2010英国大选电视辩论中回指现象的顺应性分析
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摘要
人类话语中的回指是一种非常复杂的现象，近几十年也引起了语言学界广泛的关注，语言学者从句法、语义、语用和认知等不同角度来研究回指现象且在各自领域内取得了一定成果。但以往的回指研究大多是运用单维度和静态的视角，对自然话语中出现的各种复杂的回指现象以及回指的深层选择机制难以提供充分的、令人信服的解释。
本研究以Verschueren提出的顺应论为理论基础，它是“从认知、社会和文化的角度对语言使用行为的综观”，语用综观视角下的顺应论为回指现象的研究提供了新思路。此研究以2010年英国大选的三场电视辩论为语料，以辩论当中出现的回指为探讨对象，运用顺应论分析各位首相候选人在自我陈述、回答问题及质问对手时言语中出现的回指，探讨辩论过程中回指选择和变换的深层运作机制。由于这是英国历史上的首次电视辩论大选关注度极高，各选手在面对英国观众的时候十分注意自己的言辞与表达。作为一种语言策略，回指被广泛地运用到他们的言语中，并为他们的目的与利益服务。
通过研究发现，有诸多因素影响回指的选择，主体意识、语用和认知机制、动态语境及社会文化规约等因素相互协商，相互顺应，各选手随着动态的过程和信息的推进而不断做出回指选择。他们根据顺应原则动态地不断地选择合适贴切的回指形式，以此传达自己的政治意图与动机，说服广大的选民，以及巧妙地攻击对手，驳斥对手。而那些比较善于利用回指的选手，在一定程度上增加了获胜的可能性。
Anaphora is an extremely complicated phenomenon in human’s speeches and it hasaroused great concern in the fields of linguistics. Scholars make researches about anaphorafrom various angles of syntax, semantics, pragmatics and cognition, and they also made someachievements in their own field. But most anaphora studies are confined to one-dimensional orstatic perspective, and hence few can provide sufficient and convincing explanation for avariety of intricate anaphora as well as deep mechanism of anaphora choice.
This research is based on Verschueren’s Adaptation Theory. It offers comprehensiveoutlook to explore language use from cognitive, social and cultural respects, which offers abrand-new approach for studying anaphora. The research data is chosen from three-round TVdebate of2010Britain’s general election and the research centers on anaphora in the debate.According to Adaptation Theory, analyses are made to explore deep operation mechanism ofanaphora choices and anaphora transfer in the course of debate. Since it is the first TV electiondebate in Britain’s history, it draws attention of a considerable number of British people andeach candidate cares much about their words and expressions. As a linguistic device, anaphorais widely applied to the candidates’ utterance and serves as a channel to fulfill their purpose andinterests.
The analyses indicate that there are a wide range of factors that can exert influence onanaphora choices. The factors such as subject consciousness, pragmatic and cognitivemechanism, dynamic context as well as social and cultural convention make mutual negotiationand adaptation altogether. The candidates make continual anaphora choices along with dynamicprocess and information progression. In accordance with adaptation principle they dynamicallyand continually choose appropriate and felicitous anaphora forms so as to convey their politicalintention and motivation, persuade the constituency and tactfully defeat opponents. As for thosewho are good at employing anaphora, they stand a high chance to become winner.
本研究以Verschueren提出的顺应论为理论基础，它是“从认知、社会和文化的角度对语言使用行为的综观”，语用综观视角下的顺应论为回指现象的研究提供了新思路。此研究以2010年英国大选的三场电视辩论为语料，以辩论当中出现的回指为探讨对象，运用顺应论分析各位首相候选人在自我陈述、回答问题及质问对手时言语中出现的回指，探讨辩论过程中回指选择和变换的深层运作机制。由于这是英国历史上的首次电视辩论大选关注度极高，各选手在面对英国观众的时候十分注意自己的言辞与表达。作为一种语言策略，回指被广泛地运用到他们的言语中，并为他们的目的与利益服务。
通过研究发现，有诸多因素影响回指的选择，主体意识、语用和认知机制、动态语境及社会文化规约等因素相互协商，相互顺应，各选手随着动态的过程和信息的推进而不断做出回指选择。他们根据顺应原则动态地不断地选择合适贴切的回指形式，以此传达自己的政治意图与动机，说服广大的选民，以及巧妙地攻击对手，驳斥对手。而那些比较善于利用回指的选手，在一定程度上增加了获胜的可能性。
Anaphora is an extremely complicated phenomenon in human’s speeches and it hasaroused great concern in the fields of linguistics. Scholars make researches about anaphorafrom various angles of syntax, semantics, pragmatics and cognition, and they also made someachievements in their own field. But most anaphora studies are confined to one-dimensional orstatic perspective, and hence few can provide sufficient and convincing explanation for avariety of intricate anaphora as well as deep mechanism of anaphora choice.
