浙江省结核病防治示范区规模化现场流行病学调查及发病危险因素分析
|
摘要
研究目的：
通过对普通居民开展胸部x线检查,了解浙江省重大传染病示范区结核病流行病学特点。探讨结核病发病危险因素,为结核病防治工作提供参考依据。方法：
(1)2011年3月-2012年12月,对浙江省重大传染病防治示范区8个结核病防治示范现场15岁及以上常住户籍人口开展胸部x线检查和结核病疑似症状问诊。
(2)在绍兴和桐乡示范现场调查714例结核病患者,从源人口中按地区、年龄、性别进行频数匹配,随机抽取1635位非结核病患者作为对照组,进行发病危险因素病例对照研究。
(3)应用SPSS18.0进行统计分析,患病率之间的比较采用卡方检验,双侧水准为双侧α=0.05。发病危险因素分析采用单因素和多因素非条件logistic回归分析。
结果
(1)实检人口355232人,其中男152839人,女202393人,男女比例为1：1.16。活动性肺结核患病率为181/10万,涂阳肺结核患病率为36/10万,菌阳肺结核患病率为70/10万。
(2)男性活动性肺结核患病率为314/10万,涂阳肺结核患病率为64/10万,菌阳肺结核患病率为108/10万。女性活动性肺结核患病率为125/10万,涂阳肺结核患病率为26/10万,菌阳肺结核患病率为52/10万。
(3)海岛地区活动性肺结核患病率为257/10万,内陆地区为204/10万,两者之间的差异无统计学意义。GDP低地区活动性肺结核患病率为328/10万,GDP高地区活动性肺结核患病率为163/10万,两者之间的差异有统计学意义。
(4)发现活动性肺结核患者732例,涂阳肺结核患者151例,菌阳肺结核患者271例。
(5)肺结核患者男480例,女252例。60岁及以上老年人369例,占50.41%。从事农渔业者443例,占60.52%。小学及以下文化程度者397例,占54.24%。
(6)多因素分析显示：结核病病史(OR=124.040,95%CI:47.573～314.353).结核病患者接触史(OR＝8.856, 95%CI: 4.917 ～ 21.064).外来人口(OR=2.801,95%CI:2.424 ～ 3.793).糖尿病史(OR=2.581,95%CI：1.276～3.559)是结核病发生的危险因素,文化程度高(OR=0.423,95%CI:0.316 ～ 0.729)是保护因素。
结论：
(1)初步摸清了浙江省重大传染病防治示范区不同地理地貌、不同经济发展水平结核病流行情况和结核病患者特征,固定了研究人群,区分了患病人群和未患病人群,为浙江省结核病防治示范区开展第二轮、第三轮结核病动态筛查提供本底,最终探明结核病新发感染率、病死率变化。
(2)加强对既往有结核病史者、结核病接触者、外来人口、糖尿病患者的结核病管理工作,将有助于降低结核病的流行强度。
Objective
To realize the epidemiology situation of tuberculosis (TB) through chest X-ray in major infectious disease demonstration area of Zhejiang Province, and to investigate the influencing factors on TB for prevention and cure of TB.
Methods
(1)From Mar.2011to Dec.2012, Chest X-ray and interrogation of suspected TB symptoms were conducted among aged15and above the permanent population by stratified clustered-random sampling in different stages in the eight TB demonstration area of Zhejiang Province.
(2)714sputum smear positive TB patients and1635controls were randomly selected from the population under study and each case was matched by region, age and sex using a frequency matching method.
(3) The chi-square was applied for the comparison of prevalence by SPSS18.0statistical analysis. Single-variable and multiple non-conditional logistic regression modeling were applied for data analysis of risk factors, and odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding95%confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated.
Results
(1) A total of355232residents were examined, including male152839, female202393, the male to female ratio of1:1.16. The standardized prevalence of active, smesr positive and bacteriological positive pulmonary TB were181/100000,36/100000and70/100000.
(2) The standardized male prevalence of active, smesr positive and bacteriological positive pulmonary TB were314/100000,64/100000and108/100000. The standardized female prevalence of active, smesr positive and bacteriological positive pulmonary TB were125/100000,26/100000and52/100000.
(3) There were no statistical difference in the standardized prevalence of active pulmonary TB between island area (257/100000) and inland areas (204/100000). The standardized prevalence of active pulmonary TB in low GDP region (328/100000) was higher than high GDP region (163/100000).
(4)732cases of active pulmonary TB,151cases of smesr positive pulmonary TB and271cases of bacteriological positive pulmonary TB were diagnosed.
(5) A total of480male cases and252female cases were diagnosed. Elderly people aged60and above in369cases, accounting for50.41%. Engaged in farming and fishing person443cases, accounting for60.52%. Primary and culture under the socioeconomic status of397cases, accounting for54.24%.
(6) Results from multiple logistic regression showed that the risk factors of TB would include the following items: history of having had TB (OR=124.040,95%CI:47.573～314.353), history of exposure to TB (OR=8.856,95%CI:4.917～21.064), being immigrants (OR=2.801,95%CI:2.424～3.793) and history of diabetes (OR=2.581,95%CI:1.276～3.559), while having had high degree of education as the protective factor of TB (OR=0.423,95%CI:0.316～0.729).
Conclusion
(1) Initially found out TB prevalence and characteristics of patients with TB in the different geological features and different economic development levels in zhejiang province, and fixed the study population, distinguished infected and uninfected group, provided baseline data for the second round and the third round of TB screening dynamically, to carry out the changes of TB new infections and the fatality rate.
(2) Control programs targeting those ever having TB patients and contacts to TB patients as well as immigrants should be strengthened.
