微光景象匹配基准图生成技术研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
巡航导弹的飞速发展决定了其在未来高科技战争中占有举足轻重的地位,而航空成像和景象匹配制导技术的结合给了巡航导弹明亮的眼睛。由于景象匹配的基准图和实时图是在不同时间、不同成像条件下、用不同探测器、从不同视角获得的,即使是同一个物体,在图像中物体所表现出来的光学特性(灰度值、颜色值等)、几何特性(外形、大小等)及空间位置(图像中位置、方向等)都有很大的不同,再加上噪声、干扰物体等因素的存在使得图像有很大的不同。当巡航导弹在夜间飞行时,所采集的实时图为微光夜视图像,而基准图一般都是白天气象条件较好的时候采集的卫星图片或者航拍图片,而日间与夜间的景物在图像中呈现明显的不同,因此匹配时就容易产生偏差,甚至误匹配,极大地影响了制导的精度。为此需要对微光成像进行仿真,通过完整地重现微光成像系统的各个工作环节,把正常日照条件下的图像(基准图)精确地转换为微光夜视图像。微光景象匹配基准图模拟生成技术是提高巡航导弹夜间景象匹配制导精度的有效途径之一。
     微光图像相比于日光图像最主要的特征就是信噪比低。本文首先从直方图、时空域噪声、图像相关性、灰度层次丰富性、图像信息量等角度考察了微光图像的特征,在分析二维直方图的基础上提出用信息容量这一示性参数来表征夜视图像信息的丰富程度和局部相关程度,这些特征对评价微光图像仿真效果具有重要的指导意义。
     大气传输是光电成像的必经过程。图像天候模型的建立向来是个难点,大气是个随机变化的复杂体,受到各种自然因素的影响。本文分析了光电成像过程中大气这一传输介质对成像质量的影响,采用辐射传输理论描述了大气介质的吸收和散射特性,建立了大气成像系统的传递函数模型。根据数学模型,编写了相应的计算机仿真软件,并且将LOWTRAN7作为一个独立模块调入以模拟大气造成的图像能量衰减和能量分布变化,为微光成像系统仿真奠定了基础。
     光谱反射特性是景物成像后显示出区别于其他景物的特征的根本原因,也是白天与夜间图像对比度发生变化的根本原因。本文以地面景物的光谱反射特性为突破口,从ICCD相机的工作原理出发,分析了日光与夜天光的光谱分行,深入讨论了地面光谱反射特性对成像的影响,对比研究了白天与夜间地面反射特性造成的日光图像与微光图像的对比度差异,分析了ICCD相机的光谱辐射响应和空间响应特性,建立了不同夜间光照情况下微光成像系统的统一模型,包括:ICCD相机积分成像模型、ICCD相机MTF链模型、ICCD相机噪声模型。
     针对微光成像仿真对图像分割的实际需求,本文提出了一种基于微光图像特征的图像分割新方法。讨论了K-均值聚类在图像分割中的作用,在详细分析了Canny算法整个过程的基础上,采用二维直方图最大熵法计算得到对Canny算法性能有决定意义的高门限。这种自适应方法不仅改善了Canny算法的分割效果,同时也增强了Canny算法的适用性和实用性。最后,运用数学形态学对边缘图像进行二次处理,使得图像边缘更清晰、特征更明显,得到较好的图像分割结果。
     最后,基于本文所分析和建立的模型,作者研制了“微光视景生成系统”,一个完整的蕴含LOWTRAN7计算内核、图像分割和分类以及ICCD后段仿真的微光景象匹配基准图模拟生成系统,并给出了实验结果。
The rapid development of cruise missiles makes them play an important role in futurehigh-tech wars. The combination of aerial imaging and scene matching brings cruisemissiles bright eyes. Since the scene matching base map and the real-time map arecaptured at different time, in different imaging conditions, using different detectors, fromdifferent visual angles, different maps appear entirely different in optical characteristics(gray, color, etc.), geometric characteristics (shape, size, etc.) and spatial characteristics(location, direction, etc.), even if the same object. Furthermore, noise and interferencebring differences. When cruise missiles fly at night, the real-time map is night visionimages, while the base map is composed of satellite images or aerial photographs acquiredduring daytime in better weather conditions. The difference between daytime images andnight vision images greatly impact on the accuracy of scene matching and guidance.Therefore, the low-light-level imaging simulation is of necessariness. By reconstructing theLLL imaging system, daytime images (base map) are accurately converted to night visionimages. LLL Scene Matching base map simulation technology is one of the effective waysto improve the scene matching guidance accuracy of cruise missiles at night.