This research is based on Verschueren’s Adaptation Theory. It offers comprehensiveoutlook to explore language use from cognitive, social and cultural respects, which offers abrand-new approach for studying anaphora. The research data is chosen from three-round TVdebate of2010Britain’s general election and the research centers on anaphora in the debate.According to Adaptation Theory, analyses are made to explore deep operation mechanism ofanaphora choices and anaphora transfer in the course of debate. Since it is the first TV electiondebate in Britain’s history, it draws attention of a considerable number of British people andeach candidate cares much about their words and expressions. As a linguistic device, anaphorais widely applied to the candidates’ utterance and serves as a channel to fulfill their purpose andinterests.
The analyses indicate that there are a wide range of factors that can exert influence onanaphora choices. The factors such as subject consciousness, pragmatic and cognitivemechanism, dynamic context as well as social and cultural convention make mutual negotiationand adaptation altogether. The candidates make continual anaphora choices along with dynamicprocess and information progression. In accordance with adaptation principle they dynamicallyand continually choose appropriate and felicitous anaphora forms so as to convey their politicalintention and motivation, persuade the constituency and tactfully defeat opponents. As for thosewho are good at employing anaphora, they stand a high chance to become winner.
引文
[1] Ariel, M. Accessing Noun Phrase Antecedents [M]. London: Routledge,1990.
[2] Ariel, M. Interpreting Anaphoric Expressions: A Cognitive versus Pragmatic Approach [J]. Journal ofLinguistics,30:3-40.
[3] Charalles, M. Associative Anaphora and Its Interpretation [J]. Journal of Pragmatics,1999(31):311-326.
[4] Chomsky, N. Lectures on Government and Binding [M]. Dordrecht: Foris.1981.
[5] Christopher Hart, Dominik Lukes. Cognitive Linguistics in Critical Discourse Analysis: Application andTheory [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing,2007
[6] Fox, B. A. Discourse Structure and Anaphora: Written and Conversational English [M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1993.
[7] Gibbs, R. Speaking and Thinking with Metonymy [A]. In Klaus-Uwe Panther&G. Radden (eds.)Metonymy in Language and Thought [C]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company,1999.
[8] Gundel, J. K. N. Hedberg&R. Zacharski. Cognitive Status and the Form of Referring Expressions inDiscourse [J]. Language,1993(69),274-307.
[9] Halliday, M. A. K,&R. Hasan. Cohesion in English [M]. London: Longman,1976.
[10] Halliday, M. A. K,&R. Hasan. Language, Context and Text [M]. Victoria: Deakin University Press,1985.
[11] Huang, Y. The Syntax and Pragmatics of Anaphora: A Study with Special Reference to Chinese [M].Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1994.
[12] Huang, Y. Anaphora: Cross-linguistic Approach [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2000.
[13] Kenneth Hudson. The Language of Modern Politics [M]. Great Britain: the Macmillan Press Ltd,1978.Givon, T. Mind, Code and Context [M]. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum,1989.
[14] Lakoff&M. Turner. More than Cool Reason [M]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1989.
[15] Langacker, R. W. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar. Volume.1, Theoretical Prerequisite [M].Standford: Standford University Press,1987.
[16] Langacker, R. W. Reference-point Constructions [J]. Cognitive Linguistics,1993(4):1-38.
[17] Levinson, S. Pragmatics and the Grammar of Anaphora [J]. Journal of Linguistics,1987(23):379-434.
[18] Matsui, Tomoko. Bridging and Relevance [M]. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company,2000.
[19] Sperber, D.&D. Wilson. Relevance: Communication and Cognition [M]. Oxford: Blackwell,1995.
[20] Van Hoek, K. Conceptual Reference points: a cognitive grammar account of pronominal anaphoraconstraints [J]. Language,1995(2):310-340.
[21] Verschueren, J. Understanding Pragmatics [M]. Beijing: Foreign language Teaching and Research Press,2000.
[22] Xu, Yulong.1995. Resolving Third-person Anaphora in Chinese Texts: Towards a Functional-pragmaticModel [D]. Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
[23]程工.汉语“自己”的代词性[J].现代外语，1994（3）：7-11.
