湖南生态水资源系统脆弱性评价及其可持续开发利用研究
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摘要
湖南虽然地处亚热带季风湿润气候区,降水资源较为丰沛,但是,以季节性干旱为代表的水资源脆弱性问题也较为突出。加之以变暖为主要特征的全球气候变化以及虚拟水战略广泛实施所形成的虚拟水战略背景均会对区域水资源系统的脆弱性造成诸多影响。所有这些共同决定了进行“湖南生态水资源系统脆弱性评价及其可持续开发利用研究”的必要性和重要性。本文运用系统论方法提出南方湿润地区生态水资源系统脆弱性概念并对其脆弱度进行定量评价,从循环经济思想和虚拟水战略理念两个角度分析探讨湖南水资源可持续利用的对策。
     1、湖南水资源开发利用具有开发利用程度不高、用水总量不断增长、用水结构不断变化、地域差异明显等诸多特点。目前,湖南水资源问题较为突出,可以概括为以季节性干旱为主的水资源短缺问题、以洪涝灾害为主的水灾问题、以生活和工业污染为主的水污染问题和以水土流失为代表的水生态环境问题。
     2、分别从气候、地形地貌、土壤植被、人为活动和经济发展5个方面综合分析了湖南生态水资源系统脆弱性的成因;湖南生态水资源系统脆弱性表现为农业生产的季节性干旱、大中城市的阶段性供水紧张、洪涝灾害和水土流失等问题;从自然脆弱性、人为脆弱性和承载脆弱性三个方面构建一个包括12个具体指标的湖南生态水资源系统脆弱性评价指标体系;运用物元模型对湖南85个县域单元的生态水资源脆弱度进行定量评价。结果表明,湖南生态水资源系统总体上存在一定的脆弱性,内部脆弱度差异不显著,分布态势为“东部大于西部,南部大于北部”;构建一个包括多年平均降水量、少雨期干旱指数、坡度指数、土壤蓄水能力指数等8个具体指标的指标体系,运用GIS和RS方法获取指标数据并对其进行数字化处理,运用GIS的数据叠置运算功能建立生态水资源系统脆弱性评价模型,对衡阳盆地生态水资源系统脆弱度进行定量评价,相对于传统的评价方法,GIS方法的评价结果更为细致和精确。
     3、运用滑动平均法、气候倾向率法以及多项式拟合等方法对湖南1960~2007年的气温和降水量数据进行系统分析。结果表明,气温方面,48年来湖南年平均气温总体上表现出先降后升态势,上升趋势为0.106℃/10a,春季和冬季的气温上升趋势明显;降水量方面,48年来降水量经历了一个先升后降再升的过程,气候倾向率为30.8mm/10a。春、夏、冬三季均表现为增多趋势,其中又以夏季增多趋势最为明显,倾向率达到30.4 mm/10a。从降水量和蒸发量的变化来看,湖南生态水资源脆弱性趋于降低,而从暴雨频率等极端气候事件的时间演变趋势上来看,湖南生态水资源脆弱性均趋于上升。
     4、对湖南14个地(市、州)生态水资源系统的脆弱性变化进行定量评价。结果发现,虚拟水战略背景下区域水资源系统的脆弱度普遍会有所上升,并存在一定的区域差异,周边山地丘陵区水资源脆弱度会有较大幅度地提高,而中部的长沙、湘潭、娄底和衡阳地区相对影响较弱。
     5、将循环经济的“减量化、再使用和再生化”原则运用到湖南水资源开发利用领域。认为水田节水灌溉是湖南农业水资源减量化的重要模式之一,而湖南工业用水减量化则主要以提高石油、化工、电力、钢铁、冶金、纺织和造纸等高耗水产业的水资源循环利用率为核心。湖南雨水资源化利用可以探索雨水就地资源化利用、庭院雨水资源化以及大田雨水资源化等农村地区雨水资源化利用模式和城市绿化型雨水资源化、水生态维护型雨水资源化以及城市公共用水型雨水资源化等城市地区雨水资源化利用模式。发挥境内隐形水库的调蓄水功能、增强实体水库调蓄水能力、实施河道整治工程、改变治洪观念、提高气象、水文要素的监测和预报水平、加强洪水资源化利用研究、合理进行土地利用规划、优化水利工程的洪水调度管理等几大方面是湖南洪水资源资源化利用的实现路径。
     6、定义区域虚拟水战略优势度概念,构建区域虚拟水战略优势度评价指标体系,以我国内陆31个省级行政区划单元为对象,测算虚拟水战略优势度大小。结果发现,我国虚拟水战略优势度呈现“中间多,两头少”的纺锤型等级分布规律和“东部高、西部低”,“南部和北部高、中间低”的空间分布规律。湖南虚拟水战略优势度指数得分较高,虚拟水战略背景下,其经济社会发展和水资源开发利用等诸多领域将会受到较大影响。
