河南省处级党政领导者自律品质的研究
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摘要
党政领导者的自律品质问题是“以德治国、廉政建设”中的重要问题，就此，学者们已经展开了广泛的研究。但遗憾的是，以往以党政领导者自律品质为专题进行的实证性研究却很少。本文在回顾以往研究的基础上，根据我国社会发展的需要，对我国处级党政领导者的自律品质进行探讨，并编制了量表，为我国选拔干部工作提供服务。
本研究采用访谈法、文献分析法、问卷调查法等方法，初步探讨了处级党政领导者自律品质的内部结构、自律品质与工作绩效的关系以及不同的党政领导者在自律品质及其子维度上的差异。在数据处理方面，我们采用了回归分析、相关分析、探索性因素分析等统计方法。
本文的主要结论是：
(1)通过对量表的信、效度检验得知我们的自编量表具有良好的信度和效度，因而具有一定的推广价值。
(2)探索性因素分析揭示：我国处级党政领导者自律品质具有多维度性，处级党政领导者的自律品质包含以下5个维度，即自我规范性、自我调节性、自我促进性、自我容忍性、自我实现性。
(3)运用回归分析，结果表明，党政领导者的自律品质与其工作绩效之间存在着非常显著的相关；党政领导者自律品质对其工作绩效具有一定的预测力。党政领导者的自律品质对任务绩效的预测力最强，其次是人际促进，对工作奉献的预测力相对最弱；自律品质的各个子维度中党政领导者的自我容忍性对工作绩效中人际促进的预测性贡献最大；自我调节性对任务绩效的预测贡献最大；自我促进性则对工作奉献的预测力最强。
(4)人口统计学变量对党政领导者的自律品质具有一定程度的影响。任职年限不同的领导者在自律品质上表现显著差异。不同性别、年龄、受教育程度、工作时间、职务级别的处级领导者就自律品质整体而言并不存在显著差异，但具体到某一人口特征与自律品质的具体维度的关系时，却表现出不同的领导者在自律品质的某一或某几个维度上差异显著。
Self-discipline traits problem of the Party and Governmental Leaders is both important and complicated, on which the scholars in the psychological field have done researches in China. But to one's pity, the previous investigations are seldom carried out a substantial investigation on it. On the basis of reviewing former researches and according to the needs of Chinese social development, the thesis approaches the Self-discipline traits of our Party and Governmental Leaders and works out a measuring form, aiming to offer service for the selection of cadres.
The purposes of research are to investigate the structure of the Party and Governmental Leader's Self-discipline traits, the relations between their Self-discipline traits and job performance as well as the difference in the dimension of Self-discipline traits among different leaders. For these purposes, some standard research methods, such as regression analysis, correlation analysis and exploratory factor analysis are employed.
The conclusions drawn by this study are follows:
First, analyses of reliability and validity of the new instrument indicate that the Self-discipline scale is a reliable and valid instrument.
Second, exploratory factor analysis indicate that the Party and Governmental Leader's Self-discipline traits composed of 5 factors: self-criterion, self-accommodate, self-improvement, tolerance, and self-fulfillment.
Third, by using the ways of regression analysis, we find that Self-discipline traits of our Party and Governmental Leaders' do well to the predictive effects of job performance. In addition,leaders' self-discipline traits do better to the prediction of task performance than to that of contextual performance; tolerance does good to the predictive effects of interpersonal facilitation, self-accommodate does good to the predictive effects of task performance, self-improvement does good to the predictive effects of job dedication .
Finally, by using ANOVA and T-test, we find that demographic variable can do some effects on leaders' self-discipline traits. The leaders who hold a post more than 10 years and the leaders who hold a post more than 10 years are distinct in the dimension of their self-discipline traits. Gender, age, years of schooling, period of work, level of duty play important roles in making leaders different in some or a few dimensions of five sub-dimensions of self-discipline traits.