     The most important characteristic of LLL images is poor signal-to-noise ratiocompared to daytime images. Characteristics of LLL images are analyzed at the beginningof this paper, such as histograms, time-and-space-domain noise, image correlation, richnessof gray level and image information. Based on the analysis of two-dimensional histograms,information capacity is proposed as an indicator parameter to describe the richness andlocal correlation of night Vision image information. These characteristics are of vitaldirective significance to the evaluation of LLL image simulation.
     Atmospheric propagation is necessary in optoelectronic imaging process. Buildingimage weather model is always difficult, since the atmosphere is a complex systemchangeing randomly and effected by natural factors. In this paper, the influence ofatmospheric propagation on image quality in optoelectronic imaging process is analyzed.Radiative transfer theory is used to describe the atmospheric absorption and scatteringproperties and the atmospheric imaging system transfer function model is advanced. Basedon the mathematical model, the corresponding computer simulation software is developed.And LOWTRAN7 is embeded as a separate module to simulate the energy attenuation ofimages and energy distribution change due to atmospheric propagation, which laid the foundation for LLL imaging simulation.
     Spectral reflectance properties are the fundamental reasons for distinguishing onescene from another, as well as the contrast changes between daytime images and nightvision images. Based on the ground spectral reflectance properties and operationgprinciples of ICCD, spectral distributions of daylight and night sky light are analyzed. Theinfluence of ground spectral reflectance properties on imaging process is deeply discussed.The contrast difference between daytime images and LLL images is studied. Spetralradiance response and spatial response of ICCD are analyzed. A series of unifying modelsof LLL scene simulation is builded under different night illumination conditions, includingthe integral imaging model, MTF chain model and noise model of ICCD.,
     In order to meet the practical requirement of LLL imaging simulation, a novel imagesegmentation method based on low-light-level image characteristics is presented in thispaper. The contribution of K-means clustering in image segmentation is discussed. Thewhole process of Canny algorithm is analyzed in details. The maximum entropy based ontwo-dimensional histogram is proposed to determine the high threshold of Cannyalgorithm. This adaptive approach improves the effect of Canny algorithm and alsoenhances the applicability and practicability. Mathematical morphology is used in the edgeimage processingto get better image segmentation results.
     Finally, based on the models analyzed and builded in the paper, a real-time LLL scenesynthesis system is developed, including computing kernel of LOWTRAN7, imagesegmentation and category, ICCD simulation. And the experimental results are given atlast.
引文
[1] 任武能.美军精确制导弹药的发展趋势.国防,2007(2):68~69.
    [2] 南疆盛.美俄巡航导弹大比拼.中国青年科技,2002(5):60~61.
    [3] 程飞.美国巡航导弹防御现状.现代防御技术,2002(5):60~64.
    [4] 袁俊,李静海.巡航导弹发展及其探测方法研究.地面防空武器,2006(4):13~19.
    [5] 冀兴南.珠海航展上的中国导弹.中国航天,2001,1.
    [6] Brown L.G..A survey of image registration techniques.ACM Computing Surveys, 1992, 24(4): 325~376.
    [7] 袁俊.国外巡航导弹防御的发展动态.中国航天,2000,3.
    [8] James A, Buford Jr, Scott B. US Army Missile Command hardware-in-the-loop infrared projector development. SPIE, 1994(2223): 112~123.
    [9] Scott B. US Army Missile Command dual-mode millimeter wave/infrared simulator development. SPIE, 1994(2223): 100~111.