通过对普通居民开展胸部x线检查,了解浙江省重大传染病示范区结核病流行病学特点。探讨结核病发病危险因素,为结核病防治工作提供参考依据。方法：
(1)2011年3月-2012年12月,对浙江省重大传染病防治示范区8个结核病防治示范现场15岁及以上常住户籍人口开展胸部x线检查和结核病疑似症状问诊。
(2)在绍兴和桐乡示范现场调查714例结核病患者,从源人口中按地区、年龄、性别进行频数匹配,随机抽取1635位非结核病患者作为对照组,进行发病危险因素病例对照研究。
(3)应用SPSS18.0进行统计分析,患病率之间的比较采用卡方检验,双侧水准为双侧α=0.05。发病危险因素分析采用单因素和多因素非条件logistic回归分析。
结果
(1)实检人口355232人,其中男152839人,女202393人,男女比例为1：1.16。活动性肺结核患病率为181/10万,涂阳肺结核患病率为36/10万,菌阳肺结核患病率为70/10万。
(2)男性活动性肺结核患病率为314/10万,涂阳肺结核患病率为64/10万,菌阳肺结核患病率为108/10万。女性活动性肺结核患病率为125/10万,涂阳肺结核患病率为26/10万,菌阳肺结核患病率为52/10万。
(3)海岛地区活动性肺结核患病率为257/10万,内陆地区为204/10万,两者之间的差异无统计学意义。GDP低地区活动性肺结核患病率为328/10万,GDP高地区活动性肺结核患病率为163/10万,两者之间的差异有统计学意义。
(4)发现活动性肺结核患者732例,涂阳肺结核患者151例,菌阳肺结核患者271例。
(5)肺结核患者男480例,女252例。60岁及以上老年人369例,占50.41%。从事农渔业者443例,占60.52%。小学及以下文化程度者397例,占54.24%。
(6)多因素分析显示：结核病病史(OR=124.040,95%CI:47.573～314.353).结核病患者接触史(OR＝8.856, 95%CI: 4.917 ～ 21.064).外来人口(OR=2.801,95%CI:2.424 ～ 3.793).糖尿病史(OR=2.581,95%CI：1.276～3.559)是结核病发生的危险因素,文化程度高(OR=0.423,95%CI:0.316 ～ 0.729)是保护因素。
结论：
(1)初步摸清了浙江省重大传染病防治示范区不同地理地貌、不同经济发展水平结核病流行情况和结核病患者特征,固定了研究人群,区分了患病人群和未患病人群,为浙江省结核病防治示范区开展第二轮、第三轮结核病动态筛查提供本底,最终探明结核病新发感染率、病死率变化。
(2)加强对既往有结核病史者、结核病接触者、外来人口、糖尿病患者的结核病管理工作,将有助于降低结核病的流行强度。
Objective
To realize the epidemiology situation of tuberculosis (TB) through chest X-ray in major infectious disease demonstration area of Zhejiang Province, and to investigate the influencing factors on TB for prevention and cure of TB.
Methods
(1)From Mar.2011to Dec.2012, Chest X-ray and interrogation of suspected TB symptoms were conducted among aged15and above the permanent population by stratified clustered-random sampling in different stages in the eight TB demonstration area of Zhejiang Province.
(2)714sputum smear positive TB patients and1635controls were randomly selected from the population under study and each case was matched by region, age and sex using a frequency matching method.
(3) The chi-square was applied for the comparison of prevalence by SPSS18.0statistical analysis. Single-variable and multiple non-conditional logistic regression modeling were applied for data analysis of risk factors, and odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding95%confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated.
Results
(1) A total of355232residents were examined, including male152839, female202393, the male to female ratio of1:1.16. The standardized prevalence of active, smesr positive and bacteriological positive pulmonary TB were181/100000,36/100000and70/100000.
(2) The standardized male prevalence of active, smesr positive and bacteriological positive pulmonary TB were314/100000,64/100000and108/100000. The standardized female prevalence of active, smesr positive and bacteriological positive pulmonary TB were125/100000,26/100000and52/100000.
(3) There were no statistical difference in the standardized prevalence of active pulmonary TB between island area (257/100000) and inland areas (204/100000). The standardized prevalence of active pulmonary TB in low GDP region (328/100000) was higher than high GDP region (163/100000).
(4)732cases of active pulmonary TB,151cases of smesr positive pulmonary TB and271cases of bacteriological positive pulmonary TB were diagnosed.
(5) A total of480male cases and252female cases were diagnosed. Elderly people aged60and above in369cases, accounting for50.41%. Engaged in farming and fishing person443cases, accounting for60.52%. Primary and culture under the socioeconomic status of397cases, accounting for54.24%.
(6) Results from multiple logistic regression showed that the risk factors of TB would include the following items: history of having had TB (OR=124.040,95%CI:47.573～314.353), history of exposure to TB (OR=8.856,95%CI:4.917～21.064), being immigrants (OR=2.801,95%CI:2.424～3.793) and history of diabetes (OR=2.581,95%CI:1.276～3.559), while having had high degree of education as the protective factor of TB (OR=0.423,95%CI:0.316～0.729).
Conclusion
(1) Initially found out TB prevalence and characteristics of patients with TB in the different geological features and different economic development levels in zhejiang province, and fixed the study population, distinguished infected and uninfected group, provided baseline data for the second round and the third round of TB screening dynamically, to carry out the changes of TB new infections and the fatality rate.
(2) Control programs targeting those ever having TB patients and contacts to TB patients as well as immigrants should be strengthened.
引文
[1]代宝珍,詹绍康.流动人口的结核病控制与对策.上海预防医学.2005.17(3)：111-2.
[2]WHO declares tuberculosis a global emergency. Soz Praventivmed.1993.38(4): 251-2.
[3]张文康.在全国结核病防治工作电视电话会议上的讲话.中国防痨杂志.2001.23(2)：71-7.
[4]Pym AS, Cole ST. Post DOTS, post genomics:the next century of tuberculosis control.Lancet. 1999.353(9157):1004-5.
[5]Global Tuberculosis Control 2011. WHO
[6]Dye C. Global epidemiology of tuberculosis.Lancet. 2006.367(9514):938-40.
[7]Raviglione M, Marais B, Floyd K, et al. Scaling up interventions to achieve global tuberculosis control:progress and new developments.Lancet. 2012.379(9829): 1902-13.
[8]全国第五次结核病流行病学抽样调查技术指导组,全国第五次结核病流行病学抽样调查办公室.2010年全国第五次结核病流行病学抽样调查报告.中国防痨杂志.2012.34(8)：485-508.
[9]Barry CE, Boshoff HI, Dartois V, et al. The spectrum of latent tuberculosis: rethinking the biology and intervention strategies.Nat Rev Microbiol.2009.7(12): 845-55.
[10]Horsburgh CR Jr. Priorities for the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in the United States.N Engl J Med.2004.350(20):2060-7.
[11]Gbayisomore A, Lardizabal AA, Reichman LB. Update:prevention and treatment of tuberculosis. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2000.13(2):155-9.
[12]Reichler MR, Reves R, Bur S, et al. Evaluation of investigations conducted to detect and prevent transmission of tuberculosis. JAMA. 2002. 287(8):991-5.
[13]黄玉,钟节鸣,陈彬等.2010年浙江省结核病发病流行病学特征分析.疾病监测.2011.26(8)：45-8.
