DRM范式下错误记忆的老化效应研究
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摘要
错误记忆的老化效应是指在一定情境中处于相同条件下的老年人比年轻人更容易产生错误记忆的现象。对错误记忆老化效应的研究一直受到许多研究者的关注,但对于这一效应的影响因素及产生机制仍处于探讨之中。
本研究运用5个实验考察了DRM范式下错误记忆的老化效应,实验1和实验2探讨了编码阶段条件的变化对错误记忆老化效应的影响。实验1将学习词表的呈现时间设置为1s和3s两种水平,以考察不同编码时间条件下的错误记忆老化效应,结果发现,老年被试和年轻被试的正确再认成绩均随呈现时间的增加而增加,但两种编码条件下老年被试的正确再认成绩均显著低于年轻被试。在错误再认方面,1s呈现时间条件下,老年被试与年轻被试对关键诱词的错误再认率无显著差异,而3s条件下则存在显著差异,老年被试的错误再认率显著高于年轻被试。
实验2考察了1s呈现时间条件下预警提示对错误记忆老化效应的影响,结果发现预警提示对老年被试与年轻被试的正确再认并无显著影响,对老年被试的错误再认也无显著影响,但显著降低了年轻被试的错误再认率,从而出现老年被试的错误再认显著高于年轻被试的现象。
实验3在学习与测验之间增设了5分钟的延时干扰,以考察错误记忆的老化效应是否由于保持阶段的延时干扰而消退,结果发现,延时干扰对老年被试与年轻被试的正确再认和错误再认均无显著影响,老年被试的错误再认率依然显著高于年轻被试。
实验4和实验5考察了提取阶段条件的变化对错误记忆老化效应的影响,其中,实验4通过改变测验阶段所呈现词语的字体、大小及颜色,以考察字面痕迹改变能否消除错误记忆的老化效应,结果发现,有无字面痕迹改变对老年被试与年轻被试的正确再认成绩均无显著影响,但字面痕迹改变条件下年轻被试的错误再认显著增加,而老年被试并无显著变化。实验5考察了再认时间压力对错误记忆老化效应的影响,结果发现,老年被试与年轻被试的正确再认成绩均受再认时间压力的影响而显著下降,年轻被试的错误再认显著增加,老年被试的错误再认则无显著变化,再认时间压力条件下,两个年龄组被试间的错误再认率没有显著差异。
综上,本研究发现错误记忆的老化效应容易受到编码阶段和提取阶段相关因素的影响,而较少受到保持阶段相关因素的影响。编码阶段老年人缺少对所学词语的特异性编码,提取阶段过于依赖词表的要义信息,不能更好地抑制无关干扰,都会导致老年人出现更多的错误记忆。
The aging effect on false memories refers to the phenomena in which older adults are sometimes more likely than younger adults to remember events that never happened or words that never presented to them. The aging effect on false memories has been the concern of many researchers all along, however, the influencing factors and the underlying mechanism of this effect are still under exploration.
In this study, five experiments were employed to investigate the aging effect on false memories in the DRM paradigm. In experiment1, the presentation duration of each word of the word-lists was set at1second or3seconds to examine whether the encoding duration would influence this effect. The result showed that true recognitions of studied words by old adults and young adults both increased with the increasing duration,and that old adults'true recognition rate were significantly lower than that of young adults. Meanwhile, when the presentation duration of word-lists was set at1second, we found there were no significant difference between the false recognition rates of critical lures by the two age groups, but when the duration was set at3seconds, the difference turned out to be significant, thus the aging effect on false memories appeared. In experiment2, we introduced warning condition before word-studying phase. It was found that warning had no significant effect on the true recognition rates of studied words by both age groups, neither on the false recognition rates of critical lures by the elder. The warning, however, significantly reduced the false recognition rates of the young, and these rates were significantly lower than those of the elder.
In experiment3, we added five minutes delay between the study phase and the test phase, in order to investigate whether aging effects on false memories would be influenced by the interference of the delay. The results, however, showed that the delay had no significant effect on the true or false recognition rates of both age groups.
Experiment4and experiment5examined the aging effect on false memories during retrieval stage. In experiment4, we changed the shape, size and color of those presented words in the test phase, so as to explore whether the changes of verbatim traces would influence the aging effect. We found that, changes of verbatim traces have no significant effect on the true recognition rates of both age groups, but the difference between the false recognition rates of the two age groups disappeared with these changes.
In experiment5, we burrowed into the influence of time pressure in recognition, and found that the true recognition rates of studied words by the old and the young were both subject to the time pressure and showed significant decreases. Meanwhile, the young subjects'false recognition showed a significant increase, whereas the old subjects had no such change.
In summary, this study found that the aging effect on false memories was susceptible to relevant factors in both the encoding stage and the retrieval stage, while in the storing stage, this effect was relatively stable. In the encoding stage, old adults were inefficient of item-specific encoding for studied items, and in the retrieval stage, they relied heavyly on the gist traces of word-lists, as a result, they usually couldn't manage to suppress the interference of critical lures in many cases. Compared to young adults, they often showed greater level of false recognitions of items not presented to them.
