硒锌交互对蒙山茶矿质营养及化学品质的影响研究
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摘要
以川西蒙顶山名优茶区蒙山九号3年生茶树为研究对象，通过盆栽试验，叶面配合喷施不同浓度亚硒酸钠(Na_2SeO_3)和硫酸锌(ZnSO_4·7H_2O)，重点探讨了硒、锌及其交互作用对不同季节、不同采摘时间蒙山茶硒含量及组分和锌含量的影响，同时讨论了N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S等矿质营养及茶多酚、氨基酸等化学品质的变化。
(1)硒锌交互对春、夏、秋茶硒含量及硒有机化率有显著影响。硒(50～200 mg·kg~(-1))、锌(0.25％～1.00％)交互处理，春、夏、秋茶硒含量分别为0.35～3.66 mg·kg~(-1)、0.56～3.36 mg·kg~(-1)、0.41～2.90 mg·kg~(-1)，是对照(CK)的1.37～21.32倍、2.08～11.79倍、2.13～14.13倍，与同水平的单硒处理相比总体下降，表明硒锌交互对茶树硒累积有一定的拮抗作用。硒有机化率随着硒喷施浓度的提高而上升，硒锌交互总体高于同水平单硒处理，但高浓度硒锌交互对提高硒有机化率有不利影响。
同一季节不同采摘时间，各处理的总硒、有机硒含量随时间延长总体下降，中期降幅最大，后期趋于稳定，但硒有机化率随着处理后时间的延长逐渐上升。
从茶叶锌含量看，硒(50～200 mg·kg~(-1))与锌(0.25％～1.00％)交互，茶叶锌含量为87.30～235.35 mg·kg~(-1)。茶叶锌含量主要受到喷施锌浓度的影响，同水平锌与不同水平硒交互处理，随硒水平的上升，锌含量总体下降，以处理Se_3Zn_1(Se_(200)+Zn_(0.25))、Se_3Zn_3(Se_(200)+Zn_(1.00))分别在夏茶和秋茶中表现最为明显，分别较同期Se_1Zn_1(Se_(50)+Zn_(0.25))、Se_1Zn_3(Se_(50)+Zn_(1.00))下降25.2％、39.3％。
若以提高茶叶硒营养为目标，宜单施100 mg·kg~(-1) Na_2SeO_3，且16d后采摘为宜；若单独提高茶叶锌含量，以单施0.50％ZnSO_4·7H_2O16d后采摘为宜；若要同时提高茶叶硒和锌含量，以100 mg·kg~(-1) Na_2SeO_3和0.50％ZnSO_4·7H_2O配合喷施16d后采摘为宜，最有效的补硒补锌季节为夏季。
(2)硒锌交互对茶叶N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S等矿质元素含量影响作用明显。就春茶而言，与对照相比，交互处理降低了茶叶中P、K、Ca的含量，提高了N、Mg的含量，对S含量的影响不甚明显。硒锌交互对夏茶N、P、K、Ca、S吸收有正效应，其中S效应差异不显著，而对Mg含量的影响不明显。对秋茶中N、P、K含量的提高表现为正效应，而对Ca的吸收有抑制作用。
就Fe、Mn、Cu等微量矿质营养而言，与对照相比，硒、锌及其交互作用显著提高了春茶中Fe的含量，降低了Mn、Cu的含量。硒、锌单独作用对夏茶Fe、Mn、Cu含量有极显著的正效应，交互处理极显著提高了Fe含量，降低了Mn含量，而对Cu含量的影响不明显。硒、锌及其交互处理对秋茶Fe的吸收有促进作用，而对Cu、Mn的吸收表现为抑制效应，其中以Cu含量下降尤为明显，处理Se_1Zn_3(Se_(50)+Zn_(1.00))较对照下降达30％以上。
硒锌交互对蒙山茶矿质营养的改善作用主要表现在夏季，而对春秋季的影响不甚明显，甚至对Ca、Mn、Cu的吸收有抑制效应。叶面喷施硒锌肥提高茶叶硒锌含量时，若考虑改善其他矿质营养，宜在夏季配合喷施50 mg·kg~(-1) Na_2SeO_3和0.25％ZnSO_4·7H_2O。
(3)从硒锌交互对茶叶化学品质的影响来看，低浓度硒(50 mg·kg~(-1))锌(0.25％)交互显著降低了春茶茶多酚含量而提高了咖啡碱含量，高锌水平(1.00％)与不同浓度硒(50、100、200 mg·kg~(-1))交互处理氨基酸含量极显著低于单锌处理，其余处理对春茶影响作用不明显。就夏茶而言，与单硒、单锌处理相比，硒锌交互作用后茶多酚含量总体下降，而咖啡碱含量显著上升，其中以中低浓度硒锌交互氨基酸含量上升最为明显，其余处理对夏茶化学品质无显著影响。秋茶茶多酚、咖啡碱含量受硒锌交互的影响较小。
从茶叶的酚氨值来看，硒锌交互的春茶酚氨值均在7～11内，表明硒锌交互对改善春茶化学品质效果明显；硒锌交互后的夏茶酚氨值较对照(13.07)下降，而较单硒处理升高，表明硒锌交互对夏茶的品质有一定的改善作用，但效果不如单硒处理显著；秋茶酚氨值受硒锌交互作用的影响不明显。
硒锌交互提高茶叶硒锌含量时，若兼顾改善茶叶化学品质，以100 mg·kg~(-1)Na_2SeO_3和0.25％ZnSO_4·7H_2O配施，季节以春季为宜。
