the growing of the bacterium, the fungus and actinomyces. The results of studying the quantity of superiority fungus showed that fertilizer promoted the quantity of the Trichoderma and Fusarium, suitable water condition benefited to the metabolism activity of Fusarium.
The results of studying the microbial activity and metabolism function showed that fertilizer enhanced the abundance of microbial, the function multiplicity and the uniformity in soil, in which organic fertilizer was the most notable, suitable water condition benefited to the microbial multiplicity and the abundance in soil.
The results of the microbial function multiple indicated that, the fungi characteristic fat acid was the highest in no fertilizer condition, organic fertilizer was the lowest; The bacterium characteristic fatty acid was the lowest in no fertilizer condition, organic fertilizer was the highest. In the different water conditions, the quantity of fungus characteristic fatty acid in drought water conditions was the lowest, the adequate water condition is the highest; The bacterium characteristic fatty acid was similar, the drought water condition was slightly lower.
The results indicated that the number of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria of the natural water treatment was higher than the drought water and adequate treatment, the number of aerobic nitrogens-fixing bacteria and denitrifying bacteria of the drought water treatment was higher,fertilization promoted the growth of the three types of bacterial physiological groups, in which the application of manure with chemical fertilizer increased significantly, the number of denitrifying bacteria was similar, the bacteria number of chemical fertilizer with manure treatment was slightly higher.
微生物数量结果研究表明,在农田生态系统中,施肥有利于土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌三大类群的积累,其中有机肥的施用效果最为显著,适宜的给水措施促进细菌、真菌和放线菌三大菌群的生长。优势真菌数量的研究结果显示,施肥促进镰孢菌和木霉菌数量的增加,适宜的给水措施利于镰孢菌的代谢活动。
土壤细菌活性和代谢功能多样性结果表明,在大豆鼓粒期,施肥提高土壤微生物丰富度、功能多样性和均匀性,其中有机肥的施用效果最为显著,适宜的土壤水分状况利于土壤功能的多样性和丰富度。
土壤微生物功能多样性结果表明,不施肥区土壤中真菌特征脂肪酸含量最高,化肥配施有机肥最低;细菌特征脂肪酸以不施肥区土壤最低,化肥配施有机肥最高;化肥配施有机肥区土壤处于乏氧的土壤环境状况之中。不同的灌溉方式下,干旱区土壤的真菌特征脂肪酸最低,自然水区次之,足水区最高;细菌特征脂肪酸自然水区和充足水区土壤中相对丰度相似,干旱区稍低。
土壤功能细菌研究结果表明,施用无机肥条件下自然降水使氨氧化细菌数量高于充足水和干旱处理,干旱使好气性自生固氮菌和反硝化细菌数量高于自然降水和充足水,在自然降水条件不同施肥使功能性细菌发生变化,施肥促进三种功能菌的生长,其中,有机肥配施化肥的效果最为显著。反硝化细菌各处理数量相近,有机肥数量稍高。
Reasonable water and fertilizer condition is one of the health basis fators to soil, it is inserparable, reasonable water and fertilizer condition enhances the output effectively. The microorganism in soil instructs sensitively the soil environment condition, the activeness and the community structure of the microbial may reflect the quality of the soil.In order to discuss the variations of the soil microbial diversity under different water and ferilizer conditions, three kinds of test methods including microbial plate culture、BIOLOG and PLFAs were applied to study the differences and dynamic of soil microbial quantity and activity in a long-term localization field test in Hailun agroecological experimental station, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
The study of the microbial quantity indicated that fertilizer was advantageous to the bacterium, the fungus and actinomyces, in which organic fertilizer was the most notable, suitable water condition promoted the growing of the bacterium, the fungus and actinomyces. The results of studying the quantity of superiority fungus showed that fertilizer promoted the quantity of the Trichoderma and Fusarium, suitable water condition benefited to the metabolism activity of Fusarium.
The results of studying the microbial activity and metabolism function showed that fertilizer enhanced the abundance of microbial, the function multiplicity and the uniformity in soil, in which organic fertilizer was the most notable, suitable water condition benefited to the microbial multiplicity and the abundance in soil.
The results of the microbial function multiple indicated that, the fungi characteristic fat acid was the highest in no fertilizer condition, organic fertilizer was the lowest; The bacterium characteristic fatty acid was the lowest in no fertilizer condition, organic fertilizer was the highest. In the different water conditions, the quantity of fungus characteristic fatty acid in drought water conditions was the lowest, the adequate water condition is the highest; The bacterium characteristic fatty acid was similar, the drought water condition was slightly lower.
The results indicated that the number of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria of the natural water treatment was higher than the drought water and adequate treatment, the number of aerobic nitrogens-fixing bacteria and denitrifying bacteria of the drought water treatment was higher,fertilization promoted the growth of the three types of bacterial physiological groups, in which the application of manure with chemical fertilizer increased significantly, the number of denitrifying bacteria was similar, the bacteria number of chemical fertilizer with manure treatment was slightly higher.
引文
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