    [10] John S, Cole Jr. MSS-2: a second generation millimeter wave hardware-in-the-loop simulation facility. SCSC'95: 335~359.
    [11] James A, Buford Jr and Teri S. U.S. Army Missile Command imaging infrared system simulation. SPIE, 1996(2741): 69~80.
    [12] John S, Cole Jr and Alexander C. Hardware-in-the-loop simulation at the U.S. Army Missile Command. SPIE, 1996(2741): 14~19.
    [13] J.S.Cole. Radar guided missile hardware-in-the-loop simulation in the MICOM advanced simulation center. SCSC, 1982: 809~813.
    [14] 王毓兰,王学军.军用仿真技术及其应用的最新发展动向.光电技术研讨及学术交流会论文集,1996:49~60.
    [15] 丛敏,刘金.美国陆军导弹司令部的半实物仿真.飞航导弹,1998(6):28~32.
    [16] 李正顺,袁再华,王淑芬.红外成像制导性能评估系统情报研究.飞航导弹,1998(7):21~28.
    [17] 王毓兰.近来美国军用仿真技术的发展动向.现代防御技术,1996(2):18~30.
    [18] 贡学平,费海伦.红外成像制导半实物仿真现状与发展.红外与激光工程,2000,29(2):51~56.
    [19] Clarence P. Removing the ATR performance evaluation bottleneck: the C2NVEO AUTOSPEC facility. SPIE, 1990(1310): 16~31.
    [20] 侯斌.国外红外成像制导仿真技术情报研究.航天情报研究,1993:577~589.
    [21] 刘永昌.红外成像制导仿真技术分析研究(一).红外技术,1995,1 8(1):9~12.
    [22] 刘永昌.红外成像制导仿真技术分析研究(二).红外技术,1995,18(2):29~31.
    [23] Dowdell, Chuck Nicholas, George. Tomorrow's simulation requirements. Journal of Electronic Defense. 1994: 40~46.
    [24] Ronald W. DIS: What is it and where is it going? SCSC'95: 1010~1025.
    [25] Col Jerry. Future direction of modeling and simulation in the department of defense. SCSC'95: 585~590.
    [26] 高倩,王恒霖.仿真系统未来发展趋势.飞航导弹,1995(1 1):44~48.
    [27] 黄向明.美国防部的模拟与仿真面临挑战.情报指挥控制系统与仿真技术,1998(4):67~68.
    [28] 戴树岭,彭晓源,毕会娟.分布交互仿真原型系统研究与开发.北京航空航天大学学报,1996,25(3):252~255.
    [29] 江朝群.红外制导系统仿真技术的现状与发展.航天控制,1994(4):28~31.
    [30] 贡学平.长波红外成像制导仿真技术研究.现代防御技术,1995(2):49~55.
    [31] 张天序,胡礴.数字景象图的计算机模拟生成.宇航学报,1999,20(2):93-98.
    [32] 王刚,禹秉熙.基于图像仿真的对地遥感过程科学可视化研究.系统仿真学报,2002,14(6):755-760.
    [33] 肖亮,吴慧中,汤淑春,等.全天候景象匹配实时图模拟生成的建模与仿真.系统仿真学报,2005,17(2):378-383.
    [34] 周立伟.夜视技术述评.光学技术,1995(增刊):1~18.
    [35] 张伟伟,雷隽,郑云飞.微光夜视仪技术及其应用.科技资讯,2006(29):14~15.
    [36] 张鸣平,张敬贤,李玉丹.夜视系统.第一版.北京:北京理工大学出版社,1993.
    [37] 艾克聪.微光夜视技术的进展与展望.应用光学,2006,27(4):303~307.
    [38] 徐江涛,张兴社.微光像增强器的最新发展动向.应用光学,2005,26(2):21~23.
    [39] 吴欣.步兵夜视装备:士兵从此拥有夜晚.现代军事,2001(6):36-38.
    [40] 陈钱.微光图像微型化实时数字处理技术研究[博士学位论文],南京理工大学,1996.
    [41] M. L. Shamos. Robust picture processing operation and their implementation as circuits. in Proc. Image Understanding Workshop, Pittsbrugh, PA, NOV, 1978, 129~132.