     构建水资源禀赋指数综合评价各省份的水资源禀赋条件,据此将全国内陆31个省(市、区)划分为虚拟水输出地域、虚拟水输入地域和虚拟水平衡地域三种类型区。然后,构建农产品贸易指数与非农产业需水压力指数,运用列联表互斥的矩阵分类方法将每种类型区域再细分为4种类型区。结果发现,湖南属于虚拟水输出地域中的典型输出类型,因此,无论是从本省的经济发展考虑,还是从全国农产品安全和水资源安全的大局考虑,“粮食等水密集型产品生产大省”都应该成为虚拟水战略背景下湖南农业生产的战略地位。
     选择人均农村人口主要农畜产品虚拟水量指数来表征区域农业生产的虚拟水消耗空间分布状况,发现我国农业生产的虚拟水空间分布具有北方大于南方的特点。构建虚拟水战略背景下的区域农业生产适宜度指数用以表征基于区域水土资源条件的区域农业空间布局理想模式。结果发现,虚拟水战略背景下我国不同区域间的农业生产适宜度差异十分显著,基本呈现北、西、南三面高,中东部低的空间分布态势。构建虚拟水战略背景下的区域农业生产调整指数,结果发现湖南为保障全国食物和水资源安全所做出的贡献小于其应负的责任。用上述相同方法对湖南14个地(市、州)农业生产耗水与虚拟水战略背景下的农业生产适宜度进行比较,以诊断湖南农业生产的内部空间结构。结果表明,湖南农业发展的现状同虚拟水战略背景下湖南农业发展的理想布局存在较大的差异,需要合理地进行农业生产结构调整。其中,长沙、株洲、湘潭和岳阳4地区相对于全省的平均水平来说农业生产布局密度已超出其虚拟水战略背景下应有的布局密度,而湘西自治州、怀化、张家界和永州4地区农业生产布局密度明显不够,需要加大农业生产的力度。分别定义地均工业增加值耗水和人均工业增加值耗水两指标用以表征湖南各地区工业生产耗水的空间分布,分别采用地均水资源和人均水资源两指标用以表征水资源的空间分布,构建工业生产耗水协调性诊断指数对各地区工业生产布局密度与区域水资源的协调性进行科学诊断。结果发现,湖南工业布局密度整体上与湖南各区域水资源之间的匹配不是很理想。其中,长、潭、娄、株、衡、郴6地区为工业布局密度过密,工业水资源消耗相对于其它地区来说已经超出了其可供水资源量的承载能力,其中,又以长、潭、娄3地区为甚,张、永、湘西、岳、益、怀、邵7地区为工业布局过疏地区,工业生产的水资源消耗相对于其可供水资源量来说还比较少,尚可加大工业布局密度,充分利用区域水资源。其中,又以张家界、湘西和永州3地区最为明显。
     最后,分别从宏观层面和具体微观层面给出虚拟水战略背景下湖南水资源可持续开发利用的对策。宏观方面需要转变水资源开发利用观念,提高水资源利用效率,加强水资源环境保护以及强化虚拟水战略背景下的水资源安全研究。具体微观方面,需要提高“绿水”资源利用效率,因地制宜布局耗水型农业,优化和调整耗水型工业布局,切实做好水环境保护工作,预防水资源的过度开发。
Vulnerability of water resource such as seasonal droughts is an important problem in Hunan province in spite of its enough precipitation as a humid subtropical monsoon climate zone. Moreover, vulnerability of eco-water resource system is affected severely by global climate change and the background of virtual strategy. Therefore, evaluation of vulnerability of eco-water resource system and its sustainable exploitation and utilization in Hunan province is a significant work. A new concept of vulnerability on eco-water resource system in southern humid areas used system method was provided and the vulnerability was calculated. Countermeasures of sustainable utilization of water resource were analyzed used cycle economy theory and virtual water strategy thought.
