基于模拟植物生长算法的可用输电能力研究
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摘要
对于一个大型的互联电力系统,其区域间的可用输电能力不仅是电力系统安全、可靠运行的一个重要技术指标,也是作为引导电力市场交易,充分利用现有输电资源、防止输电阻塞等方面的指挥棒。随着人们对自然资源的保护意识的日益增强和土地使用的限制以及电网中的各种负荷水平日益增大等因素。因此如何准确、快速地计算出电力系统区域间的可用输电能力,使系统在满足安全性和可靠性约束条件的前提下,最大限度地满足各区域的用电负荷需求以及最大程度的提高其经济性,这一问题已经成为电力系统研究人员所关注的重要课题。
本文建立了基于最优潮流并计及系统静态安全约束条件的可用输电能力计算模型,同时尝试采用一种源于大自然新兴的仿生类智能优化算法——模拟植物生长算法求解该模型。该算法是以植物的向光性机理作为寻优机理模式,其核心思想就是植物的生长环境是由可用输电能力问题的可行域形成,而植物进行光合作用的光源则是由全局最优解来充当,这样就生动的模拟了真实植物的向光性原理,同时也建立了植物枝叶在不同的光线强度环境下快速向光源生长的动力机制。该算法采用将目标函数和约束条件分开处理,且无需将约束条件以罚函数的形式并入目标函数中;对初始点的选取也没有过多的要求;兼具方向性和随机性的搜索机制等特点。通过引入自适应动态调整步长机制,提高解的准确性,增强算法的全局寻优能力。
以IEEE-30节点标准系统为例对其进行建模,并采用Matlab7.1进行编程仿真计算,将计算结果与Benders分解法、改进粒子群算法进行比较分析,表明该算法具有较强的全局寻优能力和较快的收敛速度,从而验证了该算法用于可用输电能力计算的合理性和有效性。
In the an interconnected power system, Available Transfer Capability is not only a technical target to meet safe and reliable operation, but it is also a guide to guide the power market transaction,be full use of existing transmission resources and prevent transmission congestion.With increasing awareness of the protection of natural resources and land availability consideration and the load level of modern power systems has become more and more serious. Therefore, the problem of how to accurately and efficiently calculate the inter-regional Available Transfer Capability and make the system to meet safety and reliability constraints, and to meet the needs of load to the greatest extent, which has caused widespread concern of system researchers.
In this paper, the Available Transfer Capability model is built based on Optimal Power Flows, and state safety constraints are considered. Also,a kind of new bionic intelligent optimization algorithm which occurs in nature is trying to solve this model.-Plant Growth Simulation Algorithm. The algorithm regards the plant phototropism mechanism as optimization model,its core idea is that it considers the feasible region of ATC as plant growth environment,and it regards the global optimal solution as the light sourse for photosynthesis of plants.In this way,the principles of true plant phototropism can be vividly imitated,establishing the dynamic mechanism that plant leaves rapidly growth to the light at the different light intensity. Plant Growth Simulation Algorithm with the advantages of parallel search mechanism, easy to deal with constrained optimization problems;and using the objective function and constraints separately, and without the constraints of the form of a penalty function into the objective function. Therefore,it is a simple calculation model and has few demands to the selection of initial points and has strong global optimization capability, good robustness, simple principle and easy implement etc.The introduction of adaptive step size mechanism is made better to improve the accuracy of solutions and global convergence performance of the algorithm.
The verification results by IEEE-30 bus system show the algorithm has the stronger global convergence performance and the quicker convergence speed compared with the results gained by benders decomposition and improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO), and it is proved to be rational and available.