[24]程工.从汉语“自己”一词的历时性演变看新格莱斯主义语用照应理论[J].解放军外语学院学报，1994（6）：10-15.
[25]陈平.汉语零形回指的话语分析[J].中国语文，1987（5）：363-378.
[26]陈平.英语代词的前指与后指[J].外语学刊，1981（1）：40-45.
[27]方经民.现代汉语第三人称代词指称及其语境制约-兼与日语第三人称代词比较[J].当代语言学，2004（3）：236-247.
[28]高卫东.语篇回指的功能意义解析[M[.上海：上海交通大学出版社，2008.
[29]何自然.语用含意推理和照应[J].福建外语，2001（4）：1-8.
[30]胡建华.汉语长距离反身代词化的句法研究[J].当代语言学，1998（3）：33-40.
[31]姜望琪.篇章与回指[J].外语学刊，2006（4）：33-41.
[32]梁鲁晋.语篇中回指的功能[M[.厦门：厦门大学出版社，2008.
[33]廖秋忠.现代汉语篇章中的指同表达[J].中国语文，1986（2）：88.
[34]李元授，李鹏.辩论学[M[.武汉：华中科技大学出版社，2004.
[35]钱冠连，霍永寿.语用学诠释[M].北京：清华大学出版社，2004.
[36]秦洪武.第三人称代词在深层回指中的应用分析[J].当代语言学，2001（1）：55-64.
[37]宋宏.人称代词语篇回指研究[M].北京：国防工业出版社，2010.
[38]王灿龙.人称代词“他”的照应功能研究[J].中国语文，2000（3）：228-237.
[39]王军.英语叙事篇章中间接回指的认知研究[M].苏州，苏州大学出版社，2004.
[40]王军.论关联度在间接回指释义中的主导作用[J].现代外语，2004（3）：239-247.
[41]文旭.搭桥参照-以图景为基础的解释方法[J].外语学刊，2004（4）：11-18.
[42]王义娜.指称的概念参照视点-认知语篇学的探索[M].北京：外文出版社，2006.
[43]项成东.间接照应极其认知推理[J].西安外国语学院学报，2004（2）：5-10.
[44]徐赳赳.现代汉语篇章回指研究[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社，2003.
[45]熊学亮.英汉前指现象对比[M].上海：复旦大学出版社，1999.
[46]许余龙.篇章回指的功能语用探索—一项基于汉语民间故事和报刊语料的研究[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2004.
[47]许余龙.英汉指称词语表达的可及性[J].外语教学与研究，2000（5）：321-330.
[48]许余龙.语篇回指的认知语言学探索[J].外国语，2002（1）：28-36.
[49]许余龙.语篇回指的认知语言学研究与认证[J].外国语，2003（2）：17-24.
[50]周平.英语叙事语篇中第三人称前指的阐释[M].安徽：中国科学技术大学出版社，2005.
[51]赵秀凤.语篇视角语言表征的认知研究：指称在意识流语篇中的视角标记作用[M].北京：科学出版社，2009.
[52]张应林.语篇分析学[M].武汉：华中师范大学，2006.
[2] Ariel, M. Interpreting Anaphoric Expressions: A Cognitive versus Pragmatic Approach [J]. Journal ofLinguistics,30:3-40.
[3] Charalles, M. Associative Anaphora and Its Interpretation [J]. Journal of Pragmatics,1999(31):311-326.
[4] Chomsky, N. Lectures on Government and Binding [M]. Dordrecht: Foris.1981.
[5] Christopher Hart, Dominik Lukes. Cognitive Linguistics in Critical Discourse Analysis: Application andTheory [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing,2007
[6] Fox, B. A. Discourse Structure and Anaphora: Written and Conversational English [M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1993.
[7] Gibbs, R. Speaking and Thinking with Metonymy [A]. In Klaus-Uwe Panther&G. Radden (eds.)Metonymy in Language and Thought [C]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company,1999.
[8] Gundel, J. K. N. Hedberg&R. Zacharski. Cognitive Status and the Form of Referring Expressions inDiscourse [J]. Language,1993(69),274-307.
[9] Halliday, M. A. K,&R. Hasan. Cohesion in English [M]. London: Longman,1976.
[10] Halliday, M. A. K,&R. Hasan. Language, Context and Text [M]. Victoria: Deakin University Press,1985.
[11] Huang, Y. The Syntax and Pragmatics of Anaphora: A Study with Special Reference to Chinese [M].Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1994.