    [42] 王利平.微光夜视瞬态激光助视及其图像融合的理论与技术研究[博士学位论文],南京理工大学,2000.
    [43] 张济忠.分形.第1版.北京:清华大学出版社,1995.
    [44] 孙韶媛,王利平,张保民,等.基于二维直方图分析的二元子图微光图像增强处理.红外与毫米波学报,2003,22(3):220~224.
    [45] 赵荣椿.数字图像处理导论.第1版.西安:西北工业大学出版社,1995.
    [46] (美)R.C.Gonzalez,P.Wintz,李叔梁等译.第1版.数字图像处理.北京:科学出版社,1981.
    [47] 孟庆生.信息论.第1版.西安:西安交通大学出版社,1986.
    [48] 张保民,柏连发.微光图象时空噪声处理理论与技术研究.南京理工大学学报,1997,21(5):457~460.
    [49] 张小曳.中国大气气溶胶及其气候效应的研究.地球科学进展,2007,22(1):12~16.
    [50] 张敬贤,李玉丹,金伟其.微光与红外成像技术.北京:北京理工大学出版社,1995.
    [51] 桑梓勤,丁明跃.天气怎样影响成像.红外与激光工程,1999,28(3):28-32.
    [52] Dan Sadot, A. Dvir, I. Bergel, etc. Restoration of thermal images distorted by the atmosphere based on measured and theoretical atmospheric modulation transfer function. Opt. Eng, 1994, 33(1): 44~53.
    [53] 周秀骥,陶善昌,姚克亚.高等大气物理学.北京:气象出版社,1990.
    [54] 尹宏.大气辐射学基础.北京:气象出版社,1993.
    [55] E.J.麦卡特尼.大气光学:分子和粒子散射.北京:科学出版社,1988.
    [56] D. Arbel, O. Moldovan, R.Jacobson, N.S.Kopeika. Imaging vertically through the atmosphere: restoration of satellite images based on atmospheric MTF evaluation. SPIE, 1998(3433): 250-261.
    [57] Dan Sadot, N. S. Kopeika. Thermal images through the atmosphere: atomospheric MTF theory and verification. Opt.Eng, 1994, 33(3): 881-888.
    [58] N. S. Kopeika. Causes of blur in imaging through the atmosphere: a system engineering approach to imaging. SPIE, 1998(3433): 320-331.
    [59] Sergey S. Chesnokov, Valeri E Kandidov, Svyatoslav A. Shlenov, etc. Three-dimensional model of optics atmospheric turbulence. SPIE, 1998(3432): 14-25.
    [60] 石广玉.大气辐射计算的吸收系数分布模式.大气科学,1998,22(4):659.676.
    [61] 李娜.光电成像系统仿真过程中大气影响的研究[硕士学位论文],北京理工大学,2001.
    [62] 张逸新,迟泽英.光波在大气中的传输与成像.北京:国防工业出版社,1997.
    [63] 宋正方.应用大气光学基础.北京:气象出版社,1990.
    [64] 严和平.LOWTRAN7在动态红外图像仿真系统中的应用及系统集成.红外与激光工程,1998,27(4):14-17.
    [65] Zhangye Wang, Zhaoyi Jiang, Weijie Yu, etc. A realistic image synthesis model-for infrared scene. International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves, 2003, 24(7): 1149-1160.
    [66] Guangfeng Zhang, Zuyin Zhang, Wei Guo. 8MM radiometric simulation detection based on optical image.International Journal of Infrared and. Millimeter Waves, 2003, 24(4): 603-611.
    [67] Hassen Zghal, Hoda A.EIMaraghy. Brightness calibration of charge-coupled device camera systems. Opt. Eng. 2000, 39(2): 336-346.
    [68] Bai Lianfa, Chen Qian, Yin Dekui,etc. Theory and experiment study on low light level image by topology mode filters. SPIE, 1998(3561): 363-367.
    [69] 史继芳.用于微光夜视系统性能评价的夜天光模拟光源研究[硕士学位论文],南京理工大学,2004.