本文建立了基于最优潮流并计及系统静态安全约束条件的可用输电能力计算模型,同时尝试采用一种源于大自然新兴的仿生类智能优化算法——模拟植物生长算法求解该模型。该算法是以植物的向光性机理作为寻优机理模式,其核心思想就是植物的生长环境是由可用输电能力问题的可行域形成,而植物进行光合作用的光源则是由全局最优解来充当,这样就生动的模拟了真实植物的向光性原理,同时也建立了植物枝叶在不同的光线强度环境下快速向光源生长的动力机制。该算法采用将目标函数和约束条件分开处理,且无需将约束条件以罚函数的形式并入目标函数中;对初始点的选取也没有过多的要求;兼具方向性和随机性的搜索机制等特点。通过引入自适应动态调整步长机制,提高解的准确性,增强算法的全局寻优能力。
以IEEE-30节点标准系统为例对其进行建模,并采用Matlab7.1进行编程仿真计算,将计算结果与Benders分解法、改进粒子群算法进行比较分析,表明该算法具有较强的全局寻优能力和较快的收敛速度,从而验证了该算法用于可用输电能力计算的合理性和有效性。
In the an interconnected power system, Available Transfer Capability is not only a technical target to meet safe and reliable operation, but it is also a guide to guide the power market transaction,be full use of existing transmission resources and prevent transmission congestion.With increasing awareness of the protection of natural resources and land availability consideration and the load level of modern power systems has become more and more serious. Therefore, the problem of how to accurately and efficiently calculate the inter-regional Available Transfer Capability and make the system to meet safety and reliability constraints, and to meet the needs of load to the greatest extent, which has caused widespread concern of system researchers.
In this paper, the Available Transfer Capability model is built based on Optimal Power Flows, and state safety constraints are considered. Also,a kind of new bionic intelligent optimization algorithm which occurs in nature is trying to solve this model.-Plant Growth Simulation Algorithm. The algorithm regards the plant phototropism mechanism as optimization model,its core idea is that it considers the feasible region of ATC as plant growth environment,and it regards the global optimal solution as the light sourse for photosynthesis of plants.In this way,the principles of true plant phototropism can be vividly imitated,establishing the dynamic mechanism that plant leaves rapidly growth to the light at the different light intensity. Plant Growth Simulation Algorithm with the advantages of parallel search mechanism, easy to deal with constrained optimization problems;and using the objective function and constraints separately, and without the constraints of the form of a penalty function into the objective function. Therefore,it is a simple calculation model and has few demands to the selection of initial points and has strong global optimization capability, good robustness, simple principle and easy implement etc.The introduction of adaptive step size mechanism is made better to improve the accuracy of solutions and global convergence performance of the algorithm.
The verification results by IEEE-30 bus system show the algorithm has the stronger global convergence performance and the quicker convergence speed compared with the results gained by benders decomposition and improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO), and it is proved to be rational and available.