Three years old Mengshan tea 9 was chosed as the research subject, under potted plant experiment, foliar spraying of different concentration levels of Na_2SeO_3 and ZnSO_4·7H_2O was carried out to determine the effect of Se, Zn and Se-Zn interaction on the content and component of Se and the content of Zn, meanwhile, the chemical quality variety of other mineral nutrition(P, K, Ca, Mg, S etc.) , tea-polyphenol and amino acid were discussed.
(1) Se-Zn interaction has significant effect on Se content and its organic ratio in spring, summer, and autumn. Under the treatment of selenium(50～200 mg·kg~(-1)) and zinc(0.25%～1.00%) interaction, the contents of Se are 0.35～3.66 mg·kg~(-1) in spring, 0.56～3.36 mg·kg~(-1) in summer and 0.41～2.90 mg·kg~(-1) in autumn, which are 1.37～21.32 times, 2.08～11.79 times and 2.13～14.13 times of the control(CK). Compared with single-Se treatment with the same concentration, the content of Se is lower on the whole. It is indicated that there is antagonistic effect of selenium and zinc interaction on the accumulation of Se in tea. The organic ratio of Se rises along with the increase of the concentration of selenium, and it is higher under selenium and zinc interaction treatment than under single-Se treatment, but selenium and zinc interaction with high concentration has adverse effect on increasing the organic ratio of Se.
In the same season but different picking time, the contents of total Se and organic Se in each treatment decrease with the prolonging of time. The decrease gets to maximum in the mid period, but trends to be stable in later period. However, the organic ratio of Se gradually rises with the prolonging of time after the treatments.
When under the treatment of selenium(50～200 mg·kg~(-1)) and zinc(0.25%～1.00%) interaction, the content of Zn in tea is in the range of 87.30～235.35 mg·kg~(-1) . The content of Zn is impacted mainly by the spraying concentration of ZnSO_4·7H_2O. Under the treatment of the interaction of zinc with certain concentration and selenium with different concentrations, the content of Zn reduces along with the increase of the concentration of selenium on the whole. It is very obvious in the treatment of Se_3Zn_1(Se_(200)+Zn_(0.25)) of summer tea, and in the treatment of Se_3Zn_3(Se_(200)+Zn_(1.00)) of autumn tea, which are decreased by 25.2% and 39.3% compared with the treatments of Se_1Zn_1(Se_(50)+Zn_(0.25)) and Se_1Zn_3(Se_(50)+Zn_(1.00)) respectively during the same periods.