[14]de Jong BC, Hill PC, Aiken A, et al. Progression to active tuberculosis, but not transmission, varies by Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage in The Gambia. J Infect Dis. 2008. 198(7):1037-43.
[15]Stagas MK, Papaetis GS, Orphanidou D, et al. Polymorphisms of the NRAMP1 gene: distribution and susceptibility to the development of pulmonary tuberculosis in the Greek population.Med Sci Monit. 2011.17(1):PH1-6.
[16]Hsu YH, Chen CW, Sun HS, et al. Association of NRAMP 1 gene polymorphism with susceptibility to tuberculosis in Taiwanese aboriginals.J Formos Med Assoc. 2006. 105(5):363-9.
[17]Comstock GW, Livesay VT, Woolpert SF.The prognosis of a positive tuberculin reaction in childhood and adolescence.Am J Epidemiol.1974. 99(2):131-8.
[18]Baker M, Das D, Venugopal K, Howden-Chapman P. Tuberculosis associated with household crowding in a developed country.J Epidemiol Community Health. 2008. 62(8):715-21.
[19]Lonnroth K, Castro KG, Chakaya JM, et al. Tuberculosis control and elimination 2010-50: cure, care, and social development Lancet. 2010. 375(9728):1814-29.
[20]Lienhardt C, Fielding K, Sillah JS, et al. Investigation of the risk factors for tuberculosis:a case-control study in three countries in West Africa. Int J Epidemiol. 2005.34(4):914-23.
[21]Chamla DD, Nie S, Duan Q. Retrospective descriptive study of adult tuberculosis in Wuhan, China Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2004. 8(6):730-6.
[22]Gninafon M, Ade G, Ait-Khaled N, et al. Exposure to combustion of solid fuel and tuberculosis:a matched case-control study. Eur Respir J. 2011.38(1):132-8.
[23]Tekkel M, Rahu M, Loit HM, et al. Risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis in Estonia.Int J Tuberc Lung Dis.2002.6(10):887-94.
[24]朱士玉、后永春、舒文等.中国四省市结核病发病危险因素研究.中华流行病学杂志.2013.34(2)：129-32.
[25]杨杨,毛辉青,程海萍.西宁市居民结核发病危险因素病例对照研究.国外医学(医学地理分册).2009.30(3)：150-3.
[26]吕华坤,许卫国,王蓓等.江苏省农村居民结核病危险因素病例对照研究.中国公共卫生.2004.20(12)：1450-1.
[27]National Tuberculosis Controllers Association, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guidelines for the investigation of contacts of persons with infectious tuberculosis.Recommendations from the National Tuberculosis Controllers Association and CDC.MMWR Recomm Rep.2005.54(RR-15):1-47.
[28]Shetty N, Shemko M, Vaz M, et al. An epidemiological evaluation of risk factors for tuberculosis in South India:a matched case control study.Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2006.10(1):80-6.
[29]全国结核病流行病学抽样调查技术指导组,全国结核病流行病学抽样调查办公室.2000年全国结核病流行病学抽样调查报告.中国防痨杂志.2002.24(2)：65-71.
[30]Ahsan MJ, Garg SK, Vashishtha B, et al. Tuberculosis Vaccines:Hopes and Hurdles. Infect Disord Drug Targets.2013.
[31]Elangovan R, Arulchelvan S.A Study on the Role of Mobile Phone Communication in Tuberculosis DOTS Treatment.Indian J Community Med. 2013.38(4):229-33.
[32]WHO global tuberculosis control report 2010.Summary.Cent Eur J Public Health. 2010.18(4):237-237.
[33]Gninafon M, Trebucq A, Rieder HL.Epidemiology of tuberculosis in Benin.Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2011.15(1):61-6.
[34]Montoya JC, Murase Y, Ang C, et al.A molecular epidemiologic analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis among Filipino patients in a suburban community in the Philippines.Kekkaku. 2013. 88(6):543-52.
[35]Smit PW, Haanpera M, Rantala P, et al.Molecular Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in Finland,2008-2011.PLoS One. 2013.8(12):e85027.
[36]Holmes CB, Hausler H, Nunn P.A review of sex differences in the epidemiology of tuberculosis.Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 1998.2(2):96-104.
[37]Diwan VK, Thorson A. Sex, gender and tuberculosis.Lancet. 1999.353(9157): 1000-1.
[38]王福生,林嵩.肺结核与吸烟关系的探讨.社区医学杂志.2007.5(2)：62-3.
[39]Wang J, Fei Y, Shen H, et al.Gender difference in knowledge of tuberculosis and associated health-care seeking behaviors:a cross-sectional study in a rural area of China.BMC Public Health. 2008.8:354.
[40]Yan F, Thomson R, Tang S, et al. Multiple perspectives on diagnosis delay for tuberculosis from key stakeholders in poor rural China: case study in four provinces.Health policy. 2007. 82(2):186-99.
[41]Irani L, Kabalimu TK, Kasesela S. Knowledge and healthcare seeking behaviour of pulmonary tuberculosis patients attending Ilala District Hospital, Tanzania.Tanzan Health Res Bull. 2007. 9(3):169-73.
[42]Rhines AS.The role of sex differences in the prevalence and transmission of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis. 2013.93(1):104-7.
[43]van Helden PD, Moller M, Babb C, et al.TB epidemiology and human genetics. Novartis Found Symp. 2006. 279:17-31.
[44]张洪霞,李华文,陈光.秦皇岛市大学生肺结核危险因素分析.实用预防医学.2011.18(10)：1872-4.
[45]Van Rie A, McCarthy K, Scott L, et al.Prevalence, risk factors and risk perception of tuberculosis infection among medical students and healthcare workers in Johannesburg, South Africa.S Afr Med J. 2013.103(11):853-7.
[46]Laurenti P, Federico B, Raponi M, et al.Knowledge, experiences, and attitudes of medical students in Rome about tuberculosis.Med Sci Monit. 2013.19:865-74.
[47]Gibney KB, Brass A, Hume SC, et al. Educating international students about tuberculosis and infections associated with travel to visit friends and relatives (VFR-travel). Travel Med Infect Dis.2013.
[48]WHO global tuberculosis control report 2010, Summary.Cent Eur J Public Health. 2010.18(4):237.
[49]Egbagbe EE, Okojie OH, Amaize E. Epidemiology of pulmonary tuberculosis in University of Benin Teaching Hospital and Central Hospital, Benin City. Nig Q J Hosp Med. 2011.21(2):159-62.
[50]Affolabi D, Adjagba OA, Tanimomo-Kledjo B, et al. Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance among new and previously treated pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Cotonou, Benin.Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2007.11(11):1221-4.