本研究采用访谈法、文献分析法、问卷调查法等方法，初步探讨了处级党政领导者自律品质的内部结构、自律品质与工作绩效的关系以及不同的党政领导者在自律品质及其子维度上的差异。在数据处理方面，我们采用了回归分析、相关分析、探索性因素分析等统计方法。
本文的主要结论是：
(1)通过对量表的信、效度检验得知我们的自编量表具有良好的信度和效度，因而具有一定的推广价值。
(2)探索性因素分析揭示：我国处级党政领导者自律品质具有多维度性，处级党政领导者的自律品质包含以下5个维度，即自我规范性、自我调节性、自我促进性、自我容忍性、自我实现性。
(3)运用回归分析，结果表明，党政领导者的自律品质与其工作绩效之间存在着非常显著的相关；党政领导者自律品质对其工作绩效具有一定的预测力。党政领导者的自律品质对任务绩效的预测力最强，其次是人际促进，对工作奉献的预测力相对最弱；自律品质的各个子维度中党政领导者的自我容忍性对工作绩效中人际促进的预测性贡献最大；自我调节性对任务绩效的预测贡献最大；自我促进性则对工作奉献的预测力最强。
(4)人口统计学变量对党政领导者的自律品质具有一定程度的影响。任职年限不同的领导者在自律品质上表现显著差异。不同性别、年龄、受教育程度、工作时间、职务级别的处级领导者就自律品质整体而言并不存在显著差异，但具体到某一人口特征与自律品质的具体维度的关系时，却表现出不同的领导者在自律品质的某一或某几个维度上差异显著。
Self-discipline traits problem of the Party and Governmental Leaders is both important and complicated, on which the scholars in the psychological field have done researches in China. But to one's pity, the previous investigations are seldom carried out a substantial investigation on it. On the basis of reviewing former researches and according to the needs of Chinese social development, the thesis approaches the Self-discipline traits of our Party and Governmental Leaders and works out a measuring form, aiming to offer service for the selection of cadres.
The purposes of research are to investigate the structure of the Party and Governmental Leader's Self-discipline traits, the relations between their Self-discipline traits and job performance as well as the difference in the dimension of Self-discipline traits among different leaders. For these purposes, some standard research methods, such as regression analysis, correlation analysis and exploratory factor analysis are employed.
The conclusions drawn by this study are follows:
First, analyses of reliability and validity of the new instrument indicate that the Self-discipline scale is a reliable and valid instrument.
Second, exploratory factor analysis indicate that the Party and Governmental Leader's Self-discipline traits composed of 5 factors: self-criterion, self-accommodate, self-improvement, tolerance, and self-fulfillment.
Third, by using the ways of regression analysis, we find that Self-discipline traits of our Party and Governmental Leaders' do well to the predictive effects of job performance. In addition,leaders' self-discipline traits do better to the prediction of task performance than to that of contextual performance; tolerance does good to the predictive effects of interpersonal facilitation, self-accommodate does good to the predictive effects of task performance, self-improvement does good to the predictive effects of job dedication .
Finally, by using ANOVA and T-test, we find that demographic variable can do some effects on leaders' self-discipline traits. The leaders who hold a post more than 10 years and the leaders who hold a post more than 10 years are distinct in the dimension of their self-discipline traits. Gender, age, years of schooling, period of work, level of duty play important roles in making leaders different in some or a few dimensions of five sub-dimensions of self-discipline traits.
引文
[1]杨中芳．试论中国人道德思想的发展：一个自我发展的观点．《道德教育论文集(心理学著)》．香港中文大学出版社．1991年出版．
[2]辞海编辑委员会．辞海．上海辞书出版社．1999年普及本．
[3]冯契主编．哲学大辞典．上海辞书出版社．1991年版．
[4]张春兴·张氏心理学辞典·上海辞书出版社，1991年5月版．
[5]黄希庭．论心理学的观点及对行为科学研究的启示[A]．姚洪川．行为科学奥秘探索[C]．重庆出版社，1999．
[6]弗洛伊德：《摩西与一神教》，1949年英文版．
[7]《论语·季氏》
[8]诺兹：《轴心时代的儒家伦理学》．
[9]《道德经》八十章．
[10]《道德经》二十五章．
[11]《道德经》八章，六十二章．
[12]黄希庭主编(1997)．心理学．上海市：上海教育出版社．
[13]俞文钊．管理心理学．东方出版中心．2002年7月出版．
[14]黄希庭．心理学导论．人民教育出版社．2001年5月出版．
[15]董奇，周勇，陈红兵．自我监控与智力．浙江人民出版社．
[16]张文新．儿童社会化发展。北京市：北京师范大学出版社．
[17]Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal expericence. NewYork: Harper&Row.
[18]Bass, B. M. (1981). Stogdill's handbook of leadership (2nd rev. ed.) NewYork: free press.
[19]Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expeetions. NewYork: free press Synder, M. (1979). Self-monitoring process. In L. Berkowitz (Ed). Advances in experimental social psychology(Vol.12,pp86-128). NewYork:Academic Press.