引文
[1] Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. Open Access Same-Time Information System (formerly Real-Time Information Networks)and Standards of Conduct. Docket No.RM95-9-000,Order889,1996
[2] North American Electric Reliability Council. Available Transfer Capability Definitions and Determination:A Reference Document prepared by TTC Task Force. 1996
[3]李国庆,王成山,余贻鑫.大型互联电力系统区域间功率交换能力研究综述.中国电机工程学报,2001,Vol.21(4):21-35
[4]崔雅莉.输电系统可用输电能力的研究,电力自动化设备Vol.23(4):70-75
[5] Y. Xiao, Y. H. Song, Y. Z. Sun.A Hybrid Stochastic Approach to Available Transfer Capability Evaluation. IEEE Proceeding Generation, Transmission and Distribution, 2001, Vol.148(5):420-426
[6] J. C. O. Mello,A. C. G. Melo,S. Granville.Simultaneous Transfer Capability Assessment by Combining Interior Point Method and Monte Carlo Simulation. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1997,Vol.12(2):736-742
[7] A. M. Leite da Silva,J. W. Marangon Lima,G. J.Anders.Available Transfer Capability—Sell Firm or Interruptible? . IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 1999,Vol.14(4):1299-1305
[8] R. F. CHANG,C. Y. TSAI,C. L. SU,et al.Method for Computing Probability Distributions of Available Transfer Capability. IEE Proceeding Generation, Transmission and Distribution,2002,Vol.149(4):427-431
[9] M M Othman Sritderit, A Mohamed, A Hussain.Fast Evaluation of Available Transfer Capability Considering the Cubic-SplineInterpolation Technique. IEEE Electric Utility Deregulation,Restructuring and Power Technologies(DRPT 2004),2004:576-583
[10] Feng Xia, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos. A Methodology for Probabilistic Simultaneous Transfer Capability Analysis. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1996, Vol.11(3):1269-1278
[11]李庚银,高亚静,周明.可用输电能力评估的序贯蒙特卡罗仿真法.中国电机工程学报,2008,Vol.28(25):74-79
[12] M. V. F. Pereira, L. M. V. G.Pinto.Application of Sensitivity Analysis of Supply Capability to Interactive Transmission Expansion Planning. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and systems,1985, 104(2):381-389
[13]王成山,李国庆,余贻鑫等.电力系统区域间功率交换能力的研究(一).电力系统自动化, 1999, 23(3):23-26
[14] M. H. Gravener,C. Nwankpa.Available Transfer Capability and First order Sensitivity. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1999,Vol.14(2):512-518
[15]李国庆.基于连续型方法的大型互联电力系统区域间输电能力的研究:[博士学位论文].天津:天津大学,1998,4-10
[16]王成山,李国庆,余贻鑫等.电力系统区域间功率交换能力的研究(二).电力系统自动化,1999,23(4):5-9
[17]刘皓明,吴军基,邹云,等.快速计算电网可用输电能力的交流灵敏度方法.电力系统自动化,2003,Vol.27(19):11-15
[18]张立志,赵冬梅.考虑FACTS配置的电网输电能力计算.电网技术,2007,Vol.31(7):26-31
[19]汪峰,白晓民.基于最优潮流方法的传输容量计算研究.中国电机工程学报, 2002,22(11):35-40
[20]李国庆,沈杰,申艳杰.考虑暂态稳定约束的可用功率交换能力计算的研究.电网技术,2004,Vol.28(15):67-71
[21]刁勤华,Mohamed Shaaban,倪以信.运用连续二次规划法计算区域间极限传输容量.电力系统自动化,2000,Vol.24(24):5-8