本研究运用5个实验考察了DRM范式下错误记忆的老化效应,实验1和实验2探讨了编码阶段条件的变化对错误记忆老化效应的影响。实验1将学习词表的呈现时间设置为1s和3s两种水平,以考察不同编码时间条件下的错误记忆老化效应,结果发现,老年被试和年轻被试的正确再认成绩均随呈现时间的增加而增加,但两种编码条件下老年被试的正确再认成绩均显著低于年轻被试。在错误再认方面,1s呈现时间条件下,老年被试与年轻被试对关键诱词的错误再认率无显著差异,而3s条件下则存在显著差异,老年被试的错误再认率显著高于年轻被试。
实验2考察了1s呈现时间条件下预警提示对错误记忆老化效应的影响,结果发现预警提示对老年被试与年轻被试的正确再认并无显著影响,对老年被试的错误再认也无显著影响,但显著降低了年轻被试的错误再认率,从而出现老年被试的错误再认显著高于年轻被试的现象。
实验3在学习与测验之间增设了5分钟的延时干扰,以考察错误记忆的老化效应是否由于保持阶段的延时干扰而消退,结果发现,延时干扰对老年被试与年轻被试的正确再认和错误再认均无显著影响,老年被试的错误再认率依然显著高于年轻被试。
实验4和实验5考察了提取阶段条件的变化对错误记忆老化效应的影响,其中,实验4通过改变测验阶段所呈现词语的字体、大小及颜色,以考察字面痕迹改变能否消除错误记忆的老化效应,结果发现,有无字面痕迹改变对老年被试与年轻被试的正确再认成绩均无显著影响,但字面痕迹改变条件下年轻被试的错误再认显著增加,而老年被试并无显著变化。实验5考察了再认时间压力对错误记忆老化效应的影响,结果发现,老年被试与年轻被试的正确再认成绩均受再认时间压力的影响而显著下降,年轻被试的错误再认显著增加,老年被试的错误再认则无显著变化,再认时间压力条件下,两个年龄组被试间的错误再认率没有显著差异。
综上,本研究发现错误记忆的老化效应容易受到编码阶段和提取阶段相关因素的影响,而较少受到保持阶段相关因素的影响。编码阶段老年人缺少对所学词语的特异性编码,提取阶段过于依赖词表的要义信息,不能更好地抑制无关干扰,都会导致老年人出现更多的错误记忆。
The aging effect on false memories refers to the phenomena in which older adults are sometimes more likely than younger adults to remember events that never happened or words that never presented to them. The aging effect on false memories has been the concern of many researchers all along, however, the influencing factors and the underlying mechanism of this effect are still under exploration.
In this study, five experiments were employed to investigate the aging effect on false memories in the DRM paradigm. In experiment1, the presentation duration of each word of the word-lists was set at1second or3seconds to examine whether the encoding duration would influence this effect. The result showed that true recognitions of studied words by old adults and young adults both increased with the increasing duration,and that old adults'true recognition rate were significantly lower than that of young adults. Meanwhile, when the presentation duration of word-lists was set at1second, we found there were no significant difference between the false recognition rates of critical lures by the two age groups, but when the duration was set at3seconds, the difference turned out to be significant, thus the aging effect on false memories appeared. In experiment2, we introduced warning condition before word-studying phase. It was found that warning had no significant effect on the true recognition rates of studied words by both age groups, neither on the false recognition rates of critical lures by the elder. The warning, however, significantly reduced the false recognition rates of the young, and these rates were significantly lower than those of the elder.
In experiment3, we added five minutes delay between the study phase and the test phase, in order to investigate whether aging effects on false memories would be influenced by the interference of the delay. The results, however, showed that the delay had no significant effect on the true or false recognition rates of both age groups.
Experiment4and experiment5examined the aging effect on false memories during retrieval stage. In experiment4, we changed the shape, size and color of those presented words in the test phase, so as to explore whether the changes of verbatim traces would influence the aging effect. We found that, changes of verbatim traces have no significant effect on the true recognition rates of both age groups, but the difference between the false recognition rates of the two age groups disappeared with these changes.
In experiment5, we burrowed into the influence of time pressure in recognition, and found that the true recognition rates of studied words by the old and the young were both subject to the time pressure and showed significant decreases. Meanwhile, the young subjects'false recognition showed a significant increase, whereas the old subjects had no such change.
In summary, this study found that the aging effect on false memories was susceptible to relevant factors in both the encoding stage and the retrieval stage, while in the storing stage, this effect was relatively stable. In the encoding stage, old adults were inefficient of item-specific encoding for studied items, and in the retrieval stage, they relied heavyly on the gist traces of word-lists, as a result, they usually couldn't manage to suppress the interference of critical lures in many cases. Compared to young adults, they often showed greater level of false recognitions of items not presented to them.
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