[20]Kofta, M,Weary, G.&Sedek,G.(1995),Personal control in action:cognitive and motivational mechanisms.NewYorkLPlenum Press.
[21]Heider, F.,(1958).Social perception and phenomend relations,New York:Wiley.
[22]Festinger,L.,(1957).A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance.Stanford,Calif:Stanford University press.
[23]Bass, B. M. (1981). Stogdill's handbook of leadership (2nd rev. ed.)NewYork: free press.
[24]Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expections. NewYork: free press
[1]王登峰，崔红．编制中国人人格量表(QZPS)的理论构想．北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版)，2001年第6期．
[2]王登峰．人格特质研究的大五因素分类．心理学动态，1994，2(1)：34-41
[3](日)柏木惠子．自我调节的发展[J]．心理学评论，1986，29．
[4]张灵聪．自我控制的一种机制——平衡需求．漳州师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版)．2001，2．
[5]龙君伟，徐琴美．人的自我调节机制述评．山东师大学报：社科版．2000，01，59-64．
[6]Costa. P. T, McCrae,R. R. Reviesed NEO personality inventory&NEO five-factory inventory professional manual Psychological Assessment Resourees,Inc, 1992.
[7]Kopp C. B. Antecedents of self-regulation: a developmental perspective. Development psychology, 1982, 6: 199-214.
[8]Kochanska G, Murry K T, Haran E T. Effort control in early childhood: continuity and change, antecednts, and inpgicatisocial development. Development Psychology, 2002, (2): 220-232.
[9]Kremen A M, Block J. The roots of ego-control in young adulthood: links with parenting in early childhood. Journal of Persand Social Psychology, 1998, (4): 1062-1075.
[10]Kopp, C. B. (1982). Antencedents of self-regulation: adevelopmental perspective. Development Psychology. 18(2): 199-214.
[11]Kopp C. B. Antecedents of self-regulation: a developmental perspective. Development psychology, 1982, 6: 199-214.
[12]Kochanska G, Murry K T, Haran E T. Effort control in early childhood: continuity and change, antecednts, and inpgicatisocial development. Development Psychology, 2002, (2): 220-232.
[13]Kremen A M, Block J. The roots of ego-control in young adulthood: links with parenting in early childhood. Journal of Persand Social Psychology, 1998, (4): 1062-1075.
[14]Kopp, C. B. (1982). Antencedents of self-regulation: a developmental perspective. Development Psychology. 18(2): 199-214.
[15]Anderson, C. R. (1977). Locus of control, coping behaviors, and performance in a stress setting: A Iongitudinal study. Journal ofappliedpsychoiogy, 62, 446-451.
[16]Miller&Toulouse, J. M. (1986). Stragy, structure, CEO personality and performance in small firms. American Journal of Small Business, 15, 47-62.
[17]Runyon, K. E. (1973). Some interactions between personality variables and management styles. Journal of Applied Psychology, 57, 95-100.
[18]Taylor, S. E. & Schneider, S. K. (1989)Coping and the simulation of events. Social Cognition. 7; 174-194.
[19]Karoly. P. (1993). Mechanismslself-regulation: A Systems View. Annual Reviews Psychology,44:23-25.
[20]Synder, M. (1972). Individual differences and the self-control of expressive behavior. Dissertation Abstracts international, 33,4533A-4534A.
[21]Synder, M. (1974). The self-monitoring of expressive behavior. Journal of personality and Social Psychology. 30,526-537.
[22]Carver, C. S. (1989). A control-systems approach to the sele-regulation of action.in J. Kuhl&J. Beckmann(Eds.),Action control:From cognition to behacior(pp.237-266) .
[23]James. K.,&Cropanzano. R. (1994).Dispositional group loyalty and individual action for the benefit of an ingroup:Experimental and correlational evidence.Organizational Behavior and Human and Decision Processes.60,179-205.
[24]Carver, C.S.,&Scheier, M. F. (1990)Origins and functions of positive and negatice affect: A control-process ciew. Psychological Reciew,97(1):19-35.
[25]引自Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2003, 4, 849-856
[26]Gian Vittorio Caprara, Claudio Barbaranelli&Philip G.Zimbardo (2003). Personalities of Politicians and Voters: Unique and Synergistic Relationships. Journal of personality an Social Psychology. 4, 849-856
[27]Lord, R. G. deVader, C. L., &Alliger, G. M. (1986). A meta-analysis of the relation between personality traits and leadership perceptions: An application of validity generalization procedures. Journal of applied psychology, 71, 402-410
[28]Timothy A. Judge, Joyce E. Bono (2001). Relationship of Core Self-Evaluation Traits——Self-Esteem, Generalized Self-efficacy, Locus of control, and Emotional Stability——With job satisfaction and job performance: A Meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 80-92.