[22]张永平,童小娇,倪以信,等.基于半光滑牛顿法的可用输电能力新算法.电力系统自动化,2004,Vol.28(7):35-38
[23]默哈莫德.夏班,刘皓明,倪以信,等.静态安全约束下基于Benders分解算法的可用传输容量计算.中国电机工程学报,2003,Vol.23(8):7-11
[24]李国庆,李雪峰,沈杰,等.牛顿法和内点罚函数法相结合的概率可用功率交换能力计算.中国电机工程学报,2003,Vol.23(8):17-22
[25]李国庆,姚少伟,陈厚合.基于内点法的交直流混合系统可用输电能力计算.电力系统自动化学报. 2009,33(3):35-39
[26] B. Mozafari,A. M. Ranjbar,A. R. Shirani,et al.A Comprehensive Method for Available Transfer Capability Calculation in a Deregulated Power System. IEEE International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation,Restructuring and Power technologies (DRPT2004).Hong Kong: 2004.680-685
[27]葛少云,刘自发,余贻鑫.基于改进禁忌搜索的配电网重构.电网技术,2004,Vol.28(23):22-26
[28]毛亚林,张国忠,朱斌,等.基于混沌模拟退火神经网络模型的电力系统经济负荷分配.中国电机工程学报,2005,Vol.25(3):65-70
[29]尤勇,盛万兴,王孙安.基于人工免疫网络的短期负荷预测模型.中国电机工程学报,2003,Vol.23(3):26-29
[30]李国庆,陈厚合.改进粒子群优化算法的概率可用输电能力研究.中国电机工程学报,2006,Vol.26(24):18～23
[31]李晓磊.一种新型的智能优化算法——人工鱼群算法.[博士学位论文].浙江:浙江大学,2003
[32]林昭华,侯云鹤,熊信艮,等.广义蚁群算法用于电力系统无功优化.华北电力大学学报,2003,Vol.30 (2):6-9
[33]李国庆,郑浩野.一种考虑暂态稳定约束的可用输电能力计算的新方法.中国电机工程学报,2005,Vol.25(15):20-25
[34]潘雄,徐国禹.基于最优潮流并计及静态电压稳定约束的区域间可用输电能力计算,2004,Vol.24(12):86-91
[35]李彤,王春峰,王文波,等.求解整数规划的一种仿生类全局优化算法[J].系统工程理论与实践,2005,25(1):76-85
[36]武娜,焦彦军,于海涛.一种基于模拟植物生长算法的输电网络故障诊断方法[J].2009,25(3)5-8
[37]王淳,程浩忠.基于模拟植物生长算法的电力系统无功优化[J].电网技术,2006,30(21):37-41
[38]叶婧,汪芳宗.基于改进模拟植物生长算法的配电网重构[J].计算机技术与自动化,2009,28(3):49-52
[39]王淳,程浩忠.模拟植物生长算法及其在输电网规划中的应用[J].2007,31(7):24-28
[40]苗东升著,系统科学精要.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1998,137页
[41]黄海涛,郑华,张粒子.基于改进粒子群算法的可用输电能力研究.中国电机工程学报, 2006, 26(20):45-49
[2] North American Electric Reliability Council. Available Transfer Capability Definitions and Determination:A Reference Document prepared by TTC Task Force. 1996
[3]李国庆,王成山,余贻鑫.大型互联电力系统区域间功率交换能力研究综述.中国电机工程学报,2001,Vol.21(4):21-35
[4]崔雅莉.输电系统可用输电能力的研究,电力自动化设备Vol.23(4):70-75
[5] Y. Xiao, Y. H. Song, Y. Z. Sun.A Hybrid Stochastic Approach to Available Transfer Capability Evaluation. IEEE Proceeding Generation, Transmission and Distribution, 2001, Vol.148(5):420-426
[6] J. C. O. Mello,A. C. G. Melo,S. Granville.Simultaneous Transfer Capability Assessment by Combining Interior Point Method and Monte Carlo Simulation. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1997,Vol.12(2):736-742
[7] A. M. Leite da Silva,J. W. Marangon Lima,G. J.Anders.Available Transfer Capability—Sell Firm or Interruptible? . IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 1999,Vol.14(4):1299-1305
[8] R. F. CHANG,C. Y. TSAI,C. L. SU,et al.Method for Computing Probability Distributions of Available Transfer Capability. IEE Proceeding Generation, Transmission and Distribution,2002,Vol.149(4):427-431
[9] M M Othman Sritderit, A Mohamed, A Hussain.Fast Evaluation of Available Transfer Capability Considering the Cubic-SplineInterpolation Technique. IEEE Electric Utility Deregulation,Restructuring and Power Technologies(DRPT 2004),2004:576-583