[51]施雯慧,陈伟.结核病发病影响因素研究进展.中华流行病学杂志.2012.33(12)：1296-300.
[52]唐莉,包明红.松潘地区结核病发病特点及病因分析.皖南医学院学报.2010.29(1)：42-4.
[53]黄敏莹,李鹃,刘飞鹰.2006-2010年广西肺结核流行病学分析.应用预防医学.2011.17(4)：209-12.
[54]Gates MC, Volkova VV, Woolhouse ME.Impact of changes in cattle movement regulations on the risks of bovine tuberculosis for Scottish farms.Prev Vet Med. 2013.108(2-3):125-36.
[55]Keshavjee S, Harrington M, Gonsalves G, et al. Time for zero deaths from tuberculosis.Lancet. 2011. 378(9801):1449-50.
[56]Karolemeas K, McKinley TJ, Clifton-Hadley RS, et al. Recurrence of bovine tuberculosis breakdowns in Great Britain: risk factors and prediction. Prev Vet Med. 2011.102(1):22-9.
[57]Samperiz G, Guerrero D, Lopez M, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for pulmonary abnormalities in HIV-infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy. HIV Med. 2013.
[58]Tang S, Tan S, Yao L, et al. Risk Factors for Poor Treatment Outcomes in Patients with MDR-TB and XDR-TB in China: Retrospective Multi-Center Investigation.PLoS One.2013. 8(12): e82943.
[59]Gninafon M, Ade G, Ait-Khaled N, et al. Exposure to combustion of solid fuel and tuberculosis:a matched case-control study. Eur Respir J. 2011.38(1):132-8.
[60]钟达,张玉华,傅衍勇等.流动人口结核病流行现状和控制策略研究进展.现代预防医学.2011.38(20)：149-52.
[61]Weis SE, Moonan PK, Pogoda JM, et al. Tuberculosis in the foreign-born population of Tarrant county, Texas by immigration status.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001.164(6):953-7.
[62]Dye C, Bourdin TB, Lonnroth K, et al. Nutrition, diabetes and tuberculosis in the epidemiological transition.PLoS One. 2011.6(6):e21161.
[63]Restrepo BI, Camerlin AJ, Rahbar MH, et al. Cross-sectional assessment reveals high diabetes prevalence among newly-diagnosed tuberculosis cases. Bull World Health Organ. 2011.89(5): 352-9.
[64]Trunz BB, Fine P, Dye C. Effect of BCG vaccination on childhood tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis worldwide: a meta-analysis and assessment of cost-effectiveness.Lancet. 2006. 367(9517):1173-80.
[65]李史来.复治肺结核患者生存质量及其影响因素的研究.中国现代药物应用.2010.4(3)：30-1.
[1]WHO declares tuberculosis a global emergency. Soz Praventivmed. 1993.38(4): 251-2.
[2]代宝珍,詹绍康.流动人口的结核病控制与对策.上海预防医学.2005.17(3)：111-2.
[3]全国第五次结核病流行病学抽样调查技术指导组,全国第五次结核病流行病学抽样调查办公室.2010年全国第五次结核病流行病学抽样调查报告.中国防痨杂志.2012.34(8)：485-508.
[4]Lewis SJ, Baker I, Davey SGMeta-analysis of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and pulmonary tuberculosis risk.Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2005.9(10):1174-7.
[5]冯福民,郭梅,郝金奇等.维生素D受体基因多态性与汉族人肺结核发病的关系.山东医药.2009.49(45)：4-6.
[6]Gruenheid S, Pinner E, Desjardins M, et al. Natural resistance to infection with intracellular pathogens: the Nrampl protein is recruited to the membrane of the phagosome. J Exp Med. 1997. 185(4):717-30.
[7]Govoni G, Gros P. Macrophage NRAMP1 and its role in resistance to microbial infections. Inflamm Res. 1998.47(7):277-84.
[8]Bellamy R, Ruwende C, Corrah T, et al. Variations in the NRAMP1 gene and susceptibility to tuberculosis in West Africans. N Engl J Med. 1998. 338(10):640-4.
[9]Stagas MK, Papaetis GS, Orphanidou D, et al. Polymorphisms of the NRAMP1 gene:distribution and susceptibility to the development of pulmonary tuberculosis in the Greek population.Med Sci Monit. 2011.17(1):1-6.
[10]Hsu YH, Chen CW, Sun HS, et al. Association of NRAMP 1 gene polymorphism with susceptibility to tuberculosis in Taiwanese aboriginals.J Formos Med Assoc. 2006. 105(5): 363-9.
[11]Ryu S, Park YK, Bai GH, et al. 3'UTR polymorphisms in the NRAMP1 gene are associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis in Koreans.Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2000.4(6): 577-80.
[12]熊宇,李革NRAMP1基因多态性与重庆市汉族人群肺结核易感相关性研究.重庆医科大学学报.2010.35(12)：1820-4.
[13]熊宇NRAMP1、Sp110基因多态性与肺结核易患相关性研究.流行病与卫生统计学.2008.
[14]Pan H, Yan BS, Rojas M, et al. Iprl gene mediates innate immunity to tuberculosis. Nature.2005.434(7034):767-72.
[15]Kadereit S, Gewert DR, Galabru J, et al.Molecular cloning of two new interferon-induced, highly related nuclear phosphoproteins.J Biol Chem. 1993.268(32): 24432-41.
[16]Castrillo A, Tontonoz P. Nuclear receptors in macrophage biology:at the crossroads of lipid metabolism and inflammation.Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol.2004. 20:455-80.
[17]Png E, Alisjahbana B, Sahiratmadja E, et al. Polymorphisms in SP110 are not associated with pulmonary tuberculosis in Indonesians. Infect Genet Evol.2012. 12(6):1319-23.
[18]Liang L, Zhao YL, Yue J, et al.Association of SP110 gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to tuberculosis in a Chinese population. Infect Genet Evol.2011. 11(5):934-9.
[19]Cai L, Pan H, Trzcinski K, et al.MYBBP1A: a new Iprl's binding protein in mice.Mol Biol Rep. 2010.37(8):3863-8.
[20]Babb C, Keet EH, van Helden PD, et al. SP110 polymorphisms are not associated with pulmonary tuberculosis in a South African population. Hum Genet. 2007. 121(3-4):521-2.
[21]Tosh K, Campbell SJ, Fielding K, et al. Variants in the SP110 gene are associated with genetic susceptibility to tuberculosis in West Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006.103(27):10364-8.
