全日制女硕士研究生的角色定位分析研究
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摘要
近年来,随着高校研究生的扩招,我国女研究生的数量也迅速增长,甚至部分高校女研究生的数量已经超过男生。这部分迅速成长的高知女性群体已经引起国内外学者的广泛关注。然而,既有的研究多基于女研究生弱势群体的假设上进行研究,根据女研究生面临的困境结果以旁观者的角度提出理想的对策建议,从女硕士研究生自身角度来解析其角色定位的研究较少。笔者对女研究生自身的角色定位和社会角色期待进行对比研究,分析和探讨女研究生对社会赋予他们角色定位的理解和演化,从而为女研究生进行合理恰当的角色定位提供参考。
本文采取问卷调查法和访谈法,在综述有关文献的研究基础上,选取山西省四所重点高校的女研究生作为研究对象,设计发放问卷进行关于角色定位的调查,同时结合具有典型意义的访谈个案,利用问卷所得到的广度数据和访谈所获的深度数据,来描述这个女性群体角色定位的现状。同时对社会群体进行问卷调查和深度访谈,以了解社会对女硕士研究生的角色期待,从而找出二者的差距和契合点,以更好的帮助女硕士研究生理清角色冲突和困惑,重新角色定位以适应社会需求。文中指出女硕士研究生自身角色定位的主要特点是：1.学术学历错位的教育观,对学术的低要求和学历的高追求,倾向于把研究生角色作为一种过渡性而非发展性角色；2.有目标而无计划的择业观；3.期望理想状态的婚姻观。同时指出社会对女硕士研究生群体的角色期待是：1.对女硕士研究生学历能力一致的高期待;2.特殊的婚恋群体；3.性别歧视产生“供求矛盾”。本文尝试提出个人——社会的角色定位偏差这一概念,来解释女研究生自身角色定位和社会其角色期待之间的差距,同时分析了女研究生角色定位的影响因索,主要包括家庭、学校、社会等外部环境因素和女研究生自身因素,发现女研究生角色存在的问题,如：角色不清、角色模糊、角色冲突等,进而提出女研究生角色定位的对策建议。
For the past few years, with the enrollment entension of postgraduates, there is a tremendous increase of female postgraduates, even beyond the number of male in parts of colleges. This part of highly-educated female group who grows in fast has already aroused a widespread concern of scholars both at home and abroad. However, the existing studies are mainly based on the hypothesis of female postgraduates as a weak group. And there are seldom studies analysed the role definition from the angle of female postgraduates themselves. Through a comparison between female postgraduates'own role definition and social role expectation, the author analyses and explores female postgraduates'understanding and evolution to their role definitions endowed by society, therefore providing a reference to female postgraduates'proper role definition.
On the basis of summary to some related documents, and by the method of combining questionnaire survey with interview, we have a survey to female postgraduates'role definition of four top universities in Shanxi province. We describe the current situation of this female group's role definition by combining the breadth data gained by questionnaire survey and depth deta gained by interview. At the same time, using the same method, we have a survey to some social groups to know their expections to the role of female postgraduates. Thus we can find the discrepancy and conjunction to help female postgraduates remove their confusion and renew their role definitions to meet social requirments. The article points that the main characteristics of female postgraduate's own role definition are the following. First, the false educated outlook on academic research and diploma. They have a low requirement to academic research and high pursuit to diploma, and they tend to regard the role of postgraduates as a kind transition instead of development. Second, their aimed but unplanned employment view. Third, their expections to ideal marriage. Meanwhile, the article mentioned that the social expections to the group of female postgraduates are the following. First, the high expections to the accordance of female postgraduate's diploma and ability. Second, special marriage group. Third, The contradiction between supply and demand produced by gender discrimination.
I try to come up with the conception, the role definition discrepancy between individual and society, to explan the discrepancy between female postgraduates'own role definitions and social expections. In the meantime, I conclued that the Influence factors of female postgraduates'role definitions are mainly external environment, like family, school and society, and female postgraduate's own factor. I find the female postgraduate's role problem, like role confusion, role contradiction, and put forward some related suggestions.
