新闻框架内的自由职业者媒介形象研究
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摘要
自由职业者作为新的社会阶层的一部分,在2001年重新登上中国社会舞台。在这9年中,自由职业者的规模不断发展壮大,执业人数不断增加。然而,这个新兴群体的成员不仅有很强的分散性,他们的发展仍然受到社会观念、文化传统和行业组织和相关政策的限制,具有一定的“边缘性”,缺乏对组织和群体的文化认同。媒体,作为人们获取和交流信息的重要渠道,同时也是建构形象和“认同的空间”,而新闻作为“对新近发生的事件的真实记录”,对建构某客体的媒介形象更有着不可忽视的作用。新闻中所建构的媒介形象,一方面反映了新闻生产者对该客体的认知,另一方面也会影响受众对该群体的认知和该群体成员的自我认同。对于自由职业者来说,因为本身就具有较强的分散性,他们对群体的认同较弱,也容易受到媒介形象的影响。
因此,本文通过对《中国新闻周刊》的内容分析和文本分析,再现该杂志所建构出的自由职业者形象,探讨新闻生产者在建构这一形象时所选择的媒介框架,并进而分析其对自由职业者的身份认同的影响。最终,内容分析的结果表明,《中国新闻周刊》在建构自由职业者形象时具有一定的偏向性。而根据文本分析,研究发现自由职业者的媒介形象主要分为三个方面,身份模糊的边缘人、漂泊无依的“有闲阶级”和亟待完善的专业人士。
As a part of the new social classes,self-employed professionals officially re-emerged in China in 2001.During the past 9 years,the scale of this group has been growing larger and larger, with a great increase in the number of the practitioners. However, confined by social values, cultural tradition, and relevant organizations and policies, these professionals have showed the lack of cultural identity towards organizations and groups,featuring marginality and dispersivity.Media, on the other hand, is not only an important way to obtain and communicate information, but also "spaces of identity" for modern people. News, as "the objective recording of new events",plays a significant role in building media image of a subject,which shows the perception of news producers towards this group, and at the same time is possible to influence the identity the group members hold. Self-employed professionals,with the character of dispersivity and lack of identity, are more possible to be influenced by their media image.
This article applied frame theory to analyze the media image of self-employed professionals in China. Based on content analysis of China News Week, the research found that this magazine had some inclination in depicting this group of people, in terms of gender, occupation, and so on, and they were more likely to be showed in a positive but passive way. Also, text analysis showed that the media image of self-employed professionals could be categorized in three aspects:the marginal man with vague identity, a floating leisure class and the professional to be.
因此,本文通过对《中国新闻周刊》的内容分析和文本分析,再现该杂志所建构出的自由职业者形象,探讨新闻生产者在建构这一形象时所选择的媒介框架,并进而分析其对自由职业者的身份认同的影响。最终,内容分析的结果表明,《中国新闻周刊》在建构自由职业者形象时具有一定的偏向性。而根据文本分析,研究发现自由职业者的媒介形象主要分为三个方面,身份模糊的边缘人、漂泊无依的“有闲阶级”和亟待完善的专业人士。
As a part of the new social classes,self-employed professionals officially re-emerged in China in 2001.During the past 9 years,the scale of this group has been growing larger and larger, with a great increase in the number of the practitioners. However, confined by social values, cultural tradition, and relevant organizations and policies, these professionals have showed the lack of cultural identity towards organizations and groups,featuring marginality and dispersivity.Media, on the other hand, is not only an important way to obtain and communicate information, but also "spaces of identity" for modern people. News, as "the objective recording of new events",plays a significant role in building media image of a subject,which shows the perception of news producers towards this group, and at the same time is possible to influence the identity the group members hold. Self-employed professionals,with the character of dispersivity and lack of identity, are more possible to be influenced by their media image.
This article applied frame theory to analyze the media image of self-employed professionals in China. Based on content analysis of China News Week, the research found that this magazine had some inclination in depicting this group of people, in terms of gender, occupation, and so on, and they were more likely to be showed in a positive but passive way. Also, text analysis showed that the media image of self-employed professionals could be categorized in three aspects:the marginal man with vague identity, a floating leisure class and the professional to be.
引文
1.陈秀珊.我国自由职业者的特性及发展对策分析[J].经管学苑,2004,12,58-60.
2.辛刚国.新的社会阶层中自由职业人员的现状特征及统战对策研究[J].中央社会主义学院学报,2007,06：38-42.