[22]Lienhardt C, Fielding K, Sillah JS, et al. Investigation of the risk factors for tuberculosis: a case-control study in three countries in West Africa. Int J Epidemiol. 2005.34(4):914-23.
[23]吕华坤,许卫国,王蓓等.江苏省农村居民结核病危险因素病例对照研究.中国公共卫生.2004.20(12)：1450-1.
[24]Esposito S, Tagliabue C, Bosis S. Tuberculosis in Children. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2013.5(1):e2013064.
[25]Rosenzweig JA, Chopra AK. The exoribonuclease Polynucleotide Phosphorylase influences the virulence and stress responses of yersiniae and many other pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2013.3:81.
[26]Chapman AL, Darton TC, Foster RA. Managing and monitoring tuberculosis using web-based tools in combination with traditional approaches. Clin Epidemiol. 2013.5:465-73.
[27]Van Vooren JP, Schepers K. Screening for tuberculosis.Rev Med Brux. 2013. 34(4):301-5.
[28]Samperiz G, Guerrero D, Lopez M, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for pulmonary abnormalities in HIV-infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy. HIV Med. 2013.
[29]Tang S, Tan S, Yao L, et al. Risk Factors for Poor Treatment Outcomes in Patients with MDR-TB and XDR-TB in China: Retrospective Multi-Center Investigation.PLoS One. 2013.8(12):e82943.
[30]Gninafon M, Ade G, Ait-Khaled N, et al. Exposure to combustion of solid fuel and tuberculosis: a matched case-control study. Eur Respir J. 2011.38(1):132-8.
[31]Monedero I, Caminero JA. Management of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: an update.Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2010. 4(2): 117-27.
[32]Leung AN. Pulmonary tuberculosis:the essentials.Radiology. 1999. 210(2):307-22.
[33]Trunz BB, Fine P, Dye C. Effect of BCG vaccination on childhood tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis worldwide:a meta-analysis and assessment of cost-effectiveness.Lancet. 2006.367(9517):1173-80.
[34]Tekkel M, Rahu M, Loit HM, et al. Risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis in Estonia Int J Tuberc Lung Dis.2002.6(10):887-94.
[35]刘玮,张芳,赵秋敏等.部队人群肺结核发病因素的病例对照研究.中国热带医学.2006.6(4)：569-71.
[36]张学青,王国民,郁红等.健康相关行为与肺结核发病的病例对照研究.中国热带医学.2009.9(3)：791-3.
[37]卢凌凌.农民工结核病发病因素分析.临床军医杂志.2009.37(3)：384-5.
[38]Dye C, Bourdin TB, Lonnroth K, et al. Nutrition, diabetes and tuberculosis in the epidemiological transition.PLoS One.2011.6(6):e21161.
[39]Restrepo BI, Camerlin AJ, Rahbar MH, et al. Cross-sectional assessment reveals high diabetes prevalence among newly-diagnosed tuberculosis cases. Bull World Health Organ. 2011.89(5):352-9.
[40]Malkin JE, Prazuck T, Simonnet F, et al. Tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection in west Burkina Faso:clinical presentation and clinical evolution.Int J Tuberc Lung Dis.1997.1(1):68-74.
[41]Ledru e, Sanou PT, Dembele M, et al. Prevention of wasting and opportunistic infections in HIV-infected patients in West Africa: a realistic and necessary strategy before antiretroviral treatment.Sante.1999.9(5):293-300.
[42]Kant S, Srivastava R, Verma AK, et al. Maxillary sinus tuberculosis:various presentations.Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci. 2013.55(3):175-7.
[43]Barboza CE, Winter DH, Seiscento M, et al. Tuberculosis and silicosis: epidemiology, diagnosis and chemoprophylaxis. J Bras Pneumol.2008.34(11): 959-66.
[44]Hnizdo E, Murray J. Risk of pulmonary tuberculosis relative to silicosis and exposure to silica dust in South African gold miners. Occup Environ Med. 1998. 55(7):496-502.
[45]Lewis JG, Chamberlain DA.Alcohol consumption and smoking habits in mail patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.Br J Prev Soc Med. 1963.17:149-52.
[46]Davies PD, Yew WW, Ganguly D, et al. Smoking and tuberculosis: the epidemiological association and immunopathogenesis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2006. 100(4):291-8.
[47]Leung CC, Lam TH, Ho KS, et al.Passive smoking and tuberculosis.Arch Intern Med. 2010. 170(3):287-92.
[48]Ladefoged K, Rendal T, Skifte T, et al.Risk factors for tuberculosis in Greenland: case-control study.Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2011.15(1):44-9.
[49]纪青,孙月吉,刘启贵等.心理状态、社会功能与肺结核患者的生活质量.中国临床康复.2006.10(2)：21-4.
[50]张洪霞,李华文,陈光.秦皇岛市大学生肺结核危险因素分析.实用预防医学.2011.18(10)：1872-4.
[51]蒋学峰,刘芳,高玉婧等.银川市结核发病危险因素病例对照研究.中华预防医学杂志.2008.42(2)：90-2.
[52]钟达,张玉华,傅衍勇等.流动人口结核病流行现状和控制策略研究进展.现代预防医学.2011.38(20)：659-61.
[53]Weis SE, Moonan PK, Pogoda JM, et al. Tuberculosis in the foreign-born population of Tarrant county, Texas by immigration status.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001.164(6):953-7.
[54]李史来.复治肺结核患者生存质量及其影响因素的研究.中国现代药物应用.2010.4(3)：30-1.
[55]Shetty N, Shemko M, Vaz M, et al. An epidemiological evaluation of risk factors for tuberculosis in South India: a matched case control study.Int J Tuberc Lung Dis.2006.10(1):80-6.
[2]WHO declares tuberculosis a global emergency. Soz Praventivmed.1993.38(4): 251-2.
[3]张文康.在全国结核病防治工作电视电话会议上的讲话.中国防痨杂志.2001.23(2)：71-7.
[4]Pym AS, Cole ST. Post DOTS, post genomics:the next century of tuberculosis control.Lancet. 1999.353(9157):1004-5.
[5]Global Tuberculosis Control 2011. WHO
[6]Dye C. Global epidemiology of tuberculosis.Lancet. 2006.367(9514):938-40.
[7]Raviglione M, Marais B, Floyd K, et al. Scaling up interventions to achieve global tuberculosis control:progress and new developments.Lancet. 2012.379(9829): 1902-13.
[8]全国第五次结核病流行病学抽样调查技术指导组,全国第五次结核病流行病学抽样调查办公室.2010年全国第五次结核病流行病学抽样调查报告.中国防痨杂志.2012.34(8)：485-508.