本文采取问卷调查法和访谈法,在综述有关文献的研究基础上,选取山西省四所重点高校的女研究生作为研究对象,设计发放问卷进行关于角色定位的调查,同时结合具有典型意义的访谈个案,利用问卷所得到的广度数据和访谈所获的深度数据,来描述这个女性群体角色定位的现状。同时对社会群体进行问卷调查和深度访谈,以了解社会对女硕士研究生的角色期待,从而找出二者的差距和契合点,以更好的帮助女硕士研究生理清角色冲突和困惑,重新角色定位以适应社会需求。文中指出女硕士研究生自身角色定位的主要特点是：1.学术学历错位的教育观,对学术的低要求和学历的高追求,倾向于把研究生角色作为一种过渡性而非发展性角色；2.有目标而无计划的择业观；3.期望理想状态的婚姻观。同时指出社会对女硕士研究生群体的角色期待是：1.对女硕士研究生学历能力一致的高期待;2.特殊的婚恋群体；3.性别歧视产生“供求矛盾”。本文尝试提出个人——社会的角色定位偏差这一概念,来解释女研究生自身角色定位和社会其角色期待之间的差距,同时分析了女研究生角色定位的影响因索,主要包括家庭、学校、社会等外部环境因素和女研究生自身因素,发现女研究生角色存在的问题,如：角色不清、角色模糊、角色冲突等,进而提出女研究生角色定位的对策建议。
For the past few years, with the enrollment entension of postgraduates, there is a tremendous increase of female postgraduates, even beyond the number of male in parts of colleges. This part of highly-educated female group who grows in fast has already aroused a widespread concern of scholars both at home and abroad. However, the existing studies are mainly based on the hypothesis of female postgraduates as a weak group. And there are seldom studies analysed the role definition from the angle of female postgraduates themselves. Through a comparison between female postgraduates'own role definition and social role expectation, the author analyses and explores female postgraduates'understanding and evolution to their role definitions endowed by society, therefore providing a reference to female postgraduates'proper role definition.
On the basis of summary to some related documents, and by the method of combining questionnaire survey with interview, we have a survey to female postgraduates'role definition of four top universities in Shanxi province. We describe the current situation of this female group's role definition by combining the breadth data gained by questionnaire survey and depth deta gained by interview. At the same time, using the same method, we have a survey to some social groups to know their expections to the role of female postgraduates. Thus we can find the discrepancy and conjunction to help female postgraduates remove their confusion and renew their role definitions to meet social requirments. The article points that the main characteristics of female postgraduate's own role definition are the following. First, the false educated outlook on academic research and diploma. They have a low requirement to academic research and high pursuit to diploma, and they tend to regard the role of postgraduates as a kind transition instead of development. Second, their aimed but unplanned employment view. Third, their expections to ideal marriage. Meanwhile, the article mentioned that the social expections to the group of female postgraduates are the following. First, the high expections to the accordance of female postgraduate's diploma and ability. Second, special marriage group. Third, The contradiction between supply and demand produced by gender discrimination.
I try to come up with the conception, the role definition discrepancy between individual and society, to explan the discrepancy between female postgraduates'own role definitions and social expections. In the meantime, I conclued that the Influence factors of female postgraduates'role definitions are mainly external environment, like family, school and society, and female postgraduate's own factor. I find the female postgraduate's role problem, like role confusion, role contradiction, and put forward some related suggestions.
引文
①库伯等主编《社会科学百科全书》上海译文出版社,1989年版,第660页。
①英,安东尼·吉登斯著,赵旭等译《现代性与自我认同》三联书店,1998年版,第48页.
[1]李银河.女性权利的崛起[M].北京：文化艺术出版社,2003
[2]王凤华,贺江等.社会性别文化的历史与未来[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,2006.
[3]钱铭怡,苏彦捷,李宏.女性心理学与性别差异[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2006.
[4]王恩铭.20世纪美国妇女研究[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社,2002
[5]杨东平.中国教育公平的理想与现实[M],北京：北京大学出版社,2006,7.
[6]刘霓.西方女性学[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2001.
[7]中国学位与研究生教育发展报告课题组.中国学位与研究生教育发展报告(1978-2003)[北京：高等教育出版社,2006.