In summary, when aiming to increase the content of Se in tea, it is best to apply 100 mg. kg~(-1)Na_2SeO_3 only, and pick tea after 16 days. When aiming to increase the content of Zn in tea, it is best to apply 0.50%ZnSO_4·7H_2O only, and pick tea after 16 days. When aiming to increase the content of both Se and Zn in tea, it is best to apply 100 mg·kg~(-1)Na_2SeO_3 and 0.50%ZnSO_4·7H_2O, also pick tea after 16 days, and summer is the best season to increase Se and Zn effectively.
(2) The effect of Se-Zn interaction on the content of the mineral elements such as N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S is significant. As far as spring tea, compared with the control, the contents of P, K and Ca are reduced and the contents of N and Mg are increased by interaction treatment, but there is no obvious effect to the content of S. Se-Zn interaction has positive effect on the absorption of N, P, K, Ca and S of summer tea. Thereinto, the effect difference of S is nor remarkable, and there is no notable impact on the content of Mg. Se-Zn interaction has positive effect on increasing the content of P and K, but has antagonistic effect on the absorption of Ca.
As far as microelement, compared with the control, the content of Fe in spring tea is increased by the effect of selenium, zinc and their interaction significantly, and the contents of Mn and Cu are reduced. Single-Se or single-Zn treatment has very remarkable effect on increasing the content of Fe, Mn and Cu in summer tea. The content of Fe is increased very significantly by Se-Zn interaction treatment, but the content of Mn is reduced, and there is no obvious effect on the content of Cu. Se-Zn interaction treatment has promotional effect on the absorption of Fe in autumn tea, but it has antagonistic effect on the absorption of Cu and Mn, and the decrease of Cu is very obvious. It is reduced by 30% under the treatment of Se_1Zn_3(Se_(50)+Zn_(1.00)), compared with the control.
Generally speaking, the improving effect of Se-Zn interaction on mineral nutrients of Mengshan tea mainly presents in summer, but there is no remarkable effect in spring or autumn. However, it even has antagonistic effect on the absorption of P, K, Ca, Mn and Cu. When applying foliar spraying selenium and zinc to increase the contents of Se and Zn in tea, it is best to apply foliar spraying 50mg·kg~(-1)Na_2SeO_3 and 0.25%ZNSO_4·7H_2O in summer, if improvement of other mineral nutrients is considered at the same time.
(3) As far as the effect on Se-Zn interaction on tea chemical quality, low concentration of Se(50 mg·kg~(-1)) and Zn(0.25%) significantly decreases the content of tea-polyphenol and increases the content of theine. The interaction treatment of high concentration of Zn(1.00%) and different concentrations of Se(50,100,200 mg·kg~(-1)) has very significant effect on reducing the content of amino acid when compared with the single-Zn treatment, and other treatments have no obvious effect on spring tea. When it comes to summer tea, compared with single-Se or single-Zn treatment, after Se-Zn interaction treatment, the content of tea-polyphenol is reduced on the whole, while the of theine is increased remarkably, and the increase of the content of amino acid is most obvious under the treatment of low concentration Se-Zn interaction. Other treatment has no significant effect on the chemical quality of summer tea. And Se-Zn interaction has less effect on the content of tea-polyphenol and theine.
When it comes to the ratio of tea-polyphenol to amino acid, it is in the range of 7 to 11 under the treatment of Se-Zn interaction. It indicates that Se-Zn interaction has significant effect on improving the chemical quality of spring tea. Compared with the control(13.07), the ratio of tea-polyphenol to amino acid in summer tea under the treatment of Se-Zn interaction decreases, but it is still higher than under the treatment of single-Se. This indicates that Se-Zn interaction has certain effect on improving the chemical quality of summer tea, but the effect is not as remarkable as it is under the treatment of single-Se. There is no significant effect of Se-Zn interaction on the ratio of tea-polyphenol to amino acid in sutumn tea.