[29]Runyon, K. E. (1973). Some interactions between personality variables and management styles. Journal of Applied Psychology, 57, 95-100.
[30]Jane M.Howell&Bruce J.Avolio(1993).Transformational Leadership,Transactional Leadership, Locus of control,and Support for Innovation:Key Predictors of Consolidated-Business-Unit Performance.American Psychology Association.6,891-902.
[31]Stephen J.Zaccaro&Roseanne J.Foti(1991).Self-monitoring and trait-based variance in leadership.
[32]Jane M. Howell&Bruce J.Avolio(1993).Transformational Leadership,Transactional Leadership,Locus of control,and Support for Innovation:Key Predictors of Consolidated-Business-Unit Performance.American Psychology Association.6,891-902
[33]Stephen J.Zaccaro&Roseanne J.Foti(1991).Self-monitoring and trait-based variance in leadership:an investigation of leader flexibility across multiple group situation.
[34]Van Scotter, J. R.,&Motowidlo,S. J.(1996). Interpersonal Facilitation and job dedication as separate facets of contextual performance.Journal of Applide Psychology,81,525-531
[35]Barrick, M. R.,&Mount,M. K. (1993). Autonomy as a moderator of the relationships between the big five personality dimensions and job performance. Journal of applied psychology,78,111-118.
[36]Salgado,J. F. (1997). The five factor model of personality and job performance in the european community. Journal of applied psychology,82,30-43
[37]Motowidlo,S J. & Van Scotter. Evidence that task performance shoud be distinguished from contextual performance. Joural of Applied Psychology. 1994,79(4):475-480.
[2]辞海编辑委员会．辞海．上海辞书出版社．1999年普及本．
[3]冯契主编．哲学大辞典．上海辞书出版社．1991年版．
[4]张春兴·张氏心理学辞典·上海辞书出版社，1991年5月版．
[5]黄希庭．论心理学的观点及对行为科学研究的启示[A]．姚洪川．行为科学奥秘探索[C]．重庆出版社，1999．
[6]弗洛伊德：《摩西与一神教》，1949年英文版．
[7]《论语·季氏》
[8]诺兹：《轴心时代的儒家伦理学》．
[9]《道德经》八十章．
[10]《道德经》二十五章．
[11]《道德经》八章，六十二章．
[12]黄希庭主编(1997)．心理学．上海市：上海教育出版社．
[13]俞文钊．管理心理学．东方出版中心．2002年7月出版．
[14]黄希庭．心理学导论．人民教育出版社．2001年5月出版．
[15]董奇，周勇，陈红兵．自我监控与智力．浙江人民出版社．
[16]张文新．儿童社会化发展。北京市：北京师范大学出版社．
[17]Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal expericence. NewYork: Harper&Row.
[18]Bass, B. M. (1981). Stogdill's handbook of leadership (2nd rev. ed.) NewYork: free press.
[19]Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expeetions. NewYork: free press Synder, M. (1979). Self-monitoring process. In L. Berkowitz (Ed). Advances in experimental social psychology(Vol.12,pp86-128). NewYork:Academic Press.
[20]Kofta, M,Weary, G.&Sedek,G.(1995),Personal control in action:cognitive and motivational mechanisms.NewYorkLPlenum Press.
[21]Heider, F.,(1958).Social perception and phenomend relations,New York:Wiley.
[22]Festinger,L.,(1957).A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance.Stanford,Calif:Stanford University press.
[23]Bass, B. M. (1981). Stogdill's handbook of leadership (2nd rev. ed.)NewYork: free press.
[24]Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expections. NewYork: free press
[1]王登峰，崔红．编制中国人人格量表(QZPS)的理论构想．北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版)，2001年第6期．
[2]王登峰．人格特质研究的大五因素分类．心理学动态，1994，2(1)：34-41
[3](日)柏木惠子．自我调节的发展[J]．心理学评论，1986，29．
[4]张灵聪．自我控制的一种机制——平衡需求．漳州师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版)．2001，2．
[5]龙君伟，徐琴美．人的自我调节机制述评．山东师大学报：社科版．2000，01，59-64．
[6]Costa. P. T, McCrae,R. R. Reviesed NEO personality inventory&NEO five-factory inventory professional manual Psychological Assessment Resourees,Inc, 1992.