3.范茹平.改革开放与新的社会阶层发展.理论研究,2008,04：9-11.
4.李萍.自由职业者现状——存在的问题及建议[J].合作经济与科技,2008,10,p.30-32.
5.何家银.重庆市自由职业者社会科学普及状况与对策[J].重庆科技学院学报(社会科学版),2008,02：79-81.
6.朱英.近代中国自由职业者群体研究的几个问题——侧重于律师、医师、会计师的论述[J].华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2007,7：65-73.
7.刘尧.大学教师应当回归自由职业者身份[J].复旦教育论坛,2005,3：
8.邢思.人生知识大词典[M].北京：中国青年出版社,1992.
9.朱光磊.当代中国社会各阶层分析[M].天津：天津人民出版社,2007.
10.何鲁丽.改革开放三十年与新的社会阶层发展——在“改革开放与新的社会阶层”论坛上的讲话[J].中央社会主义学院学报,2008,10：5-7.
11.国家职业资格工作网.职业标准：新职业[EB/OL]. (http://www.osta.org.cn/htm/306/5315/index.html,获取时间:2010/3/15).
12.金虹.让医生成为自由职业呼声渐高[J].医院管理论坛,2007,24(6)：22-27.
13.蒋建栋.在中国谁能致富[M].北京：中国时代经济出版社,2004.
14.李瑾.司法部：中国执业律师人数已达16.6万[EB/OL].:新华网(http://www.chinanews.com.cn/gn/news/2010/02-15/2124373.shtml,获取时间:2010/3/15), 2010,02,15.
15.何雨欣,李延霞.中国注册会计师人数已达15.5万,从业人员近30万[EB/OL]新华网(http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2009-10/03/content_1432214.htm,获取时间:2010/3/15),2009,10, 3.
16.李帅.新医改方案强调发挥执业药师作用[EB/OL]中国医药报(http://news.pharmnet.com.cn/news/2009/04/20/253471.html,获取时间:2010/3/15),2009, 4,20.
17.邢军.自由职业者的生存镜像与阶层培育[J].合肥学院学报(社会科学版),2005,2：12-17.
18.姜力.关于自由择业知识分子群体特征的认识[J].吉林省社会主义学院学报,2009,4：10-12.
19. ECHO.中国自由职业者职场现状调查：收入看上去很美[EB／OL].：中国网(http://www.china.com.cn/info/txt/2007-05/29/content 8315437.htm,获取时间：2010/3/ 12),2007-5-29.
20.朱前星.试论当前对自由择业党外知识分子的统战工作[J].前沿,2003(5).
21.南京市新的社会阶层人士工作情况分析[EB/OL].:南京市委网(http://www.nisw.gov.cn/site/swww/jcgz-mb a390705313044.htm获取时间：2010/3/12), 2007-5-31.
22.王开玉.中国中部省会城市社会结构变迁——合肥市社会阶层分析[M1.北京：社会科学文献出版社,2004.
23.麦克因斯.男性的终结[M].南京：江苏人民出版社,2002.
24.王宁.消费与认同——对消费社会学的一个分析框架的探索[J].社会学研究,2001,01：4-14.
25.利波维茨基,胡.永恒的奢侈——从圣物岁月到品牌时代[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2007.
26.崔月琴,刘秀秀.从“单位人”到“自由人”——我国自由职业者生存特征的社会学分析[J].福建论坛·人文社会科学版,2008,12：133-137.
27.马琳.电视剧传播框架中的女性：形象建构与身份认同[D].华东师范大学,2008.
28.李普曼.公众舆论[M].上海：上海世纪出版社,2006.
29.张晓莺.论框架理论与媒介形象之建构[D].暨南大学,2008.
30.吉特林.新左派运动的媒介镜像[M].北京：华夏出版社,2007.
31.黄旦.传者图象：新闻专业主义的建构与消解[M].上海：复旦大学出版社,2005.
32.汪民安.文化研究关键词[M].南京：江苏人民出版社,2007.
33.张静.身份认同研究：观念、态度、理据[M].上海：上海人民出版社,2006.
34.卡斯特.认同的力量[M].南京：南京大学出版社,2001.
35.安德森.想象的共同体：民族主义的起源与分布[M].上海：上海世纪出版集团,2005.
36.莫利,罗宾斯.认同的空间：全球媒介、电子世界景观和文化边界[M].南京：南京大学出版社,2001.
37.郑靓.简析本土媒介中的财富阶层形象[J].社会心理学,2006(03)：76-80.