When applying Se-Zn interaction to improve the content of Se and Zn in tea, it is best to apply foliar spraying 100 mg·kg~(-1)Na_2SeO_3 and 0.25%ZNSO_4·7H_2O in spring, if improvement of chemical quality is considered at the same time.
(1)硒锌交互对春、夏、秋茶硒含量及硒有机化率有显著影响。硒(50～200 mg·kg~(-1))、锌(0.25％～1.00％)交互处理，春、夏、秋茶硒含量分别为0.35～3.66 mg·kg~(-1)、0.56～3.36 mg·kg~(-1)、0.41～2.90 mg·kg~(-1)，是对照(CK)的1.37～21.32倍、2.08～11.79倍、2.13～14.13倍，与同水平的单硒处理相比总体下降，表明硒锌交互对茶树硒累积有一定的拮抗作用。硒有机化率随着硒喷施浓度的提高而上升，硒锌交互总体高于同水平单硒处理，但高浓度硒锌交互对提高硒有机化率有不利影响。
同一季节不同采摘时间，各处理的总硒、有机硒含量随时间延长总体下降，中期降幅最大，后期趋于稳定，但硒有机化率随着处理后时间的延长逐渐上升。
从茶叶锌含量看，硒(50～200 mg·kg~(-1))与锌(0.25％～1.00％)交互，茶叶锌含量为87.30～235.35 mg·kg~(-1)。茶叶锌含量主要受到喷施锌浓度的影响，同水平锌与不同水平硒交互处理，随硒水平的上升，锌含量总体下降，以处理Se_3Zn_1(Se_(200)+Zn_(0.25))、Se_3Zn_3(Se_(200)+Zn_(1.00))分别在夏茶和秋茶中表现最为明显，分别较同期Se_1Zn_1(Se_(50)+Zn_(0.25))、Se_1Zn_3(Se_(50)+Zn_(1.00))下降25.2％、39.3％。
若以提高茶叶硒营养为目标，宜单施100 mg·kg~(-1) Na_2SeO_3，且16d后采摘为宜；若单独提高茶叶锌含量，以单施0.50％ZnSO_4·7H_2O16d后采摘为宜；若要同时提高茶叶硒和锌含量，以100 mg·kg~(-1) Na_2SeO_3和0.50％ZnSO_4·7H_2O配合喷施16d后采摘为宜，最有效的补硒补锌季节为夏季。
(2)硒锌交互对茶叶N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S等矿质元素含量影响作用明显。就春茶而言，与对照相比，交互处理降低了茶叶中P、K、Ca的含量，提高了N、Mg的含量，对S含量的影响不甚明显。硒锌交互对夏茶N、P、K、Ca、S吸收有正效应，其中S效应差异不显著，而对Mg含量的影响不明显。对秋茶中N、P、K含量的提高表现为正效应，而对Ca的吸收有抑制作用。
就Fe、Mn、Cu等微量矿质营养而言，与对照相比，硒、锌及其交互作用显著提高了春茶中Fe的含量，降低了Mn、Cu的含量。硒、锌单独作用对夏茶Fe、Mn、Cu含量有极显著的正效应，交互处理极显著提高了Fe含量，降低了Mn含量，而对Cu含量的影响不明显。硒、锌及其交互处理对秋茶Fe的吸收有促进作用，而对Cu、Mn的吸收表现为抑制效应，其中以Cu含量下降尤为明显，处理Se_1Zn_3(Se_(50)+Zn_(1.00))较对照下降达30％以上。
硒锌交互对蒙山茶矿质营养的改善作用主要表现在夏季，而对春秋季的影响不甚明显，甚至对Ca、Mn、Cu的吸收有抑制效应。叶面喷施硒锌肥提高茶叶硒锌含量时，若考虑改善其他矿质营养，宜在夏季配合喷施50 mg·kg~(-1) Na_2SeO_3和0.25％ZnSO_4·7H_2O。
(3)从硒锌交互对茶叶化学品质的影响来看，低浓度硒(50 mg·kg~(-1))锌(0.25％)交互显著降低了春茶茶多酚含量而提高了咖啡碱含量，高锌水平(1.00％)与不同浓度硒(50、100、200 mg·kg~(-1))交互处理氨基酸含量极显著低于单锌处理，其余处理对春茶影响作用不明显。就夏茶而言，与单硒、单锌处理相比，硒锌交互作用后茶多酚含量总体下降，而咖啡碱含量显著上升，其中以中低浓度硒锌交互氨基酸含量上升最为明显，其余处理对夏茶化学品质无显著影响。秋茶茶多酚、咖啡碱含量受硒锌交互的影响较小。
从茶叶的酚氨值来看，硒锌交互的春茶酚氨值均在7～11内，表明硒锌交互对改善春茶化学品质效果明显；硒锌交互后的夏茶酚氨值较对照(13.07)下降，而较单硒处理升高，表明硒锌交互对夏茶的品质有一定的改善作用，但效果不如单硒处理显著；秋茶酚氨值受硒锌交互作用的影响不明显。
硒锌交互提高茶叶硒锌含量时，若兼顾改善茶叶化学品质，以100 mg·kg~(-1)Na_2SeO_3和0.25％ZnSO_4·7H_2O配施，季节以春季为宜。