[7]Kopp C. B. Antecedents of self-regulation: a developmental perspective. Development psychology, 1982, 6: 199-214.
[8]Kochanska G, Murry K T, Haran E T. Effort control in early childhood: continuity and change, antecednts, and inpgicatisocial development. Development Psychology, 2002, (2): 220-232.
[9]Kremen A M, Block J. The roots of ego-control in young adulthood: links with parenting in early childhood. Journal of Persand Social Psychology, 1998, (4): 1062-1075.
[10]Kopp, C. B. (1982). Antencedents of self-regulation: adevelopmental perspective. Development Psychology. 18(2): 199-214.
[11]Kopp C. B. Antecedents of self-regulation: a developmental perspective. Development psychology, 1982, 6: 199-214.
[12]Kochanska G, Murry K T, Haran E T. Effort control in early childhood: continuity and change, antecednts, and inpgicatisocial development. Development Psychology, 2002, (2): 220-232.
[13]Kremen A M, Block J. The roots of ego-control in young adulthood: links with parenting in early childhood. Journal of Persand Social Psychology, 1998, (4): 1062-1075.
[14]Kopp, C. B. (1982). Antencedents of self-regulation: a developmental perspective. Development Psychology. 18(2): 199-214.
[15]Anderson, C. R. (1977). Locus of control, coping behaviors, and performance in a stress setting: A Iongitudinal study. Journal ofappliedpsychoiogy, 62, 446-451.
[16]Miller&Toulouse, J. M. (1986). Stragy, structure, CEO personality and performance in small firms. American Journal of Small Business, 15, 47-62.
[17]Runyon, K. E. (1973). Some interactions between personality variables and management styles. Journal of Applied Psychology, 57, 95-100.
[18]Taylor, S. E. & Schneider, S. K. (1989)Coping and the simulation of events. Social Cognition. 7; 174-194.
[19]Karoly. P. (1993). Mechanismslself-regulation: A Systems View. Annual Reviews Psychology,44:23-25.
[20]Synder, M. (1972). Individual differences and the self-control of expressive behavior. Dissertation Abstracts international, 33,4533A-4534A.
[21]Synder, M. (1974). The self-monitoring of expressive behavior. Journal of personality and Social Psychology. 30,526-537.
[22]Carver, C. S. (1989). A control-systems approach to the sele-regulation of action.in J. Kuhl&J. Beckmann(Eds.),Action control:From cognition to behacior(pp.237-266) .
[23]James. K.,&Cropanzano. R. (1994).Dispositional group loyalty and individual action for the benefit of an ingroup:Experimental and correlational evidence.Organizational Behavior and Human and Decision Processes.60,179-205.
[24]Carver, C.S.,&Scheier, M. F. (1990)Origins and functions of positive and negatice affect: A control-process ciew. Psychological Reciew,97(1):19-35.
[25]引自Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2003, 4, 849-856
[26]Gian Vittorio Caprara, Claudio Barbaranelli&Philip G.Zimbardo (2003). Personalities of Politicians and Voters: Unique and Synergistic Relationships. Journal of personality an Social Psychology. 4, 849-856
[27]Lord, R. G. deVader, C. L., &Alliger, G. M. (1986). A meta-analysis of the relation between personality traits and leadership perceptions: An application of validity generalization procedures. Journal of applied psychology, 71, 402-410
[28]Timothy A. Judge, Joyce E. Bono (2001). Relationship of Core Self-Evaluation Traits——Self-Esteem, Generalized Self-efficacy, Locus of control, and Emotional Stability——With job satisfaction and job performance: A Meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 80-92.
[29]Runyon, K. E. (1973). Some interactions between personality variables and management styles. Journal of Applied Psychology, 57, 95-100.
[30]Jane M.Howell&Bruce J.Avolio(1993).Transformational Leadership,Transactional Leadership, Locus of control,and Support for Innovation:Key Predictors of Consolidated-Business-Unit Performance.American Psychology Association.6,891-902.
[31]Stephen J.Zaccaro&Roseanne J.Foti(1991).Self-monitoring and trait-based variance in leadership.
[32]Jane M. Howell&Bruce J.Avolio(1993).Transformational Leadership,Transactional Leadership,Locus of control,and Support for Innovation:Key Predictors of Consolidated-Business-Unit Performance.American Psychology Association.6,891-902
[33]Stephen J.Zaccaro&Roseanne J.Foti(1991).Self-monitoring and trait-based variance in leadership:an investigation of leader flexibility across multiple group situation.
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