38.巴特.神话：大众文化诠释,1999,转引自罗刚,王中忱.消费文化读本[M].北京：中国社会科学院出版社,2003.
39.鲍德里亚.消费社会[M].南京：南京大学出版社,2006.
40.凡勃伦.有闲阶级论[M].北京：商务印书馆,2005.
41.布尔迪厄.区分：鉴赏判断的社会批判[M],1979,转引自罗刚,王中忱.消费文化读本 [M].北京：中国社会科学院出版社,2003.
42.费瑟斯通.消费文化与后现代主义[M].南京：译林出版社,2000.
43.夏雯.上海媒体如何呈现大学生形象[J].上海大学学报,2007(6)：155-156
44.陈阳.青年典型人物的建构与嬗变[J].国际新闻界,2008
45.Goffman.Frame Analysis:An Essay on the Organization of Experience,1974, from Craib. Erving Goffman:Frame Analysis[J].Philosophy of the Social Sciences,1978(8):79-86.
46.Semetko H.A.,& Valkenburg, P. M..Framing European politics:A content analysis of press and television news[J].Journal of Communication,50(2),93-109.
47.Entman, R.. Framing:Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm[J].Journal of Communication,1993,43(4):51-58.
48.Tversky, A.,& Kanhneman, D. Availability:A heuristic for judging frequency and probability, from Scheufele D. A.. Framing as a Theory of Media Effect. Journal of Communication, 1999(Winter):103-122
49.Pan,& Ryan.Gender, Framing, and Travelogues [J].Journal of Travel Research, May 2007(45): 464-474.
50.Pan, Z.,& Kosicki, G.M..Framing analysis:an approach to news discourse. Political Communication,1993,10:55-76.
51.Wenjing Xie. Framing China:A Comparative Study of U.S. Elite Newspaper's Coverage of Nixon's Visit to China and the Chinese President's Visit to the U.S [A].In Conference Paper for the annual convention of International Communication Association, Montreal, Canada 2008[C], November 2007.
52. Scheufele D. A.. Framing as a Theory of Media Effect. Journal of Communication, 1999(W inter):103-122
2.辛刚国.新的社会阶层中自由职业人员的现状特征及统战对策研究[J].中央社会主义学院学报,2007,06：38-42.
3.范茹平.改革开放与新的社会阶层发展.理论研究,2008,04：9-11.
4.李萍.自由职业者现状——存在的问题及建议[J].合作经济与科技,2008,10,p.30-32.
5.何家银.重庆市自由职业者社会科学普及状况与对策[J].重庆科技学院学报(社会科学版),2008,02：79-81.
6.朱英.近代中国自由职业者群体研究的几个问题——侧重于律师、医师、会计师的论述[J].华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2007,7：65-73.
7.刘尧.大学教师应当回归自由职业者身份[J].复旦教育论坛,2005,3：
8.邢思.人生知识大词典[M].北京：中国青年出版社,1992.
9.朱光磊.当代中国社会各阶层分析[M].天津：天津人民出版社,2007.
10.何鲁丽.改革开放三十年与新的社会阶层发展——在“改革开放与新的社会阶层”论坛上的讲话[J].中央社会主义学院学报,2008,10：5-7.
11.国家职业资格工作网.职业标准：新职业[EB/OL]. (http://www.osta.org.cn/htm/306/5315/index.html,获取时间:2010/3/15).
12.金虹.让医生成为自由职业呼声渐高[J].医院管理论坛,2007,24(6)：22-27.
13.蒋建栋.在中国谁能致富[M].北京：中国时代经济出版社,2004.
14.李瑾.司法部：中国执业律师人数已达16.6万[EB/OL].:新华网(http://www.chinanews.com.cn/gn/news/2010/02-15/2124373.shtml,获取时间:2010/3/15), 2010,02,15.
15.何雨欣,李延霞.中国注册会计师人数已达15.5万,从业人员近30万[EB/OL]新华网(http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2009-10/03/content_1432214.htm,获取时间:2010/3/15),2009,10, 3.
16.李帅.新医改方案强调发挥执业药师作用[EB/OL]中国医药报(http://news.pharmnet.com.cn/news/2009/04/20/253471.html,获取时间:2010/3/15),2009, 4,20.
17.邢军.自由职业者的生存镜像与阶层培育[J].合肥学院学报(社会科学版),2005,2：12-17.