[9]Barry CE, Boshoff HI, Dartois V, et al. The spectrum of latent tuberculosis: rethinking the biology and intervention strategies.Nat Rev Microbiol.2009.7(12): 845-55.
[10]Horsburgh CR Jr. Priorities for the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in the United States.N Engl J Med.2004.350(20):2060-7.
[11]Gbayisomore A, Lardizabal AA, Reichman LB. Update:prevention and treatment of tuberculosis. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2000.13(2):155-9.
[12]Reichler MR, Reves R, Bur S, et al. Evaluation of investigations conducted to detect and prevent transmission of tuberculosis. JAMA. 2002. 287(8):991-5.
[13]黄玉,钟节鸣,陈彬等.2010年浙江省结核病发病流行病学特征分析.疾病监测.2011.26(8)：45-8.
[14]de Jong BC, Hill PC, Aiken A, et al. Progression to active tuberculosis, but not transmission, varies by Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage in The Gambia. J Infect Dis. 2008. 198(7):1037-43.
[15]Stagas MK, Papaetis GS, Orphanidou D, et al. Polymorphisms of the NRAMP1 gene: distribution and susceptibility to the development of pulmonary tuberculosis in the Greek population.Med Sci Monit. 2011.17(1):PH1-6.
[16]Hsu YH, Chen CW, Sun HS, et al. Association of NRAMP 1 gene polymorphism with susceptibility to tuberculosis in Taiwanese aboriginals.J Formos Med Assoc. 2006. 105(5):363-9.
[17]Comstock GW, Livesay VT, Woolpert SF.The prognosis of a positive tuberculin reaction in childhood and adolescence.Am J Epidemiol.1974. 99(2):131-8.
[18]Baker M, Das D, Venugopal K, Howden-Chapman P. Tuberculosis associated with household crowding in a developed country.J Epidemiol Community Health. 2008. 62(8):715-21.
[19]Lonnroth K, Castro KG, Chakaya JM, et al. Tuberculosis control and elimination 2010-50: cure, care, and social development Lancet. 2010. 375(9728):1814-29.
[20]Lienhardt C, Fielding K, Sillah JS, et al. Investigation of the risk factors for tuberculosis:a case-control study in three countries in West Africa. Int J Epidemiol. 2005.34(4):914-23.
[21]Chamla DD, Nie S, Duan Q. Retrospective descriptive study of adult tuberculosis in Wuhan, China Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2004. 8(6):730-6.
[22]Gninafon M, Ade G, Ait-Khaled N, et al. Exposure to combustion of solid fuel and tuberculosis:a matched case-control study. Eur Respir J. 2011.38(1):132-8.
[23]Tekkel M, Rahu M, Loit HM, et al. Risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis in Estonia.Int J Tuberc Lung Dis.2002.6(10):887-94.
[24]朱士玉、后永春、舒文等.中国四省市结核病发病危险因素研究.中华流行病学杂志.2013.34(2)：129-32.
[25]杨杨,毛辉青,程海萍.西宁市居民结核发病危险因素病例对照研究.国外医学(医学地理分册).2009.30(3)：150-3.
[26]吕华坤,许卫国,王蓓等.江苏省农村居民结核病危险因素病例对照研究.中国公共卫生.2004.20(12)：1450-1.
[27]National Tuberculosis Controllers Association, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guidelines for the investigation of contacts of persons with infectious tuberculosis.Recommendations from the National Tuberculosis Controllers Association and CDC.MMWR Recomm Rep.2005.54(RR-15):1-47.
[28]Shetty N, Shemko M, Vaz M, et al. An epidemiological evaluation of risk factors for tuberculosis in South India:a matched case control study.Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2006.10(1):80-6.
[29]全国结核病流行病学抽样调查技术指导组,全国结核病流行病学抽样调查办公室.2000年全国结核病流行病学抽样调查报告.中国防痨杂志.2002.24(2)：65-71.
[30]Ahsan MJ, Garg SK, Vashishtha B, et al. Tuberculosis Vaccines:Hopes and Hurdles. Infect Disord Drug Targets.2013.
[31]Elangovan R, Arulchelvan S.A Study on the Role of Mobile Phone Communication in Tuberculosis DOTS Treatment.Indian J Community Med. 2013.38(4):229-33.
[32]WHO global tuberculosis control report 2010.Summary.Cent Eur J Public Health. 2010.18(4):237-237.
[33]Gninafon M, Trebucq A, Rieder HL.Epidemiology of tuberculosis in Benin.Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2011.15(1):61-6.
[34]Montoya JC, Murase Y, Ang C, et al.A molecular epidemiologic analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis among Filipino patients in a suburban community in the Philippines.Kekkaku. 2013. 88(6):543-52.
[35]Smit PW, Haanpera M, Rantala P, et al.Molecular Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in Finland,2008-2011.PLoS One. 2013.8(12):e85027.
[36]Holmes CB, Hausler H, Nunn P.A review of sex differences in the epidemiology of tuberculosis.Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 1998.2(2):96-104.
[37]Diwan VK, Thorson A. Sex, gender and tuberculosis.Lancet. 1999.353(9157): 1000-1.
[38]王福生,林嵩.肺结核与吸烟关系的探讨.社区医学杂志.2007.5(2)：62-3.
[39]Wang J, Fei Y, Shen H, et al.Gender difference in knowledge of tuberculosis and associated health-care seeking behaviors:a cross-sectional study in a rural area of China.BMC Public Health. 2008.8:354.
[40]Yan F, Thomson R, Tang S, et al. Multiple perspectives on diagnosis delay for tuberculosis from key stakeholders in poor rural China: case study in four provinces.Health policy. 2007. 82(2):186-99.
[41]Irani L, Kabalimu TK, Kasesela S. Knowledge and healthcare seeking behaviour of pulmonary tuberculosis patients attending Ilala District Hospital, Tanzania.Tanzan Health Res Bull. 2007. 9(3):169-73.
[42]Rhines AS.The role of sex differences in the prevalence and transmission of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis. 2013.93(1):104-7.
[43]van Helden PD, Moller M, Babb C, et al.TB epidemiology and human genetics. Novartis Found Symp. 2006. 279:17-31.
[44]张洪霞,李华文,陈光.秦皇岛市大学生肺结核危险因素分析.实用预防医学.2011.18(10)：1872-4.
[45]Van Rie A, McCarthy K, Scott L, et al.Prevalence, risk factors and risk perception of tuberculosis infection among medical students and healthcare workers in Johannesburg, South Africa.S Afr Med J. 2013.103(11):853-7.