    [70] 张雷,安源,孙小伟,等.地面反射太阳光对CCD探测系统影响的研究.半导体光电,2006,27(5):645-648.
    [71] 李景生.夜间目标特性与微光夜视.应用光学,1994,15(3):32-34.
    [72] 武英,王庆宝,喻春雨.微光图像的计算机模拟.红外技术,2002,24(1):50-53.
    [73] 陈钱,顾国华,柏连发,等.微光图像实时对比度增强处理.南京理工大学学报,1997,21(4):293-296.
    [74] 王利平,孙韶媛,陈钱,等.微光图像特征分析及图像融合技术研究.红外与毫米波学报,2000,19(4):289-292.
    [75] 肖亮,吴慧中,张建明,等.虚拟战场中航空图像成像过程的几何和图像混合仿真研究.南京理工大学学报,2004,28(3):234-237.
    [76] 虞红.目标/星空背景光学特性仿真方法研究.红外与激光工程,2006,35(4):468-471.
    [77] 刘延斌,金光,钟平.机载成像仿真系统的误差建模.兵工学报,2003,24(4):490-494
    [78] Xinhua Cao, H.K.Huang, Shyh Liang Lou. A novel algorithm for measuring the MTF of a digital radiographic system with a CCD array detector. SPIE, 2000(3977): 581-590.
    [79] N.F.Koshchavtsev. Night vision devices and image-intensifier tubes. SPIE, 2001(4369): 81-85.
    [80] Jiasheng Hu, Min Song, Yi Sun, etc. Measurement of modulation transfer function of charge-coupled devices using frequency-variable sine grating patterns. Opt. Eng. 1999, 38(7): 1200-1204.
    [81] 张保民.成像系统分析导论.北京:国防工业出版社.1992.
    [82] Bai Tingzhu, Li Na, Zou Zhengfeng, etc. Research of digital simulation for low-light-level night vision imaging system. SPIE, 2000(4222): 100-104.
    [83] Zou Zhengfeng, Lu Hansheng, Bai Yingzhu, etc. Research of image simulation for photoelectric imaging system. SPIE, 2000(4222): 105-109.
    [84] Emmett J, Scott D, John R, etc. Multispectral simulation environment for modeling low-light-level sensor systems. SPIE, 1998(3434): 10-19.
    [85] 王刚,禹秉熙.基于图像仿真的对地遥感科学可视化研究.系统仿真学报.2002,14(6):755-760.
    [86] 李升才,金伟其,许正光,等.微光增强型电荷耦合装置成像系统调制传递函数测量方法研究.兵工学报,2005,26(3):343-347.
    [87] 邹异松.光电成像原理.北京:北京理工大学出版社.2003.
    [88] 柏连发,陈钱,孔捷,等.红外与微光图像融合技术研究.红外与毫米波学报,1999,18(1):47-52.
    [89] 李升才,徐宗昌,削顺旺.微光增强型电荷耦合装置成像系统三维噪声模型及其测量分析.兵工学报,2006,27(3):463-466.
    [90] 柏连发,周建勋,张保民.微光CCD噪声测试研究.南京理工大学学报,1994,75(3):54-56.
    [91] 左眆,高稚允.微光成像系统信噪比及图像探测特性研究.兵工学报,2005,26(2):185-187.
    [92] 杜凤兰,田庆久,夏学齐.遥感图像分类方法评析与展望.遥感技术与应用.2004,19(6):521-525.
    [93] 李石华,王金亮,毕艳,等.遥感图像分类方法研究综述.国土资源遥感.2005(2):1-6.
    [94] 刘钢,彭群生,鲍虎军.基于图像建模技术研究综述与展望.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2005,17(1):18-27.
    [95] 王兆虎,刘芳,焦李成.一种基于视觉特性的遥感图像分割.计算机学报,2005,28(10):1686-1691.
    [96] 朱国普,曾庆双,屈彦呈,等.一种基于HMRF模型的无监督图像分割算法.电子学报,2006,34(2):374-379.