     1. There are many characteristics about water resource exploitation and utilization in Hunan province such as low level of water resource exploitation, increasing of the total used water, constantly changing of the structure of water resource utilization, significant regional difference and so on. And there also exist some significant problems such as water shortage (seasonal drought), water disaster(floods), water pollution and degradation of water environment(soil and water erosion).
     2. Causes of vulnerability of water resource system were analyzed from the point of view climate, topography, soil and vegetation, human activities and economic development. Vulnerability of eco-water resource system in Hunan province mainly represents in seasonal drought, periodic water shortages in some cities, floods and soil and water erosion and so on. An evaluation index system on vulnerability of eco-water resource system in Hunan province which including 12 concrete indices was constructed. The vulnerability scores of eco-water resource system were calculated in 85 counties of Hunan province using fuzzy matter-element analysis method. The results show that the eco-water resource system is somehow fragile in Hunan province, but there have no significant difference in different regions. The spatial distribution pattern of water resource vulnerability is that the vulnerability in the east(south) regions is higher than that in the west(north) regions. An evaluation index system which include 8 concrete indices was constructed and the method of GIS and RS were used to evaluate the vulnerability of eco-water resource system in Hengyang basin.
     3. Datum of air temperature and precipitation during 1960-2007 in Hunan province were analyzed used the method of moving average, climate trend rate and polynomial fitting and so on. The results show that annual average temperature in Hunan keep upward trend overall in past 48 years, the climate trend rate is 0.106℃/10a, and there are a fastest increasing speed in recent 8 years, the climate trend rate reach to 1.086℃/10a. The increasing trend of annual average temperature is faster in spring and winter than that of in summer and autumn. There have a significant increasing trend of precipitation in recent 48 year, the climate trend rate is 30.8 mm/10a. There are different increasing trend in different seasons in which there is a fastest increasing trend in summer. Climate change have affected the vulnerability of water resource system. The vulnerability of eco-water resource system cuts down from view on the change of precipitation and evaporation. And the vulnerability of ecological water resource system rise from view on the extreme climate events such as rainstorm.
     4. In order to measure change of the vulnerability of eco-water resource system in Hunan under the background of virtual water strategy, an evaluation index system was constructed and the vulnerability change of eco-water resource system in Hunan was calculated. The results show that the vulnerability of eco-water resource system in Hunan will increase under the background of virtual water strategy. Moreover, the vulnerability change in all-around hilly areas is more notable than that of central regions such as Changsha, Xiangtan, Loudi and Hengyang.