[46]Laurenti P, Federico B, Raponi M, et al.Knowledge, experiences, and attitudes of medical students in Rome about tuberculosis.Med Sci Monit. 2013.19:865-74.
[47]Gibney KB, Brass A, Hume SC, et al. Educating international students about tuberculosis and infections associated with travel to visit friends and relatives (VFR-travel). Travel Med Infect Dis.2013.
[48]WHO global tuberculosis control report 2010, Summary.Cent Eur J Public Health. 2010.18(4):237.
[49]Egbagbe EE, Okojie OH, Amaize E. Epidemiology of pulmonary tuberculosis in University of Benin Teaching Hospital and Central Hospital, Benin City. Nig Q J Hosp Med. 2011.21(2):159-62.
[50]Affolabi D, Adjagba OA, Tanimomo-Kledjo B, et al. Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance among new and previously treated pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Cotonou, Benin.Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2007.11(11):1221-4.
[51]施雯慧,陈伟.结核病发病影响因素研究进展.中华流行病学杂志.2012.33(12)：1296-300.
[52]唐莉,包明红.松潘地区结核病发病特点及病因分析.皖南医学院学报.2010.29(1)：42-4.
[53]黄敏莹,李鹃,刘飞鹰.2006-2010年广西肺结核流行病学分析.应用预防医学.2011.17(4)：209-12.
[54]Gates MC, Volkova VV, Woolhouse ME.Impact of changes in cattle movement regulations on the risks of bovine tuberculosis for Scottish farms.Prev Vet Med. 2013.108(2-3):125-36.
[55]Keshavjee S, Harrington M, Gonsalves G, et al. Time for zero deaths from tuberculosis.Lancet. 2011. 378(9801):1449-50.
[56]Karolemeas K, McKinley TJ, Clifton-Hadley RS, et al. Recurrence of bovine tuberculosis breakdowns in Great Britain: risk factors and prediction. Prev Vet Med. 2011.102(1):22-9.
[57]Samperiz G, Guerrero D, Lopez M, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for pulmonary abnormalities in HIV-infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy. HIV Med. 2013.
[58]Tang S, Tan S, Yao L, et al. Risk Factors for Poor Treatment Outcomes in Patients with MDR-TB and XDR-TB in China: Retrospective Multi-Center Investigation.PLoS One.2013. 8(12): e82943.
[59]Gninafon M, Ade G, Ait-Khaled N, et al. Exposure to combustion of solid fuel and tuberculosis:a matched case-control study. Eur Respir J. 2011.38(1):132-8.
[60]钟达,张玉华,傅衍勇等.流动人口结核病流行现状和控制策略研究进展.现代预防医学.2011.38(20)：149-52.
[61]Weis SE, Moonan PK, Pogoda JM, et al. Tuberculosis in the foreign-born population of Tarrant county, Texas by immigration status.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001.164(6):953-7.
[62]Dye C, Bourdin TB, Lonnroth K, et al. Nutrition, diabetes and tuberculosis in the epidemiological transition.PLoS One. 2011.6(6):e21161.
[63]Restrepo BI, Camerlin AJ, Rahbar MH, et al. Cross-sectional assessment reveals high diabetes prevalence among newly-diagnosed tuberculosis cases. Bull World Health Organ. 2011.89(5): 352-9.
[64]Trunz BB, Fine P, Dye C. Effect of BCG vaccination on childhood tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis worldwide: a meta-analysis and assessment of cost-effectiveness.Lancet. 2006. 367(9517):1173-80.
[65]李史来.复治肺结核患者生存质量及其影响因素的研究.中国现代药物应用.2010.4(3)：30-1.
[1]WHO declares tuberculosis a global emergency. Soz Praventivmed. 1993.38(4): 251-2.
[2]代宝珍,詹绍康.流动人口的结核病控制与对策.上海预防医学.2005.17(3)：111-2.
[3]全国第五次结核病流行病学抽样调查技术指导组,全国第五次结核病流行病学抽样调查办公室.2010年全国第五次结核病流行病学抽样调查报告.中国防痨杂志.2012.34(8)：485-508.
[4]Lewis SJ, Baker I, Davey SGMeta-analysis of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and pulmonary tuberculosis risk.Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2005.9(10):1174-7.
[5]冯福民,郭梅,郝金奇等.维生素D受体基因多态性与汉族人肺结核发病的关系.山东医药.2009.49(45)：4-6.
[6]Gruenheid S, Pinner E, Desjardins M, et al. Natural resistance to infection with intracellular pathogens: the Nrampl protein is recruited to the membrane of the phagosome. J Exp Med. 1997. 185(4):717-30.
[7]Govoni G, Gros P. Macrophage NRAMP1 and its role in resistance to microbial infections. Inflamm Res. 1998.47(7):277-84.
[8]Bellamy R, Ruwende C, Corrah T, et al. Variations in the NRAMP1 gene and susceptibility to tuberculosis in West Africans. N Engl J Med. 1998. 338(10):640-4.
[9]Stagas MK, Papaetis GS, Orphanidou D, et al. Polymorphisms of the NRAMP1 gene:distribution and susceptibility to the development of pulmonary tuberculosis in the Greek population.Med Sci Monit. 2011.17(1):1-6.
[10]Hsu YH, Chen CW, Sun HS, et al. Association of NRAMP 1 gene polymorphism with susceptibility to tuberculosis in Taiwanese aboriginals.J Formos Med Assoc. 2006. 105(5): 363-9.
[11]Ryu S, Park YK, Bai GH, et al. 3'UTR polymorphisms in the NRAMP1 gene are associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis in Koreans.Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2000.4(6): 577-80.
[12]熊宇,李革NRAMP1基因多态性与重庆市汉族人群肺结核易感相关性研究.重庆医科大学学报.2010.35(12)：1820-4.
[13]熊宇NRAMP1、Sp110基因多态性与肺结核易患相关性研究.流行病与卫生统计学.2008.
[14]Pan H, Yan BS, Rojas M, et al. Iprl gene mediates innate immunity to tuberculosis. Nature.2005.434(7034):767-72.
[15]Kadereit S, Gewert DR, Galabru J, et al.Molecular cloning of two new interferon-induced, highly related nuclear phosphoproteins.J Biol Chem. 1993.268(32): 24432-41.
[16]Castrillo A, Tontonoz P. Nuclear receptors in macrophage biology:at the crossroads of lipid metabolism and inflammation.Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol.2004. 20:455-80.
