重庆市抗战时期公共医疗卫生事业管理研究
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摘要
城市是人类文明的载体,也是十分复杂的有机体,要使城市平稳的运行和发展,就需要对其进行管理。城市管理的内容涉及许多领域,各个管理领域的地位、作用与方法也不尽相同。城市公共医疗卫生管理是城市管理的内容之一,直接关系着居民的健康状况与城市面貌。
重庆市抗战时期公共医疗卫生事业管理是对民国时期城市医疗卫生管理的延续与发展,许多传统的城市公共医疗卫生管理方法在重庆延续下来,抗战时期颁布和实施的新政策更是开启了重庆市公共医疗卫生事业管理全面发展的新篇章,重庆市公共医疗卫生事业管理自此步入早期现代化进程。
抗战时期,重庆市公共医疗卫生事业管理取得长足发展:医疗卫生机构不断发展,医卫人才不断增加,新设备、新技术不断引入,法律、法规不断充实和完善。重庆市抗战时期公共医疗卫生事业管理呈现出了许多显著特征,如:战时动员机制与公共医疗卫生事业管理的结合;中央政府、地方政府、卫生机构和社会团体的紧密合作;日常管理和应急管理的有机结合;社会组织、国际友人的广泛参与等。这些特征的出现看似偶然,实则是制度、观念、技术全面改变的结果。
重庆抗战时期公共医疗卫生事业管理的发展带来了三方面的影响:首先,近代重庆城市公共卫生机构、制度开始形成,并向科学化、现代化方向发展,促进了城市管理的现代化;其次,市民们的公共卫生参与意识日益形成,也促使了市民参与意识的早期现代化;再者,是对当代城市公共卫生管理的危机管理、市民参与的重要历史示范和借鉴。
City is the carrier of civilization, and it is also a complex organism. City management is necessary to make a city run smoothly and develop well. There are many aspects in city management, and they are quite different in status, effects and methods. Public health management is one part of city management; it has a close bearing on citizen's health and the portrait of the city.
Public health management in Chongqing during the the China’s War of Resistance against Japan is the continuation and development of the city public health management of the Republic of China, many traditional ways of city public health management were passed down in Chongqing, the new policy issued and implemented during that time turned the new leaf of development of city public health management in Chongqing, public health management in Chongqing started to step into a scientific and modern way.
Public health management in Chongqing had made a remarkable development during the China’s War of Resistance against Japan: the healthcare agencies developed continuously, the number of helth care workers increased greatly, new equipments and technologies were constantly introducted, laws and regulations about public health management enriched and completed gradually. There are many marked features in the public health management in Chongqing during that time, for instance: the combination of the mobilized mechanism in war and the public health management; the close cooperation of central government, local government, health agencies, and communities; the logical integration of normal management and emergency management; the wide participation of social organizations and foreign communities. The occurrence of all these features seemed like a coincidence, however, it was the reasonable result of integrated development of systems, ideas, and technologies.
The public health management in Chongqing during the China’s War of Resistance against Japan brought influences in three aspects: first, modern city public health organization and system started to form, and developed to the scientific and modern way, which promoted the modernization of city management ; secondly, residents’paticipation consciousness of public health formed gradually and took shape, which also promoted the modernization of citizens’paticipation consciousness; finally, it has important reference and demonstration value on crisis management and participation of citizens for city public health management of the present age.
重庆市抗战时期公共医疗卫生事业管理是对民国时期城市医疗卫生管理的延续与发展,许多传统的城市公共医疗卫生管理方法在重庆延续下来,抗战时期颁布和实施的新政策更是开启了重庆市公共医疗卫生事业管理全面发展的新篇章,重庆市公共医疗卫生事业管理自此步入早期现代化进程。
抗战时期,重庆市公共医疗卫生事业管理取得长足发展:医疗卫生机构不断发展,医卫人才不断增加,新设备、新技术不断引入,法律、法规不断充实和完善。重庆市抗战时期公共医疗卫生事业管理呈现出了许多显著特征,如:战时动员机制与公共医疗卫生事业管理的结合;中央政府、地方政府、卫生机构和社会团体的紧密合作;日常管理和应急管理的有机结合;社会组织、国际友人的广泛参与等。这些特征的出现看似偶然,实则是制度、观念、技术全面改变的结果。
重庆抗战时期公共医疗卫生事业管理的发展带来了三方面的影响:首先,近代重庆城市公共卫生机构、制度开始形成,并向科学化、现代化方向发展,促进了城市管理的现代化;其次,市民们的公共卫生参与意识日益形成,也促使了市民参与意识的早期现代化;再者,是对当代城市公共卫生管理的危机管理、市民参与的重要历史示范和借鉴。
City is the carrier of civilization, and it is also a complex organism. City management is necessary to make a city run smoothly and develop well. There are many aspects in city management, and they are quite different in status, effects and methods. Public health management is one part of city management; it has a close bearing on citizen's health and the portrait of the city.
Public health management in Chongqing during the the China’s War of Resistance against Japan is the continuation and development of the city public health management of the Republic of China, many traditional ways of city public health management were passed down in Chongqing, the new policy issued and implemented during that time turned the new leaf of development of city public health management in Chongqing, public health management in Chongqing started to step into a scientific and modern way.