     5. The principles of reduce, reuse and recycling in circular economy was used to investigate the sustainable exploitation and utilization of water resources. Author believes that paddy field water-saving irrigation is an important way of water resource reduction in agriculture field, and improving water resource cycling rate of water-intensive industries such as petroleum, chemical, electric power, steel, metallurgy, textile and papermaking and so on is important in industry field. Rainwater utilization reflects the principle of reuse and recycling in water resource cycling economy. There are 3 kinds of patterns of rainwater utilization in countryside:First, strengthening rainwater utilization on the spot so as to set up the eco-barrier of the economy and social development; Second, actively popularizing rainwater collecting and storing in the courtyard to develop the courtyard economy; Third, properly constructing small-scaled rainwater collecting and irrigation projects to enhance water productivity of agricultural production. There also have 3 kinds of patterns of rainwater utilization in cities:First, collecting rainwater mainly from roofs use to urban greening. Second, collecting rainwater mainly from residential ground use to maintain water ecological environment. Third, collecting rainwater mainly from road surface use to some public water use in cities. Flood resource utilization is also an important way of water resource sustainable utilization in Hunan province, mainly approach include:Improving water saving of visible and invisible reservoir, implementing river remediation, changing the idea of flood prevention, increasing the level of monitoring and forecasting meteorological and hydrological elements, strengthening research of flood resource utilization, planning land use and so on.
     6. In order to measure regional affections of virtual strategy, the concept of Advantage Value of Regional Virtual Water Strategy(AVRVWS) is put forward. Then an assessment index system including 12 indices is established, and the grades of AVRVWS of 31 provinces in china are calculated. The results show that the grades of AVRVWS in china have notable regional discrepancy, most of the provinces in china have the medium grades of AVRVWS, the grades in east china are higher than that of the west, at the same the grades in the south and north is higher than that of the central. The score of AVRVWS in Hunan is higher than many of other provinces, it tells us that the development of eco-social and water resource exploitation and utilization will severely affected under the background of virtual water strategy.
     An index of water resource gift was constructed by which three senior function regional types, namely virtual water import region, virtual water output region and virtual water equilibrium region were divided. Using the method of classification matrix integrated by the commercial index of primary water-density agricultural product and non-agricultural water demand pressure index, several junior function regional types, namely typical virtual water import (output)area, inner optimization area, potential virtual water import (output)area, and composite type area,were divided according to the various combinations of the above 2 indices. The results show that Hunan province is a typical virtual water export region, so, in order to develop its economic and ensure agricultural products and water resource safety in China, Hunan should output more water-density products such as food under the background of virtual water strategy.
     Spatial distribution status of agricultural production in China was analyzed using the index of per capita main agricultural and animal production of agricultural population. It is found that north China's agricultural and animal production is heavier than that of south China. In order to probe the ideal spatial distribution model of agricultural and animal production under the background of virtual water strategy, a concept of regional agricultural production predominant was put forward, the regional agricultural production predominant in each province was calculated. The regional agricultural production predominant shows a characteristic of the north, west and south is heavier than the center. An index of agricultural production distribution adjustment was built and calculated, it is found that Hunan should contribute more to agricultural products and water resource safety in China. In order to diagnose the internal spatial structure of agricultural production in Hunan province, contrast the scores of per capita virtual water embedded in agricultural and animal products and agricultural production dominance under the background of virtual water strategy in each region. It is found that there is a big difference between the layout status and the ideal layout of agricultural production under the background of virtual water strategy. Layout status of agricultural production in Changsha, Zhuzhou, Xiangtan and Yueyang exceed the ideal layout density, and layout status of agricultural production in Xiangxi, Zhangjiajie, Huaihua and Yongzhou doesn't reach the ideal layout density.
     Compare the water used in industry to water resource in each region in Hunan province, it is found that distribution of industry doesn't match to the distribution of water resource in Hunan province. Industry layout status in Changsha, Xiangtan, Zhuzhou, Hengyang and Chenzhou exceed the ideal layout density, and the industry layout density in Zhangjiajie, Yongzhou, Xiangxi, Yueyang, Yiyang, Huaihua and Shaoyang doesn't reach the ideal layout density.
     In order to realize sustainable exploitation and utilization of water resource in Hunan province under the background of virtual strategy, some countermeasures were put forward. Macro-level, we should change the concept of water resource development, improve water use efficiency, strengthen water resources protection and water security resource researches under the background of virtual strategy. Micro-level, we should improve the use efficiency of green water, distribute water-density agriculture rationally, optimize the distribution of water-density industry and prevent over-exploitation of water resources and so on.
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