[17]Png E, Alisjahbana B, Sahiratmadja E, et al. Polymorphisms in SP110 are not associated with pulmonary tuberculosis in Indonesians. Infect Genet Evol.2012. 12(6):1319-23.
[18]Liang L, Zhao YL, Yue J, et al.Association of SP110 gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to tuberculosis in a Chinese population. Infect Genet Evol.2011. 11(5):934-9.
[19]Cai L, Pan H, Trzcinski K, et al.MYBBP1A: a new Iprl's binding protein in mice.Mol Biol Rep. 2010.37(8):3863-8.
[20]Babb C, Keet EH, van Helden PD, et al. SP110 polymorphisms are not associated with pulmonary tuberculosis in a South African population. Hum Genet. 2007. 121(3-4):521-2.
[21]Tosh K, Campbell SJ, Fielding K, et al. Variants in the SP110 gene are associated with genetic susceptibility to tuberculosis in West Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006.103(27):10364-8.
[22]Lienhardt C, Fielding K, Sillah JS, et al. Investigation of the risk factors for tuberculosis: a case-control study in three countries in West Africa. Int J Epidemiol. 2005.34(4):914-23.
[23]吕华坤,许卫国,王蓓等.江苏省农村居民结核病危险因素病例对照研究.中国公共卫生.2004.20(12)：1450-1.
[24]Esposito S, Tagliabue C, Bosis S. Tuberculosis in Children. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2013.5(1):e2013064.
[25]Rosenzweig JA, Chopra AK. The exoribonuclease Polynucleotide Phosphorylase influences the virulence and stress responses of yersiniae and many other pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2013.3:81.
[26]Chapman AL, Darton TC, Foster RA. Managing and monitoring tuberculosis using web-based tools in combination with traditional approaches. Clin Epidemiol. 2013.5:465-73.
[27]Van Vooren JP, Schepers K. Screening for tuberculosis.Rev Med Brux. 2013. 34(4):301-5.
[28]Samperiz G, Guerrero D, Lopez M, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for pulmonary abnormalities in HIV-infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy. HIV Med. 2013.
[29]Tang S, Tan S, Yao L, et al. Risk Factors for Poor Treatment Outcomes in Patients with MDR-TB and XDR-TB in China: Retrospective Multi-Center Investigation.PLoS One. 2013.8(12):e82943.
[30]Gninafon M, Ade G, Ait-Khaled N, et al. Exposure to combustion of solid fuel and tuberculosis: a matched case-control study. Eur Respir J. 2011.38(1):132-8.
[31]Monedero I, Caminero JA. Management of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: an update.Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2010. 4(2): 117-27.
[32]Leung AN. Pulmonary tuberculosis:the essentials.Radiology. 1999. 210(2):307-22.
[33]Trunz BB, Fine P, Dye C. Effect of BCG vaccination on childhood tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis worldwide:a meta-analysis and assessment of cost-effectiveness.Lancet. 2006.367(9517):1173-80.
[34]Tekkel M, Rahu M, Loit HM, et al. Risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis in Estonia Int J Tuberc Lung Dis.2002.6(10):887-94.
[35]刘玮,张芳,赵秋敏等.部队人群肺结核发病因素的病例对照研究.中国热带医学.2006.6(4)：569-71.
[36]张学青,王国民,郁红等.健康相关行为与肺结核发病的病例对照研究.中国热带医学.2009.9(3)：791-3.
[37]卢凌凌.农民工结核病发病因素分析.临床军医杂志.2009.37(3)：384-5.
[38]Dye C, Bourdin TB, Lonnroth K, et al. Nutrition, diabetes and tuberculosis in the epidemiological transition.PLoS One.2011.6(6):e21161.
[39]Restrepo BI, Camerlin AJ, Rahbar MH, et al. Cross-sectional assessment reveals high diabetes prevalence among newly-diagnosed tuberculosis cases. Bull World Health Organ. 2011.89(5):352-9.
[40]Malkin JE, Prazuck T, Simonnet F, et al. Tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection in west Burkina Faso:clinical presentation and clinical evolution.Int J Tuberc Lung Dis.1997.1(1):68-74.
[41]Ledru e, Sanou PT, Dembele M, et al. Prevention of wasting and opportunistic infections in HIV-infected patients in West Africa: a realistic and necessary strategy before antiretroviral treatment.Sante.1999.9(5):293-300.
[42]Kant S, Srivastava R, Verma AK, et al. Maxillary sinus tuberculosis:various presentations.Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci. 2013.55(3):175-7.
[43]Barboza CE, Winter DH, Seiscento M, et al. Tuberculosis and silicosis: epidemiology, diagnosis and chemoprophylaxis. J Bras Pneumol.2008.34(11): 959-66.
[44]Hnizdo E, Murray J. Risk of pulmonary tuberculosis relative to silicosis and exposure to silica dust in South African gold miners. Occup Environ Med. 1998. 55(7):496-502.
[45]Lewis JG, Chamberlain DA.Alcohol consumption and smoking habits in mail patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.Br J Prev Soc Med. 1963.17:149-52.
[46]Davies PD, Yew WW, Ganguly D, et al. Smoking and tuberculosis: the epidemiological association and immunopathogenesis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2006. 100(4):291-8.
[47]Leung CC, Lam TH, Ho KS, et al.Passive smoking and tuberculosis.Arch Intern Med. 2010. 170(3):287-92.
[48]Ladefoged K, Rendal T, Skifte T, et al.Risk factors for tuberculosis in Greenland: case-control study.Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2011.15(1):44-9.
[49]纪青,孙月吉,刘启贵等.心理状态、社会功能与肺结核患者的生活质量.中国临床康复.2006.10(2)：21-4.
[50]张洪霞,李华文,陈光.秦皇岛市大学生肺结核危险因素分析.实用预防医学.2011.18(10)：1872-4.
[51]蒋学峰,刘芳,高玉婧等.银川市结核发病危险因素病例对照研究.中华预防医学杂志.2008.42(2)：90-2.
[52]钟达,张玉华,傅衍勇等.流动人口结核病流行现状和控制策略研究进展.现代预防医学.2011.38(20)：659-61.
[53]Weis SE, Moonan PK, Pogoda JM, et al. Tuberculosis in the foreign-born population of Tarrant county, Texas by immigration status.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001.164(6):953-7.
[54]李史来.复治肺结核患者生存质量及其影响因素的研究.中国现代药物应用.2010.4(3)：30-1.
[55]Shetty N, Shemko M, Vaz M, et al. An epidemiological evaluation of risk factors for tuberculosis in South India: a matched case control study.Int J Tuberc Lung Dis.2006.10(1):80-6.