18.姜力.关于自由择业知识分子群体特征的认识[J].吉林省社会主义学院学报,2009,4：10-12.
19. ECHO.中国自由职业者职场现状调查：收入看上去很美[EB／OL].：中国网(http://www.china.com.cn/info/txt/2007-05/29/content 8315437.htm,获取时间：2010/3/ 12),2007-5-29.
20.朱前星.试论当前对自由择业党外知识分子的统战工作[J].前沿,2003(5).
21.南京市新的社会阶层人士工作情况分析[EB/OL].:南京市委网(http://www.nisw.gov.cn/site/swww/jcgz-mb a390705313044.htm获取时间：2010/3/12), 2007-5-31.
22.王开玉.中国中部省会城市社会结构变迁——合肥市社会阶层分析[M1.北京：社会科学文献出版社,2004.
23.麦克因斯.男性的终结[M].南京：江苏人民出版社,2002.
24.王宁.消费与认同——对消费社会学的一个分析框架的探索[J].社会学研究,2001,01：4-14.
25.利波维茨基,胡.永恒的奢侈——从圣物岁月到品牌时代[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2007.
26.崔月琴,刘秀秀.从“单位人”到“自由人”——我国自由职业者生存特征的社会学分析[J].福建论坛·人文社会科学版,2008,12：133-137.
27.马琳.电视剧传播框架中的女性：形象建构与身份认同[D].华东师范大学,2008.
28.李普曼.公众舆论[M].上海：上海世纪出版社,2006.
29.张晓莺.论框架理论与媒介形象之建构[D].暨南大学,2008.
30.吉特林.新左派运动的媒介镜像[M].北京：华夏出版社,2007.
31.黄旦.传者图象：新闻专业主义的建构与消解[M].上海：复旦大学出版社,2005.
32.汪民安.文化研究关键词[M].南京：江苏人民出版社,2007.
33.张静.身份认同研究：观念、态度、理据[M].上海：上海人民出版社,2006.
34.卡斯特.认同的力量[M].南京：南京大学出版社,2001.
35.安德森.想象的共同体：民族主义的起源与分布[M].上海：上海世纪出版集团,2005.
36.莫利,罗宾斯.认同的空间：全球媒介、电子世界景观和文化边界[M].南京：南京大学出版社,2001.
37.郑靓.简析本土媒介中的财富阶层形象[J].社会心理学,2006(03)：76-80.
38.巴特.神话：大众文化诠释,1999,转引自罗刚,王中忱.消费文化读本[M].北京：中国社会科学院出版社,2003.
39.鲍德里亚.消费社会[M].南京：南京大学出版社,2006.
40.凡勃伦.有闲阶级论[M].北京：商务印书馆,2005.
41.布尔迪厄.区分：鉴赏判断的社会批判[M],1979,转引自罗刚,王中忱.消费文化读本 [M].北京：中国社会科学院出版社,2003.
42.费瑟斯通.消费文化与后现代主义[M].南京：译林出版社,2000.
43.夏雯.上海媒体如何呈现大学生形象[J].上海大学学报,2007(6)：155-156
44.陈阳.青年典型人物的建构与嬗变[J].国际新闻界,2008
45.Goffman.Frame Analysis:An Essay on the Organization of Experience,1974, from Craib. Erving Goffman:Frame Analysis[J].Philosophy of the Social Sciences,1978(8):79-86.
46.Semetko H.A.,& Valkenburg, P. M..Framing European politics:A content analysis of press and television news[J].Journal of Communication,50(2),93-109.
47.Entman, R.. Framing:Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm[J].Journal of Communication,1993,43(4):51-58.
48.Tversky, A.,& Kanhneman, D. Availability:A heuristic for judging frequency and probability, from Scheufele D. A.. Framing as a Theory of Media Effect. Journal of Communication, 1999(Winter):103-122
49.Pan,& Ryan.Gender, Framing, and Travelogues [J].Journal of Travel Research, May 2007(45): 464-474.
50.Pan, Z.,& Kosicki, G.M..Framing analysis:an approach to news discourse. Political Communication,1993,10:55-76.
51.Wenjing Xie. Framing China:A Comparative Study of U.S. Elite Newspaper's Coverage of Nixon's Visit to China and the Chinese President's Visit to the U.S [A].In Conference Paper for the annual convention of International Communication Association, Montreal, Canada 2008[C], November 2007.
52. Scheufele D. A.. Framing as a Theory of Media Effect. Journal of Communication, 1999(W inter):103-122