Three years old Mengshan tea 9 was chosed as the research subject, under potted plant experiment, foliar spraying of different concentration levels of Na_2SeO_3 and ZnSO_4·7H_2O was carried out to determine the effect of Se, Zn and Se-Zn interaction on the content and component of Se and the content of Zn, meanwhile, the chemical quality variety of other mineral nutrition(P, K, Ca, Mg, S etc.) , tea-polyphenol and amino acid were discussed.
(1) Se-Zn interaction has significant effect on Se content and its organic ratio in spring, summer, and autumn. Under the treatment of selenium(50～200 mg·kg~(-1)) and zinc(0.25%～1.00%) interaction, the contents of Se are 0.35～3.66 mg·kg~(-1) in spring, 0.56～3.36 mg·kg~(-1) in summer and 0.41～2.90 mg·kg~(-1) in autumn, which are 1.37～21.32 times, 2.08～11.79 times and 2.13～14.13 times of the control(CK). Compared with single-Se treatment with the same concentration, the content of Se is lower on the whole. It is indicated that there is antagonistic effect of selenium and zinc interaction on the accumulation of Se in tea. The organic ratio of Se rises along with the increase of the concentration of selenium, and it is higher under selenium and zinc interaction treatment than under single-Se treatment, but selenium and zinc interaction with high concentration has adverse effect on increasing the organic ratio of Se.
In the same season but different picking time, the contents of total Se and organic Se in each treatment decrease with the prolonging of time. The decrease gets to maximum in the mid period, but trends to be stable in later period. However, the organic ratio of Se gradually rises with the prolonging of time after the treatments.
When under the treatment of selenium(50～200 mg·kg~(-1)) and zinc(0.25%～1.00%) interaction, the content of Zn in tea is in the range of 87.30～235.35 mg·kg~(-1) . The content of Zn is impacted mainly by the spraying concentration of ZnSO_4·7H_2O. Under the treatment of the interaction of zinc with certain concentration and selenium with different concentrations, the content of Zn reduces along with the increase of the concentration of selenium on the whole. It is very obvious in the treatment of Se_3Zn_1(Se_(200)+Zn_(0.25)) of summer tea, and in the treatment of Se_3Zn_3(Se_(200)+Zn_(1.00)) of autumn tea, which are decreased by 25.2% and 39.3% compared with the treatments of Se_1Zn_1(Se_(50)+Zn_(0.25)) and Se_1Zn_3(Se_(50)+Zn_(1.00)) respectively during the same periods.