[8][法]爱弥尔·涂尔干著.教育思想的演进[M].李康译.上海人民出版社,2006.39.
[1]马万华.中国女性高等教育发展的历史、现状与问题[J].北京：教育发展研究,2005,(3),1.
[2]杨秀平.中国研究生教育存在的问题及相关对策研究[J].求实,2005(S1)：239.
[3]金莉.十九世纪美国女性高等教育的发展轨迹及性别定位[J].美国研究,1999,(4)
[4]卿石松.教育回顾、城市婚姻与就业歧视-女研究生比例上升的经济解析[J].中国高教研究,2008,(9).
[5]厉以宁.努力培养高素质的创新人才[J].学位与研究生教育,1999,3.
[6]王朝阳,崔华华.创新视野中的文科研究生能力培养[J].中国高教研究,2006(8)：10.
[7]孙志军.中国教育个人教育收益率研究：一个文献综述及其政策涵义[J].中国人口科学学,2004,(05).
[8]夏文郁.医学研究生心理素质亟待提高[J].学位与研究生教育,2000,1.
[9]谢安邦.构建合理的研究生教育课程体系[J].高等教育研究,2003(9)：71.
[10]玛丽琳·鲍克塞.当妇女提问时[M].余宁平,古盛利,等,译.天津：天津人民出版社,2006.
[11]Florence, Howe.Feminism and the Education of Women[C]. Women's Studies in the Academy, Peking University Press, 2004.
[12]Dougherty Christopher.Why are Returns to Schooling Higherfor Women than for Men [J] Journal of Human Resources,2005, (40).
[13]Lena Edlund.Sex and the City [J].Scandinavian Journal ofEconomics,2005,107(01).
①英,安东尼·吉登斯著,赵旭等译《现代性与自我认同》三联书店,1998年版,第48页.
[1]李银河.女性权利的崛起[M].北京：文化艺术出版社,2003
[2]王凤华,贺江等.社会性别文化的历史与未来[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,2006.
[3]钱铭怡,苏彦捷,李宏.女性心理学与性别差异[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2006.
[4]王恩铭.20世纪美国妇女研究[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社,2002
[5]杨东平.中国教育公平的理想与现实[M],北京：北京大学出版社,2006,7.
[6]刘霓.西方女性学[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2001.
[7]中国学位与研究生教育发展报告课题组.中国学位与研究生教育发展报告(1978-2003)[北京：高等教育出版社,2006.
[8][法]爱弥尔·涂尔干著.教育思想的演进[M].李康译.上海人民出版社,2006.39.
[1]马万华.中国女性高等教育发展的历史、现状与问题[J].北京：教育发展研究,2005,(3),1.
[2]杨秀平.中国研究生教育存在的问题及相关对策研究[J].求实,2005(S1)：239.
[3]金莉.十九世纪美国女性高等教育的发展轨迹及性别定位[J].美国研究,1999,(4)
[4]卿石松.教育回顾、城市婚姻与就业歧视-女研究生比例上升的经济解析[J].中国高教研究,2008,(9).
[5]厉以宁.努力培养高素质的创新人才[J].学位与研究生教育,1999,3.
[6]王朝阳,崔华华.创新视野中的文科研究生能力培养[J].中国高教研究,2006(8)：10.
[7]孙志军.中国教育个人教育收益率研究：一个文献综述及其政策涵义[J].中国人口科学学,2004,(05).
[8]夏文郁.医学研究生心理素质亟待提高[J].学位与研究生教育,2000,1.
[9]谢安邦.构建合理的研究生教育课程体系[J].高等教育研究,2003(9)：71.
[10]玛丽琳·鲍克塞.当妇女提问时[M].余宁平,古盛利,等,译.天津：天津人民出版社,2006.
[11]Florence, Howe.Feminism and the Education of Women[C]. Women's Studies in the Academy, Peking University Press, 2004.
[12]Dougherty Christopher.Why are Returns to Schooling Higherfor Women than for Men [J] Journal of Human Resources,2005, (40).
[13]Lena Edlund.Sex and the City [J].Scandinavian Journal ofEconomics,2005,107(01).