    [97] Bir Bhanu, Jing Peng. Adaptive integrated image segmentation and object recognition. IEEE transactions on systems, man and cybernetics. 2000, 30(4): 427-441.
    [98] Hai Gao, Wan-chi Siu, Chao-huan Hou. Improved techniques for automatic image segmentation. IEEE transactions on circuits and systems for video thchnology. 2001, 11(12): 1273-1280.
    [99] Sankar K. Pal, Pabitra Mitra. Multispectral image segme.ntation using the rough-set-initialized EM algorithm. IEEE transactions On geoscience and remote sensing. 2002, 40(11): 2495-2501.
    [100] Huang Huiping, Wu Bingfang, Fan Jinlong. Analysis to the relationship of classification accuracy、segmentation scale、image resolution. IEEE, 2003: 3671-3673.
    [101] Eric Bourque,Gregory Dudek. Automated creation of image-based virtual reality. SPIE, 1997(3209): 292-303.
    [102] Benoit Ogor, Veronique Haese-Coat, Kidiyo Kpalma. The cooperation of mathematical morphology and region growing for remote sensing image segmentation. SPIE, 1995(2579): 375-386.
    [103] Jinghe Yuan, Zhizhan Xu, Sumei Li, etc. Novel approach for region merging and image segmentation for human-couputer interaction. Opt.Eng. 2003, 42(8): 2277-2280.
    [104] 贾云得.机器视觉.北京:科学出版社.2000.
    [105] Rafael C.Gonzalez and Richard E.Woods.数字图像处理(第2版).北京:电子工业出版社.2003.
    [106] Milan Sonka,Vaclav Hlavac,Roger Boyle.图像处理、分析与机器视觉(第2版).北京:人民邮电出版社.2002.
    [107] 尤红建,胡岩峰,张世强.自动识别航空CCD图像上建筑物的方法.光电工程,2005,32(9):8-11.
    [108] 许东,袁晓辉,夏良正,等.一种基于可变形模型的图像分割算法.红外与毫米波学报,2002,21(1):49-53.
    [109] 郦苏丹,张翠,王正志.基于马尔科夫随机场的SAR图象目标分割.中国图象图形学报,2002,7(8):794-799.
    [110] 张丽飞,邹谋炎.一种具有拓扑自适应性的图象两步分割方法.中国图象图形学报,2002,7(11):1113-1118.
    [111] 林通,石青云.一种基于边缘生长的灰度和彩色图象分割方法.中国图象图形学报,2000,5(11):911-915.
    [112] 须明,赵荣椿.遥感地形图象的灰度与分形分析.计算机工程与应用.2003(20):42-44.
    [113] Salman, N.H. and Chong-qing Liu. Edge detection and image segmentation based on k-means and watershed techniques. SPIE, 2001 (4552): 148-153.
    [114] John Canny. A computational approach to edge detection. IEEE transactions on pattern analysisi and machine intelligence. 1986, 8(6): 679-698.
    [115] 梁光明,孙即祥,马琦,等.Otsu算法在canny算子中的应用.国防科技大学学报,2003,25(5):36-39.
    [116] 张小洪,杨丹,刘亚威.基于canny算子的改进型边缘检测算法.计算机工程与应用.2003(29):113-115.
    [117] 郭烈,王荣本,金立生,等.基于二维最大熵阂值分割的坑识别方法.计算机工程与应用.2006(21);226-228.
    [118] 龚坚,李立源,陈维南.二维熵阈值分割的快速算法.东南大学学报,1996,6(4):31-36.
    [119] 林卉,舒宁,杜培军.数学形态学在遥感图像边缘检测中的应用.测绘通报,2003(12):25-28.
    [120] 安如,冯学智,王慧麟.基于数学形态学的道路遥感影像特征提取及网络分析.中国图象图形学报,2003,8(7):798-804.
    [121] 徐慧等.Visual C++数字图像实用工程案例精选.北京:人民邮电出版社.2004.
    [122] 杨枝灵,王开等.Visual C++数字图像获取、处理及实践应用.北京:人民邮电出版社,2003.

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700