[10] Feng Xia, A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos. A Methodology for Probabilistic Simultaneous Transfer Capability Analysis. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1996, Vol.11(3):1269-1278
[11]李庚银,高亚静,周明.可用输电能力评估的序贯蒙特卡罗仿真法.中国电机工程学报,2008,Vol.28(25):74-79
[12] M. V. F. Pereira, L. M. V. G.Pinto.Application of Sensitivity Analysis of Supply Capability to Interactive Transmission Expansion Planning. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and systems,1985, 104(2):381-389
[13]王成山,李国庆,余贻鑫等.电力系统区域间功率交换能力的研究(一).电力系统自动化, 1999, 23(3):23-26
[14] M. H. Gravener,C. Nwankpa.Available Transfer Capability and First order Sensitivity. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1999,Vol.14(2):512-518
[15]李国庆.基于连续型方法的大型互联电力系统区域间输电能力的研究:[博士学位论文].天津:天津大学,1998,4-10
[16]王成山,李国庆,余贻鑫等.电力系统区域间功率交换能力的研究(二).电力系统自动化,1999,23(4):5-9
[17]刘皓明,吴军基,邹云,等.快速计算电网可用输电能力的交流灵敏度方法.电力系统自动化,2003,Vol.27(19):11-15
[18]张立志,赵冬梅.考虑FACTS配置的电网输电能力计算.电网技术,2007,Vol.31(7):26-31
[19]汪峰,白晓民.基于最优潮流方法的传输容量计算研究.中国电机工程学报, 2002,22(11):35-40
[20]李国庆,沈杰,申艳杰.考虑暂态稳定约束的可用功率交换能力计算的研究.电网技术,2004,Vol.28(15):67-71
[21]刁勤华,Mohamed Shaaban,倪以信.运用连续二次规划法计算区域间极限传输容量.电力系统自动化,2000,Vol.24(24):5-8
[22]张永平,童小娇,倪以信,等.基于半光滑牛顿法的可用输电能力新算法.电力系统自动化,2004,Vol.28(7):35-38
[23]默哈莫德.夏班,刘皓明,倪以信,等.静态安全约束下基于Benders分解算法的可用传输容量计算.中国电机工程学报,2003,Vol.23(8):7-11
[24]李国庆,李雪峰,沈杰,等.牛顿法和内点罚函数法相结合的概率可用功率交换能力计算.中国电机工程学报,2003,Vol.23(8):17-22
[25]李国庆,姚少伟,陈厚合.基于内点法的交直流混合系统可用输电能力计算.电力系统自动化学报. 2009,33(3):35-39
[26] B. Mozafari,A. M. Ranjbar,A. R. Shirani,et al.A Comprehensive Method for Available Transfer Capability Calculation in a Deregulated Power System. IEEE International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation,Restructuring and Power technologies (DRPT2004).Hong Kong: 2004.680-685
[27]葛少云,刘自发,余贻鑫.基于改进禁忌搜索的配电网重构.电网技术,2004,Vol.28(23):22-26
[28]毛亚林,张国忠,朱斌,等.基于混沌模拟退火神经网络模型的电力系统经济负荷分配.中国电机工程学报,2005,Vol.25(3):65-70
[29]尤勇,盛万兴,王孙安.基于人工免疫网络的短期负荷预测模型.中国电机工程学报,2003,Vol.23(3):26-29
[30]李国庆,陈厚合.改进粒子群优化算法的概率可用输电能力研究.中国电机工程学报,2006,Vol.26(24):18～23
[31]李晓磊.一种新型的智能优化算法——人工鱼群算法.[博士学位论文].浙江:浙江大学,2003
[32]林昭华,侯云鹤,熊信艮,等.广义蚁群算法用于电力系统无功优化.华北电力大学学报,2003,Vol.30 (2):6-9
[33]李国庆,郑浩野.一种考虑暂态稳定约束的可用输电能力计算的新方法.中国电机工程学报,2005,Vol.25(15):20-25
[34]潘雄,徐国禹.基于最优潮流并计及静态电压稳定约束的区域间可用输电能力计算,2004,Vol.24(12):86-91
[35]李彤,王春峰,王文波,等.求解整数规划的一种仿生类全局优化算法[J].系统工程理论与实践,2005,25(1):76-85
[36]武娜,焦彦军,于海涛.一种基于模拟植物生长算法的输电网络故障诊断方法[J].2009,25(3)5-8
[37]王淳,程浩忠.基于模拟植物生长算法的电力系统无功优化[J].电网技术,2006,30(21):37-41
[38]叶婧,汪芳宗.基于改进模拟植物生长算法的配电网重构[J].计算机技术与自动化,2009,28(3):49-52
[39]王淳,程浩忠.模拟植物生长算法及其在输电网规划中的应用[J].2007,31(7):24-28
[40]苗东升著,系统科学精要.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1998,137页
[41]黄海涛,郑华,张粒子.基于改进粒子群算法的可用输电能力研究.中国电机工程学报, 2006, 26(20):45-49