Public health management in Chongqing had made a remarkable development during the China’s War of Resistance against Japan: the healthcare agencies developed continuously, the number of helth care workers increased greatly, new equipments and technologies were constantly introducted, laws and regulations about public health management enriched and completed gradually. There are many marked features in the public health management in Chongqing during that time, for instance: the combination of the mobilized mechanism in war and the public health management; the close cooperation of central government, local government, health agencies, and communities; the logical integration of normal management and emergency management; the wide participation of social organizations and foreign communities. The occurrence of all these features seemed like a coincidence, however, it was the reasonable result of integrated development of systems, ideas, and technologies.
The public health management in Chongqing during the China’s War of Resistance against Japan brought influences in three aspects: first, modern city public health organization and system started to form, and developed to the scientific and modern way, which promoted the modernization of city management ; secondly, residents’paticipation consciousness of public health formed gradually and took shape, which also promoted the modernization of citizens’paticipation consciousness; finally, it has important reference and demonstration value on crisis management and participation of citizens for city public health management of the present age.
引文
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[2] Dewailly. E, Ayotte. P, Muckle. G, Dery. S, Furgal. C. Neurotoxicants in the Arctic:A public health perspective on riskmanagement.NEUROTOXICOLOGY.
[3] World Bank. Public Management and the Essential Public Health Function ,World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3220 ,Feb. 2004.
[4]黄建始.什么是公共卫生[J]. Chinese Journal of Health Education V01.21,No.1,January,2005.
[5]赖斗岩.公共卫生概要[M].中华书局,民30年.
[6]周庆行主编.公共卫生事业管理[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2003.
[7]郭岩.卫生事业管理[M].北京:北京医科大学出版社,2003.
[8]重庆市地方志编纂委员会.重庆市志(第十一卷)[M].重庆出版社,1999.
[9]重庆市沙坪坝区志编纂委员会.重庆沙坪坝区志[M].成都:四川人民出版社,1995.
[10]重庆陪都史书系编委会撰述.国民政府重庆陪都史[M].重庆:西南师范大学出版社,1993.
[11]民革中央孙中山研究学会重庆分会编著.重庆抗战文化史[M].北京:团结出版社,2005.
[12]李金荣.溯游抗战重庆丛书叁:烽火岁月重庆大轰炸[M].重庆:重庆出版社,2005.
[13]毕汝刚.公共卫生学[M].商务出版社,民34年.
[14]胡定安.县卫生行政[M].重庆中央政治学院研究部,民30年.
[15]陈果夫.卫生之道[M].正中出版社,民32年.
[16]陈果夫.医政漫谈[M].重庆天地出版社,民32年.
[17] Green .A, Collins. C. Health systems indeveloping countries: public sector managers and the management of contradictions and change.INTERNATIONAL JOURNALOF HEALTH PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT, 1 OCT-DEC 2003Kapp,
[18] Spencer. J. E. 1939 Changing Chungking:the Rebuilding of An Old Chinese City in the Geographical Review,29.
[19] Imperato, P.J. Public health management of disasters. The practice guide. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY HEALTH, 27 (6) DEC2002.
[20] Suckling. R, Ferris. M, Price. C. Riskidentification, assessment and management in public health practice: a practical approach in one public healthdepartment. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTHMEDICINE, JUN 2003.
[21]周勇.重庆抗战史[M].重庆:重庆出版社,2005.
[22]四川省总工会.四川工人运动史料选编[M].成都:四川大学出版社1988.
[23]重庆市政府全宗、重庆市财政局全宗、重庆市警察局全宗、四川省第三区行政督察专员公署全宗、重庆海关最近十年各埠报告、北碚管理局江巴壁合四县特组峡防团练局全宗、民生实业股份有限公司全宗、东川邮政管理局全宗、重庆市自来水股份有限公司全宗、重庆电力股份有限公司全宗、四川水泥股份有限公司全宗、中国银行重庆分行全宗、重庆大学全宗.(重庆市档案馆馆藏)
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[25]周开庆.民国川事纪要[M].台湾:四川文献研究社,1974.
[26]周勇,刘景修.近代重庆经济与社会发展:1876-1949[M].成都.四川大学出版社,1987.
[27]民国《巴县志》;民国《江北厅志》;民国《重庆乡志》;民国《合川县志》;民国《江津县志》;民国《涪陵县志》;民国《长寿县志》
[28]中央卫生实验院组织条例(重庆档案馆馆藏).民国30年9月18日公布.
[29]贺耀祖.重庆要览[M].重庆:重庆市政府,1945年.
[30]内政部.四年来的内政[M].重庆:中国国民党中央执行委员会宣传部,民国30年.
[31]社会救济机关团体查报表. (重庆档案馆馆藏)
[32]中国红十字会总会救护总队部政治部三十年下半年度工作计划分期进度表7月-9月(.重庆档案馆馆藏)
[33]重庆市游民教养院. (重庆档案馆馆藏)
[34]古今佛.重庆慈幼院公函. (重庆档案馆馆藏)
[35]社会部训令,总二字第二八零零六号. (重庆档案馆馆藏)
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