[12] Huang, Y. Anaphora: Cross-linguistic Approach [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2000.
[13] Kenneth Hudson. The Language of Modern Politics [M]. Great Britain: the Macmillan Press Ltd,1978.Givon, T. Mind, Code and Context [M]. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum,1989.
[14] Lakoff&M. Turner. More than Cool Reason [M]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1989.
[15] Langacker, R. W. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar. Volume.1, Theoretical Prerequisite [M].Standford: Standford University Press,1987.
[16] Langacker, R. W. Reference-point Constructions [J]. Cognitive Linguistics,1993(4):1-38.
[17] Levinson, S. Pragmatics and the Grammar of Anaphora [J]. Journal of Linguistics,1987(23):379-434.
[18] Matsui, Tomoko. Bridging and Relevance [M]. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company,2000.
[19] Sperber, D.&D. Wilson. Relevance: Communication and Cognition [M]. Oxford: Blackwell,1995.
[20] Van Hoek, K. Conceptual Reference points: a cognitive grammar account of pronominal anaphoraconstraints [J]. Language,1995(2):310-340.
[21] Verschueren, J. Understanding Pragmatics [M]. Beijing: Foreign language Teaching and Research Press,2000.
[22] Xu, Yulong.1995. Resolving Third-person Anaphora in Chinese Texts: Towards a Functional-pragmaticModel [D]. Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
[23]程工.汉语“自己”的代词性[J].现代外语，1994（3）：7-11.
[24]程工.从汉语“自己”一词的历时性演变看新格莱斯主义语用照应理论[J].解放军外语学院学报，1994（6）：10-15.
[25]陈平.汉语零形回指的话语分析[J].中国语文，1987（5）：363-378.
[26]陈平.英语代词的前指与后指[J].外语学刊，1981（1）：40-45.
[27]方经民.现代汉语第三人称代词指称及其语境制约-兼与日语第三人称代词比较[J].当代语言学，2004（3）：236-247.
[28]高卫东.语篇回指的功能意义解析[M[.上海：上海交通大学出版社，2008.
[29]何自然.语用含意推理和照应[J].福建外语，2001（4）：1-8.
[30]胡建华.汉语长距离反身代词化的句法研究[J].当代语言学，1998（3）：33-40.
[31]姜望琪.篇章与回指[J].外语学刊，2006（4）：33-41.
[32]梁鲁晋.语篇中回指的功能[M[.厦门：厦门大学出版社，2008.
[33]廖秋忠.现代汉语篇章中的指同表达[J].中国语文，1986（2）：88.
[34]李元授，李鹏.辩论学[M[.武汉：华中科技大学出版社，2004.
[35]钱冠连，霍永寿.语用学诠释[M].北京：清华大学出版社，2004.
[36]秦洪武.第三人称代词在深层回指中的应用分析[J].当代语言学，2001（1）：55-64.
[37]宋宏.人称代词语篇回指研究[M].北京：国防工业出版社，2010.
[38]王灿龙.人称代词“他”的照应功能研究[J].中国语文，2000（3）：228-237.
[39]王军.英语叙事篇章中间接回指的认知研究[M].苏州，苏州大学出版社，2004.
[40]王军.论关联度在间接回指释义中的主导作用[J].现代外语，2004（3）：239-247.
[41]文旭.搭桥参照-以图景为基础的解释方法[J].外语学刊，2004（4）：11-18.
[42]王义娜.指称的概念参照视点-认知语篇学的探索[M].北京：外文出版社，2006.
[43]项成东.间接照应极其认知推理[J].西安外国语学院学报，2004（2）：5-10.
[44]徐赳赳.现代汉语篇章回指研究[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社，2003.
[45]熊学亮.英汉前指现象对比[M].上海：复旦大学出版社，1999.
[46]许余龙.篇章回指的功能语用探索—一项基于汉语民间故事和报刊语料的研究[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2004.
[47]许余龙.英汉指称词语表达的可及性[J].外语教学与研究，2000（5）：321-330.
[48]许余龙.语篇回指的认知语言学探索[J].外国语，2002（1）：28-36.
[49]许余龙.语篇回指的认知语言学研究与认证[J].外国语，2003（2）：17-24.
[50]周平.英语叙事语篇中第三人称前指的阐释[M].安徽：中国科学技术大学出版社，2005.
[51]赵秀凤.语篇视角语言表征的认知研究：指称在意识流语篇中的视角标记作用[M].北京：科学出版社，2009.
[52]张应林.语篇分析学[M].武汉：华中师范大学，2006.