In summary, when aiming to increase the content of Se in tea, it is best to apply 100 mg. kg~(-1)Na_2SeO_3 only, and pick tea after 16 days. When aiming to increase the content of Zn in tea, it is best to apply 0.50%ZnSO_4·7H_2O only, and pick tea after 16 days. When aiming to increase the content of both Se and Zn in tea, it is best to apply 100 mg·kg~(-1)Na_2SeO_3 and 0.50%ZnSO_4·7H_2O, also pick tea after 16 days, and summer is the best season to increase Se and Zn effectively.
(2) The effect of Se-Zn interaction on the content of the mineral elements such as N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S is significant. As far as spring tea, compared with the control, the contents of P, K and Ca are reduced and the contents of N and Mg are increased by interaction treatment, but there is no obvious effect to the content of S. Se-Zn interaction has positive effect on the absorption of N, P, K, Ca and S of summer tea. Thereinto, the effect difference of S is nor remarkable, and there is no notable impact on the content of Mg. Se-Zn interaction has positive effect on increasing the content of P and K, but has antagonistic effect on the absorption of Ca.
As far as microelement, compared with the control, the content of Fe in spring tea is increased by the effect of selenium, zinc and their interaction significantly, and the contents of Mn and Cu are reduced. Single-Se or single-Zn treatment has very remarkable effect on increasing the content of Fe, Mn and Cu in summer tea. The content of Fe is increased very significantly by Se-Zn interaction treatment, but the content of Mn is reduced, and there is no obvious effect on the content of Cu. Se-Zn interaction treatment has promotional effect on the absorption of Fe in autumn tea, but it has antagonistic effect on the absorption of Cu and Mn, and the decrease of Cu is very obvious. It is reduced by 30% under the treatment of Se_1Zn_3(Se_(50)+Zn_(1.00)), compared with the control.
Generally speaking, the improving effect of Se-Zn interaction on mineral nutrients of Mengshan tea mainly presents in summer, but there is no remarkable effect in spring or autumn. However, it even has antagonistic effect on the absorption of P, K, Ca, Mn and Cu. When applying foliar spraying selenium and zinc to increase the contents of Se and Zn in tea, it is best to apply foliar spraying 50mg·kg~(-1)Na_2SeO_3 and 0.25%ZNSO_4·7H_2O in summer, if improvement of other mineral nutrients is considered at the same time.
(3) As far as the effect on Se-Zn interaction on tea chemical quality, low concentration of Se(50 mg·kg~(-1)) and Zn(0.25%) significantly decreases the content of tea-polyphenol and increases the content of theine. The interaction treatment of high concentration of Zn(1.00%) and different concentrations of Se(50,100,200 mg·kg~(-1)) has very significant effect on reducing the content of amino acid when compared with the single-Zn treatment, and other treatments have no obvious effect on spring tea. When it comes to summer tea, compared with single-Se or single-Zn treatment, after Se-Zn interaction treatment, the content of tea-polyphenol is reduced on the whole, while the of theine is increased remarkably, and the increase of the content of amino acid is most obvious under the treatment of low concentration Se-Zn interaction. Other treatment has no significant effect on the chemical quality of summer tea. And Se-Zn interaction has less effect on the content of tea-polyphenol and theine.
When it comes to the ratio of tea-polyphenol to amino acid, it is in the range of 7 to 11 under the treatment of Se-Zn interaction. It indicates that Se-Zn interaction has significant effect on improving the chemical quality of spring tea. Compared with the control(13.07), the ratio of tea-polyphenol to amino acid in summer tea under the treatment of Se-Zn interaction decreases, but it is still higher than under the treatment of single-Se. This indicates that Se-Zn interaction has certain effect on improving the chemical quality of summer tea, but the effect is not as remarkable as it is under the treatment of single-Se. There is no significant effect of Se-Zn interaction on the ratio of tea-polyphenol to amino acid in sutumn tea.
When applying Se-Zn interaction to improve the content of Se and Zn in tea, it is best to apply foliar spraying 100 mg·kg~(-1)Na_2SeO_3 and 0.25%ZNSO_4·7H_2O in spring, if improvement of chemical quality is considered at the same time.
引文
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